2Henley MB, Champman JR, Agel J, et al. Treatmeent of Typ2, 3A, and 3B open fracture of the tibial shaft: a prospective comparison of unreamed interlocking intramedutlary nails and half-pin external fixators[J]. J Orthp Trauma, 1998,12(1) : 1--7.
3Alberts KA, Loohagen G, Einarsdottir H. Open tibial fractures: faster union after undreamed nailing than external fixation[J]. Injury, 1999,30(8) : 519-523.
4Karladani AH, Granhed H, Edshage B, et al. Displaced tibial shaft fractures: a prospective randomized study of closed intramedullary nailing versus cast treatment in 53 patients[J]. Acta Orthop Scand,2000,71(2) : 160-- 167.
5Blachut PA, O' Brien PJ, Meek RN, et al. Interlocking intramedullary nailing with and without reaming for the treatment of closed fractures of the tibial shaft: a prospective,randomized study[J]. J Bone Joint Surg(Am), 1997, 79:640--646.
6Fairbank AC, Thomas D, Cunningham B, et al. Stability of reamed and undreamed intramedullary tibial nails: a biomechanical study[J]. Injury, 1995,26 : 483--485.
7Hupel TM, Weinberg JA,Aksenov SA, et al. Effect of unreamed, limited reamed, and standard reamed intmmedullary nailing on cortical bone porosity and new bone formation[J ]. J Orthop Trauma,2001 , 15(1) : 18 -27.
8Bhandari M,Adili A, Leone J, et al. Early versus delayed operative management of closed tibial fractures [ J ]. Clin Orthop, 1999, (368) :230--239.