摘要
国际旅游研究的批判性转向浪潮引发了对行动者网络理论(ANT)的关注及其在旅游研究中的广泛应用。文章简要介绍了行动者网络理论的核心主张,包括广义对称性原理、消除传统二元对立论、异质性网络、转译与权力、实践本体论立场、关系过程思维下的物质与空间等,分析介绍了2005年以来基于行动者网络理论视角的旅游研究的进程、方法、主要研究方面及其进展,对包括物质符号学制图法、参与观察法或行动者研究法等特有方法,和旅游物质、旅游地和旅游网络三个空间尺度的研究成果进行了详细评介。与以经济为中心的旅游研究范式相比,基于行动者网络理论视角的旅游研究明显具有空间转向特点。
There has been a'new turn'or'critical turn'in tourism studies conducted in the West since about 2005. The turn has resulted directly from four international academic conferences on tourism study held in 2005,2007,2009 and 2011 in Europe,and indirectly from long-term reconsideration of the definitions,basic concepts,objects of study,and research paradigms with the aim to build independent disciplinary knowledge systems or theory and methodologies specific to tourism research. Among the views on rethinking,actor-network theory( ANT) as a radical sociological theory developed in the 1980s has drawn extensive interest from Western tourism researchers. This contribution first introduces ANT kernel assertions and general concepts to allow clear understanding of the methodology and contexts in the reviewed articles. The introduction of ANT focuses simply on six key points: the principle of general symmetry between natural science and social science,elimination of Kant's dichotomy on subjectivity and objectivity,heterogeneous networks including human and nonhuman factors,translation and relative power,relativism in materials and space,and position in actant-rhizome ontology. This paper briefly reviews the history of ANT-based tourism research since approximately 2005,and introduces research methodologies exclusive to the field with particular emphasis on participant observation( or actor research) and materials-semiotic mapping,which are applied creatively together with normally deeper interviews and questionnaire surveys in original research articles. There are currently three main aspects of ANT-based tourism research. First,tourism materials that have been little addressed or indeed ignored in the conventional tourist-centric research paradigm are given high attention as a nonhuman actor of ANT,and have been studied by a small number of researchers in terms of categorization of the human body,landscape manifestation and landscape packaging from the ANT view of relativism materials. Second,tourist destinations are studied from the viewpoints of ANT-based spatial evolution and relativism space. The former viewpoint shifts from the tradition of temporal evolution based on Butler's well-known life-cycle theory to spatial evolution based on four types of space( i. e.,regional,network, fluid and fire spaces) or two types of space( i. e.,Euclid prescription space and topological negotiation space) in ANT space concepts. The latter viewpoint tends to focus on the small-company scale rather than the large-enterprise scale to investigate the issues of cooperation, competition and innovation of destinations. Third,the tourism network is inspected afresh in the ANT concept of translation. The hypothesis of the five stages of ANT translation—problematization,interessement,enrolment,mobilization and dissidence—is applied in a wide range of tourism fields,such as trans-sector cooperation in tourism, stakeholder networks of rural tourism,and tourism knowledge production networks. Although the above mentioned research is limited in terms of volume and methodology,there has been a tendency for the research focus to shift from the conventional human-centric tourist to nonhuman materials,from external to internal,from macroscale to microscale,from global and regional to local and individual sites,and from temporal evolution to spatial constructivism. With these trends,there has been a clear feature of a 'spatial turn'in tourism studies in recent years.
出处
《旅游学刊》
CSSCI
2014年第3期107-115,共9页
Tourism Tribune
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(41071091)资助~~
