摘要
中药材品质差异及生态型分类是道地药材研究的重要科学问题。由于我国多样的自然环境条件,形成了独有的多道地、多产地现象。中国是西洋参世界三大主产地之一,已有300多年应用和40多年的栽培历史,随着长期生产实践,形成了东北、北京、山东三大主产区。不同产地西洋参在特定的生态环境下长期适应形成较为稳定的品系(不同的生态型),然而引起西洋参品质变异的生态机制却不清楚。本文对中国西洋参三大主产区东北、北京、山东4年生西洋参的8种人参皂苷(Rg1、Re、Rb1、Rb2、Rb3、Rc、Rd、Rg2)含量进行超高效液相(UPLC)色谱法分析,应用"中药材产地适宜性分析地理信息系统"(geographic information system fortraditional Chinese medicine,TCMGIS)的生态因子空间数据库,获得采样区温度、水分、光照等9个生态因子数据;按土壤理化性质常规方法测定土壤样品中的有效硼、有效铁等微量元素和速效氮、速效钾等有效养分。运用生物统计、数量分类等分析方法,首次对中国产西洋参进行生态型划分。结果表明中国产西洋参分为人参皂苷Rb1-Re山海关外型和Rg2-Rd山海关内型两大化学生态型;在气候特征上亦相应存在山海关内(北京、山东)与山海关外(东北)两种类型,表明西洋参的化学生态型的形成与分化与其所在气候地理环境变异相关,同时探讨了三大主产区的生态变异规律,总结并提炼了两大生态型的气候特征和土壤特征,探讨了两大生态型形成及品质差异形成的生态机制。该结果为研究中国不同产地西洋参品质变异及生态适应提供了实验证据,加深了对西洋参道地药材形成的生物学本质认识,为同类多产地、多道地中药材生态型研究模式提供了参考;同时为提高西洋参品质,进行适宜的生态区划和保障西洋参产业化发展具有重要指导意义。
Quality variation and ecotype classification of Chinese herbal medicine are important scientific problems in Daodi herbal medicine research. The diversity of natural environmental conditions has led to form unique multi-Daodi, multi-product areas that produce particular Chinese herbal medicine. China is one of three big American ginseng （Panax quinquefolium L.） producing areas worldwide, with over 300 years of applicationand 40 years of cultivation history. Long-term production practice has led to the formation of three big advocate produce areas in China： Northeast province, Beijing and Shandong. P. quinquefolium L. grown under certain environmental conditions will develop long-term adaptations that will lead to more stable strains （different ecotypes）. P. quinquefolium L., can vary greatly in quality; however, the ecological mechanisms causing this variation are still unclear. Root samples were collected from four-year-old cultivated P. quinquefolium L. plants in the three major genuine （Daodi） American ginseng-producing areas of Northeast province, Beijing and Shandong province, China. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography was used to analyze the contents of eight ginsenosides （Rgl, Re, Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Rg2）. Data for nine ecological factors, including temperature, moisture and sunlight, were obtained from the ecological database of Geographic Information System for Traditional Chinese Medicine. Soil samples from the sampling sites were collected. Effective boron and iron, available nitrogen and potassium, as well as other trace elements and soil nutrients, were determined by conventional soil physicochemical property assay methods. Analytical methods of biostatistics and numerical taxonomy were used to divide ecotypes of the three main Panax quinquefolium L. producing areas in China based on ginsenoside content, climate, soil and other ecological factors. To our knowledge, this is the first time that ecological division of P. quinquefolium L. producing areas in China has ever been conducted. The results show that there are two chemoecotypes of P.. quinquefolium L. in China： ginsenoside Rbl-Re from outside Shanhaiguan, and ginsenoside Rg2-Rd from inside Shanhaiguan. Similarly, there are two types of climatic characteristics： inside Shanhaiguan （Beijing, Shandong） and outside Shanhaiguan （Northeast）. This suggests that the formation and differentiation of chemoecotypes of P. quinquefolium L. is closely related to variability of the climatic and geographical environment. Additionally, ecological variation of the three main producing areas, characteristics of two climatic ecotypes, and soil characteristics are also discussed and summarized. These results provide experimental scientific evidence of the quality variation and ecological adaptation of P. quinquefolium L. from different producing areas. They also deepen our understanding of the biological nature of Daodi P. quinquefolium L. formation, and offer novel research models for other multi-origin, multi- Daodi Chinese herbal medicines ecotypes. In addition, the results demonstrate the critical need for improving quality, appropriate ecological regionalization and promoting industrialized development of P. quinquefolium L.
出处
《药学学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2013年第4期580-589,共10页
Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81274013,81130069)
教育部长江学者和创新团队发展计划资助项目(IRT1150)
863计划课题资助项目(2010AA023006)
关键词
西洋参
化学生态型
人参皂苷
气候因子
生态型划分
Panax quinquefolium L.
chemoecotype
ginsenoside
climatic factor
ecotype division
