摘要
目的地理信息系统(geographic infor-mation systems,GIS)是近年来迅速发展起来的一项以计算机为基础的新兴技术,主要用于地理空间数据的采集、存储、处理、分析和显示。地理信息系统可以将不同类型的资料如流行病学资料、人口资料与地理环境因素汇集在一个平台内,进行综合管理和进一步分析。本研究在对我国既往自然疫源地资料进行全面收集和整理的基础上,以地理信息系统软件-MapInfo为开发平台,以MapBasic为开发工具,建立了我国重要自然疫源地地理信息系统。该系统包括我国22种重要自然疫源性疾病的疫源地类型、分布、发病情况、防治对策和主要宿主媒介的分布、以及与疫源地有关的地理、气象、土地利用和人口数据,系统具有数据输入、检索查询、统计分析、输出显示等功能,可以按不同的地理范围、从地区、病种、宿主媒介分别查询和显示疫源地相关信息,将结果以直观方式显示出来,并可对疾病的分布与发生情况与地平环境因素进行叠加分析,也可将数据提取出来做进一步分析。如将我国肾综合征出血热(HFRS)的空间分布数据与有关地理环境因素进行叠加,结果显示:我国HFRS地区分布与地理环境因素有密切关系,其中HFRS发病与平均海拔呈负相关,绝大部分病例分布在海拔200m以下地区,而平均海拔超过2 000m的地区基本无病例报告;不同土壤类型的地区HFRS发病也不同,HFRS主要发生在湿成土、淋溶土、钙积土等水份含量较高、适于耕种的土壤;各地气候条件对HFRS的分布有明显的影响,HFRS主要分布在平均温度0～20℃、湿度≥50％、年降水量在400～1600mm、降水天数在60～180d、蒸发量在3 000mm以下及日照低于3000h地区,而湿度≤50％、降水天数低于60d、蒸发量超过3 000mm的地区基本无病例报告,但当湿度>80％、降水量超过2 000mm、降雨天数大于180d、蒸发量低于1000mm的地区HFRS的发病率反而降低;土地利用状况及人口密度对HFRS也有明显影响,HFRS发病率与农田面积呈正相关,与草地面积及人口密度呈负相关;将有关数据提取出来,利用统计软件SPSS进行多因素回归分析,建立的回归模型可以较好的分析和预测HFRS疫源地的分布。因此该系统的建立对国防和经济建设以及进一步研究我国自然疫源性疾病的空间分布具有十分明显的现实意义。
Geographic information system (G1S) is a new technology on the basis of computer systems. The major uses of CIS are for collecting, storing, manipulating, analyzing and displaying spatial data. CIS could facilitate
integration the multisectional data including epidemiological information, population information and geographic environmental information into a platform for analysis and management. The data about natural foci in China were collected and sorted out and then a CIS of major natural foci (CIS- NF) was established on the platform of Maplnfor software - a desktop GIS software package, using the MapBasic software as development tools. The GIS - NF contained the type, distribution, prevalence and control strategy of natural foci of 22 natural focal diseases and the data related to the natural foci, such as distribution of vectors and hosts, geographic features, type of soil and vegetation, meteorological factors, landuse and population information. The functions of GIS- NF included data inputting, information querying, statistic and analysis, output and display of results. The users could retrieve the information through the menu or the map by the level of province, prefecture and county according to the region, type of diseases or the hosts and vectors. The distribution and prevalence of natural focal diseases could be visually displayed on the map and overlapped with thematic layers of geographic environment to assess risk factors. The data in the GIS - NF could also be extracted for further analysis. For example, the prevalence and distribution of hem-orrhagic fever with renal syndromes (HFRS) could be overlapped on the geographic and environmental factors. The results showed the spatial differences of HFRS in China were closely associated with the factors of geographic environments. The occurrence of HFRS was negatively correlated with the mean elevation, most of cases of HFRS occurred in the low - lying area under 200m, no case was found in the area above the height of 2000m. The HFRS varied in different type of soil. The prevalence of HFRS was higher in the soil which was moisture and suitable for agriculture such as hydromorphic soil, Alfisol, Cal-cisol, than in other type of soil. The meteorological factors affected the distribution of HFRS strongly. Most cases of HFRS occurred in the areas characterized by 0 - 20℃ of mean annual temperature, more than 50% of mean relative humidity, 400 -1 600mm of annual rainfall, less than 3 000mm of annual evaporation, 60 - 180 days of raining and <3 000 hours of sunning in a year. Whereas few cases were reported from the arid area, and the cases reduced in the too moisture regions. 1-anduse and the density of population also affected the prevalence of HFRS. HFRS increased with the farmland, but decrease with the grassland and the density of population. The data of HFRS cases and geographic and environmental factors was extracted to analyze in SPSS software. A model of multi - variant regression could be established and predicated the distribution of HFRS. Obviously the establishment of GIS - NF is of current signifi- cance for construction of national defense and economics and studying spatial structure of natural foci.
出处
《传染病信息》
2001年第3期127-129,共3页
Infectious Disease Information
关键词
肾综合征出血热
自然疫源地
地理信息系统
流行病学
Geographic information system (GIS)Natural foci Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndromes (HFRS) Epidemiology
