摘要
1669～1674年,耶稣会士南怀仁为北京观象台设计制造了六架欧洲式天文仪器,使中国天文仪器的精度达到了空前的水平。1713～1715年,纪理安为观象台添造了一架欧洲风格的地平经纬仪。1745～1754年,戴进贤、刘松龄和他们的中国合作者制造了一架玑衡抚辰仪。它遵循中国浑仪的结构旧制,采用了南怀仁用过的刻度制、零件结构和制造技术,本质上属于复古的设计。
In 1669, the Belgian Jesuit missionary Ferdinand Verbiest (1623～1688) was in charge of guiding the design and manufacture of an ecliptic armillary sphere, an equatorial armillary sphere, an azimuthal instrument, a quadrant, a sextant and a stellar globe, which superseded such Chinese style instruments as the armillary sphere and the simplified instrument in the Observatory in Peking in 1674. He published in 1674 the 16 volume Xinzhi Lingtai Yixiang Zhi, which was devoted to the explanation of the design, manufacture, installment and usage of his instruments. Verbiest's work enabled the precision of China's instruments to come up to an unprecedented level. It was obvious that Verbiest consulted Tycho Brahe's design in the book Astronomie Instauratae Mechania(1598), and absorbed the traditional Chinese plastic arts. In 1715, Bernard Kilian Stumpf(1655～1720)equipped the Observatory with an azimuthal quadrant again. According to Emperor Qianlong's desire, Ignatius Koegler(1680～1746),Augustein de Hallerstein (1703～1774)and their Chinese co workers made an equatorial armillary sphere for the Observatory from 1745 to 1754. The instrument followed the system of the traditional Chinese armillary sphere, and adopted 360° sexagesimal, precise graduation, screws, spare parts and manufacturing technology, which were used by Verbiest. Essentially, it restored ancient ways.
出处
《中国科技史料》
CSCD
1999年第3期198-210,共13页
China Historical Materials of Science and Technology
基金
德国柏林工业大学大众基金
中国科学院留学经费择优支持回国工作基金
关键词
天文仪器
欧洲化
清朝观象台
古代天文仪
astronomical instruments, Europeanization, the Observatory of Peking during the Qing Dynasty
