摘要
先秦两汉史传文学的"言"、"事"关系始终处于复杂的变化状态。《尚书》虽以记言为主,但记言的背后皆有本事,未尝离事而空言。《尚书》总结历史经验、宣讲道义以资经世致用的《书》教之旨奠定了书史的精神传统。《春秋》创立编年史法,但有叙事而无记言。《尚书》中以记言形式表现的《书》教之旨在《春秋》中通过"春秋笔法"表现出来。针对《春秋》叙事的过于简略,《左传》对其进行了补充。《左传》叙事"言事结合"、"以事为主",史传文学中的三类"言"体基本定型,比例趋于合理。《国语》《战国策》又出现了以"记言"为主的倾向,表现了史家在"言"、"事"取舍中的徘徊。"言"、"事"关系在《史记》中又有新的变化。《史记》以人物纪传为叙事方式,记言文字分化为四种形态。而一以贯之的书史精神在《史记》中除了"寓褒贬论断于叙事",还由记言中的"太史公日"来承载。《史记》《汉书》以后,以叙事为主的纪传体成为书史正统,但"言"与"事"的比重权衡及其消长演变一直伴随着史传文学的发展过程。
＂Recording Speeches＂ and ＂Narrating Events＂ were constantly integrated and distinguished in the historical works of the Pre-Qin and Han dynasties.The Book of History gave priority to ＂recording speeches＂ but never got far away from ＂narrating events＂,which engendered meaning to speeches.The Book of History summarized histories and advocated moralities to facilitate governance;its ＂Book＂ initiated the genre of ＂recording history＂.The Spring and Autumn Annals is a chronicle,mainly engaged in ＂narrating events＂.As a complement and commentary to The Spring and Autumn Annals,Commentary of Zuo mainly narrated events but speeches also occupied certain proportion.After it,the three types of genre in historical books were gradually formed and their proportions tended to be rational.In Discourses of the State and Strategies of the Warring States,priority was again given to ＂recording speeches＂,demonstrating a negotiation and balance in the choice of narrative methods.The relationship between ＂recording speeches＂ and ＂narrating events＂ took on a new dimension in Records of the Grant Historian.Its biographies mainly focused on ＂narrating events＂ while the recording of speeches demonstrated four characteristic features.The traditional pursuit of recording histories was realized through the principle of ＂comments deriving from specific events＂ and ＂Sima Qian says＂.After Records of the Grant Historian and The History of the Han Dynasty ＂narrating events＂ became the norm,though the division and combination of ＂recording speeches＂ and ＂narrating events＂ continued all the way through the development of historic-biographic literature.
出处
《兰州大学学报（社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2013年第4期72-80,共9页
Journal of Lanzhou University（Social Sciences）
关键词
先秦
两汉
史传文学
“记言”
“记事”
the Pre-Qin dynasty
the Han dynasty
historic-biographic literature
＂recording speeches＂
＂narrating events＂
