摘要
本文从核安全与辐射防护的角度出发，根据几年来国际的研究与报道以及现场访问所了解的情况，对前苏联切尔诺贝利核电站事故发生的原因、影响及其教训进行了简要回顾。内容包括对切尔诺贝利核电站的简单描述、事故发生的过程、事故后的应急行动与防护措施、健康与环境影响以及事故的原因与经验教训。从安全角度看，该电站的型反应堆的空泡正反应性系数、反应性余量不足、控制棒从最高位置开始下落时有一个反应性增长区以及没有有效的围封等是在设计上使此次事故得以发生并酿成灾难性后果的根本原因。操作人员把几个“极不可能事件”组合在一起，是引发事故的直接“导火线”。这次事故暴露的最大问题是前苏联在核安全管理方面的缺陷。笔者认为，提高核能安全性的关键在于健全管理体制和提高安全文化水平。
The Chernobyl accident,its causes,impacts and the lessons learned from it arebriefly reviewed from the viewpoint of nuclear safety and radiation protection,based on therecent studies and reports worldwide and on the information taken by the author during hisvisit to the site. The paper includes a short description of the Chernobyl Nuclear PowerPlant,the process of the accident,emergency actions and protection measures,health and environmental impacts,and its causes and lessons learned.To look at matters in the safety aspect,some defects of the design,such as the positive void reactivity coefficient,the insufficient reactivity margin,the exist of an area of increasing reactivity when the absorbing rodsmove downwards from the top,and the lack of an effective containment,are the essentialcauses bringing the accident to occur and breeding up catastrophic consequences.The coincidence of some extremely improbable incidents aroused by the operators is the blasting fusewhich directly touched off the accident,and the most serious problem revealed is the defectsin nuclear safety management in the former Soviet Union.The author holds that,strengthening safety management and raising the safety culture level are the key to improve nuclearsafety.
出处
《辐射防护》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
1994年第5期321-335,共15页
Radiation Protection
关键词
核电站
核安全
设计
管理
辐射事故
辐射防护
Nuclear Power Plant,Accident, Chernobyl,Nuclear Safety,Design,Management,Safety Culture
