摘要
在塑造华夏正统过程中,北魏太庙制度的构建在胡汉问题、南北正朔之争、皇权等因素主导下,呈现出较为复杂的历史层面。北魏前期先祖祭祀以东庙为主,至孝文帝改革先祖祭祀制度,太庙祭祀的地位始得以凸显,彰显出北魏先祖祭祀由胡汉杂糅走向以华夏制度为主导的历史转变。北魏太庙制度的构建经历了孝文帝之前"天子七庙"的形成以及孝文帝以后太庙制度的确立两个阶段。中古时期宗庙制度的构建在经学理论上主要以郑、王礼说为依托,两晋南朝宗庙制度采用王肃学说,而道武帝所立太庙,分置始祖、太祖,具有缘饰经典及郑玄学说的明显迹象。此后在学说的择从上,北魏太庙制度的构建呈现出由兼采郑玄、王肃学说到全遵郑玄学说的趋势,并在孝明帝时期最终确立相对完备的宗庙制度。北魏以承继西晋自居,而在太庙制度的构建上,并未依从两晋南朝之制,显现出与东晋南朝争正统的态势。
As a historical episode in the shaping of Chinese orthodoxy,the construction of the Northern Wei imperial ancestral temple presents quite a complex picture:it involved the Tuoba vs Han issue,the disputed legitimacy of the Northern and Southern dynasties,imperial power,and other factors.In the early Northern Wei,sacrifices to the ancestors generally took place at the East Temple,until Emperor Xiaowen changed the system to give prominence to the position of the imperial ancestral temple.This marks a historic change in the Northern Wei system:a shift from a blend of Han Chinese and tribal Tuoba practice toward a system dominated by what was Chinese.The process went through two stages:the formation of the Seven Temples of the Son of Heaven before Emperor Xiaowen,and the establishment of the imperial ancestral temple system during his reign.In middle antiquity,the construction of such systems was based on the canonical theories of Zheng Xuan and Wang Su.The ancestral temple system in the two Jin dynasties and the Southern dynasties had adopted Wang Su’s theories,while the Imperial Ancestral Temple built by Emperor Daowu,with its separate temples for his predecessors,had clear signs of classical ornamentation and Zheng Xuan’s teachings.In terms of choice of theory,subsequent system construction tended to move from a combination of Zheng and Wang’s theories to complete adherence to those of Zheng.By the time of Emperor Xiaoming,the ancestral temple system was relatively complete.The Northern Wei believed itself to be the inheritor of the Western Jin,but the construction of its imperial ancestral temple reveals that it was contending with the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties for the palm of orthodoxy.
出处
《历史研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2017年第6期24-44,共21页
Historical Research
基金
中国社会科学杂志社<历史研究>编辑部与上海师范大学人文与传播学院主办的第四届青年史学家论坛论文
为国家社科基金重大项目"中国礼制变迁及其现代价值研究"(12&ZD134)阶段性成果
