摘要
本文论证,中国的"旧农业"——谷物生产——今天主要运作于一个行政模式之下,而"新农业"——高值蔬菜、水果、肉-禽-鱼和蛋奶——则主要运作于一个放任的市场模式之下。在国际市场竞争和粮食价格相对低廉的压力下,前者起到保护中国谷物生产和"粮食安全"的作用,但也显示倾向过度依赖指令性手段和无视农民意愿的弱点。后者则成功地凭借市场收益激发了小农的创新性,但经常受到市场价格波动的冲击以及商业资本的榨取。作为第三种模式的"专业合作社",则主要试图模仿美国的纯经济性合作社模式,无视中国村庄,不符合中国实际。本文提倡,中国应该模仿"东亚"模式的半政府性综合农协,扎根于村庄社区,由此往上延伸到乡(镇)、县(市)、省、中央各级政府。它们主要为小农提供"纵向一体化"的产品加工和销售服务、技术咨询与服务、信贷服务、组织农资供销、组织社区活动,并参与国家政治来维护小农利益,一如日-韩-台历史经验中,其人均国内总产值以及工农业所占相对比例大致相当于如今中国的那段时期。
This article demonstrates how the'old agriculture'of grain production operates today mainly by an administrative model,while the'new agriculture'of high value-added products(high-end vegetables,fruits,meat-poultry-fish and eggs-milk)operates mainly by a laissez-faire market model. The former serves to protect low- value agricultural products from violent market price swings and international competition to ensure China's'grain security,'but is prone to a commandist approach that can disregard peasant interests and wishes.The latter has stimulated peasant initiatives through market incentives,but suffers from violent price fluctuations and merchant extractions. The third model,'specialty co- ops,'has thus far been guided by a mistaken model of trying to imitate U.S. co- ops,which are purely economic entities,to the disregard of Chinese village communities. This article urges the adoption of an'East Asian'model of semi-governmental,integrated co-ops based on peasant communities(villages),extending from there up through the governmental hierarchy of townships,counties,provinces,and the central levels. Such co- ops provide'vertical integration'(processing and marketing) services for small- peasant agricultural products,technical assistance,organize the purchase and supply of agricultural inputs,extend credit services,engage in community activities,and see to peasant socialpolitical interests,as was done so successfully in Japan-Korea-Taiwan,most especially during the period when their per capita GDP and relative proportions of industry and agriculture stood at levels roughly comparable to China's today.
出处
《开放时代》
CSSCI
北大核心
2017年第1期128-153,共26页
Open Times
关键词
旧农业
新农业
日-韩-台综合农协
马克思主义
新自由主义
old agriculture
new agriculture
integrated co-ops of Japan-Korea-Taiwan
Marxist ideology
Neoliberal ideology
