摘要
作为一种制度安排,美国印第安人保留地制度主要不是通过政策宣示的形式建立起来的,而是通过美国国会的立法、美国各级法院对国会有关法律法令的解释和诉讼裁决形成的。因此,考察美国印第安人法就构成了研究印第安人保留地制度的主要途径。本文对美国印第安人法中关于美国联邦政府与印第安人部落之间的权力划分,印第安人保留地所拥有的刑事及民事司法权、印第安事务署在印第安人保留地制度中的独特地位等问题进行了考察,得出结论认为,美国赋予印第安人的有限自决在本质上与联邦政府对印第安人的所谓"托管权"存有内在矛盾,这一矛盾决定了美国印第安人保留地制度不足以解决困扰美国政府长达200多年的"印第安人问题",也决定了印第安人时至今日仍然无法有效地行使自己的自决权。如果美国政府无法在印第安人的自决权与联邦政府的"托管权"之间寻得一个恰当的平衡,这一问题仍有可能继续困扰美国政府。
As a kind of institutional arrangements, American Indian Reservation System was not established through the promulgation of policy but through Congressional legislation, legal interpretation of courts at all levels, and judicial rulings. Hence, the examination of American Indian laws becomes the major way of studying American Indian Reservation System. This article makes a study of the division of power between the Federal government and Indian tribes as stipulated in American Indian laws, the criminal and civil judicial power enjoyed by Indian Reservations, and the unique role of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. It comes to the conclusion that there is an inherent contradiction between the limited self-determination given to the Indians and the 'trust responsibility' of the federal government towards the Indians. Such a contradiction determines that the American Indian Reservation System cannot solve the 'Indian problem' that has haunted the American government for over 200 years. It also determines that the American Indians cannot, up till now, effectively exercise self-determination. Unless the American government finds an appropriate balance between 'self-determination' and 'trust responsibility,' the problem will continue to trouble the American government.
出处
《美国研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2007年第3期50-69,共20页
The Chinese Journal of American Studies
基金
国家社科基金重点项目资助成果
项目批准号为06AZZ003
