2Huang N,Cunningham F,Laurito CE,et al.Can we do better with postoperative pain management?The American Journal of Surgery,2001,182:440~448.
3Rawal N,Berggren L.Organization of acute pain services:a low-cost model.Pain,1994,57:117~ 123.
4Campbell D,Brand C,Bucknall T,Copnell B.Review of acute pain management in Victoria.Commissioned by the Victorian Quality Council,February 2003,4 ~ 30.
5Berdine HJ.The fifth vital sign,cornerstone of a new pain management strategy.Dis manage health outcomes,2002,10:155~ 165.
6An updated report by the American society of anaesthesiologists task force on acute pain management.Practice guideline for acute pain management in the perioperative setting.Anaesthesiology,2004,100:1573 ~ 1581.
9Stomberg MW,Wickstrom k,Joelsson H,et al.Postoperative pain management on surgical wardsdo quality assurance strategies result in long-term effects on staff member attitudes and clinical outcomes? Pain management nursing,2003,4:11 ~22.
1Hunt K. Perceptions of patients' pain: a study assessing nurses attitudes.Nursing Standard, 1995,18(4) :32-35.
2Rawal N. Postoperative pain management in day surgery. Anaesthesia.1998,53:50-52.
3Rosenberg J, Kehlet H. Does effective postoperative pain mangement influence surgical morbidity? Eur Surg Res, 1999,31:133-137.
4Filos KS, Lehmann KA. Current concepts and practice in postoperative pain management: need for a change? Eur Surg Res ,1999,31:97-107.
5Warfield CA, Kahn CH. Acute pain management: Programs in U.S. hospitals and experiences and attitudes among U. S. adults. Anesthesiology,1995, 83:1090-1094.
6Rawal N, Berggren L. Organization of acute pain services: a low-cost model. Pain, 1994,57:117-123.
7Rockville. Acute pain management guideline panel: Acute pain management: Operative or medical procedures and trauma. Clinical practice guideline. AHCPR Publication No. 92-0032.
8Ready LB, Edwarda WT, eds. Management of acute pain: A practical guide. Seattle: International association for the study of pain (IASP) publications, 1992.
9Practice guidelines for acute pain management in the perioperative setting.A report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on pain management, Acute Pain Section. Anesthesiology, 1995,82:1071-1081.
10Miasko WC, Crews J, Ready LB, et al. Anesthesia-based pain services improve the quality of postoperative pain management. Pain, 1999,80:23-29.