3[2]Brennan TJ. Acute pain management. Annual refresher course lecture book of ASA. San Francisco,USA ,2000,214 ～ 215.
4[3]Rosenberg PH, Heino A, Scheinin B. Comparison of intramuscular analgesia, intercostals block, epidural morphine and on- demand-i. v.-fentanyl in the control of pain after upper abdominal surgery.Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 1984,28: 603 ～607.
5[4]Bernards CM. Epidural and intrathecal opioids. Annual refresher course lecture book of ASA. San Fransisco USA, 2000,212 ～ 213.
6[5]de Leon-Casasola OA, Parker B, Lema MJ, et al.Postoperative epidural bupivacaine morphine therapy: Experience with 4227. Surgical cancer patients. Anesthesiology, 1994,81 : 368 ～375.
7[7]Scott DA, Beilby DS, McClymont C. Postoperative analgesia using epidural infusions of fentanyl with bupivacaine: A prospective analysis of 1014 patients. Anesthesiology, 1995,83: 727 ～ 737.
8[10]d'Amours RH, Riegler FX, Little AG. Pathogenesis and management of persistent postthoracotomy pain. Chest Surg Clin N Am, 1998,8: 703 ～722.
9[11]Weltz CR, Greengrass RA, Lyerly HK. Ambulatory surgical management of breast carcinoma using paravertebral block. Ann Surg, 1995,222:19～26.
10MESH M K,BARNASON S. Managing pain: the fifth vital sign[J]. Nurs Clin North Am,2000,35(2) : 375 - 383.
