美国国会两党分化的原因及后果被引量：9

Party Polarization in Congress:Causes and Consequences

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摘要国会研究已成为中国国内美国研究的热点。然而,作者在查阅大量文献之后发现,虽然很多美国学者对国会两党之间的分化进行了深入研究,但是中国学术界对此关注不多。本文尝试对两党分化的原因及后果进行分析,以填补国内国会研究在这方面的空缺。从20世纪70年代以来,国会两党在内部日趋团结的同时,在意识形态上的差距越来越大,结果是两党分化越来越严重。笔者认为,南方党派重组、国会内部立法制度的改革、以及金钱在国会选举中的重要性不断增加,是造成国会两党分化最重要的因素。两党分化的一个重要后果就是,国会多数党不得不经常通过非常手段来实现其立法目标;另一个后果就是国会的整体立法效率降低。 U.S.Congress has become a major focus of research in American studies in China.While party polarization has become a major research area for American scholars,few Chinese scholars to my knowledge have paid attention to the phenomenon.Since the 1970s,while inter-party heterogeneity has grown dramatically,intra-party homogeneity has also increased substantially at the same time,thus resulting in increasing polarization.I argue that party realignment in the South,legislative reforms,and the increasing role of money in congressional elections are the three most important causes of polarization.One consequence of party polarization is that the majority party has to frequently use unorthodox means to achieve its legislative goals.Another consequence is that the overall legislative efficiency decreases.

作者谢韬

机构地区北京外国语大学英语学院美国研究中心副教授

出处《国际论坛》 CSSCI 北大核心 2009年第1期65-71,共7页 International Forum

关键词美国国会政党两极分化

分类号 D51 [政治法律—国际政治]

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参考文献32

1Washington Post, June 30, 2004, A21.
2Washington Post, Novcmbcr 7, 2003, A31.
3Morris P. Fiorina, Samuel J. Abrams, andJcrcmy C. Popc, Culture War? The Myth of a Polarized America, New York: Longman, 2004.
4Larry M. Bartels, "What's the Matter with 'What's the Matter with Kansas? '" Quarterly Journal of Political Science, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2006, pp. 201-226.
5John Evans, "Have Americans' Attitudes Become More Polarized7 An Update", Social Science Quarterly, Vol. 84, No. 1, 2003, pp. 71-90.
6Barbara Sinclair, Party Wars: Polarization and the Politics of National Policy Making, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2006, p. 3.
7张业亮.“极化”的美国政治：神话还是现实？[J].美国研究,2008,22(3):7-31. 被引量：58
8Keith T. Poole and Howard Rosenthal, "The Polarization of American Politics," Journal of Politics, Vol. 46, No. 4, 1984, pp. 1061-1079.
9Barbara Sinclair, Party Wars: Polarization and the Politics of Mational Policy Making; Nolan M. McCarty, Keith T. Poole, and Howard Rosenthal, Polarized America : The Dance of Ideology and Unequal Riches, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006.
10Jon R. Bond and Richard Fleisher, ed. , Polarized Politics : Congress and the President in a Partisan Era, Washington, D.C. : CQ Press, 2000.

二级参考文献64

1Barbara Sinclair, "Congressional Parties and the Policy," in L. Sandy Maisel ed. , The Parties Respond: Changes in American Parties and Campaigns (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 2002), p. 211.
2Barbara Sinclair, Party Wars: Polarization and the Politics of National Policy Making, p. 5.
3Jon R. Bond and Richard Fleisher eds. , Polarized Politics: Congress and the President in a Partisan Era (Washington, D. C. : CP Press, 2000), pp. 3-4.
4Norman J. Ornstein, Thomas E. Mann, and Michael J. Malbin eds. , Vital Statistics on Congress, 1993 1994 (Washington D. C. : CQ Press, 1994), pp. 201-202.
5Bruce Miroff, Raymond Seidelman and Todd Wwanstrom eds. , The Democratic Debate: An Introduction to American Politics (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002), p. 309.
6Nolan McCarty, Keith T. Poole, and Howard Rosenthal eds. , Polarized American: The Dance of Ideology and Unequal Riches (MIT Press, 2006), p. 15.
7William G. Mayer, The Divided Democrats: Ideological Unity, Party Reform, and Presidential Election (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1996), pp. 96-97.
8Pietro S. Nivola and David W. Brady, eds. , Redand Blue Nation, p. 16.
9David M. Shribman, "Subtle Shifts," in L. Sandy Maisel ed. , The Parties Respond: Changes in American Parties and Campaigns (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 2001), p. 296.
10Walter Dean Burnham, "The Changing Shape of the American Party in Transition," American Political Science Review, Vol. 59, No. 1, March 1965.