摘要
在近代考古文献中,鬶的名称首次见于《城子崖》,该报告是依《说文·鬲部》:"鬶,三足鬴也,有柄、喙"来给这种形制奇特的器物命名的。近三十年来,在我国各地,东起海滨,西至陕西,北自辽东,南达岭南,已有上百处遗址出土了各式陶鬶(图一、文末表一)。这些遗址,早的可上溯至公元前三千五百年前,晚的约在公元前一千五百年左右。在这样广阔的地域和如此长久的时间里,陶鬶的形制因时因地而有所不同。本文试图以典型陶鬶的出土层位为主要依据,参照共存物所测定的绝对年代(见文末表二),把陶鬶在形制、风格上的变化粗略地排出个序列来,以供史前遗存编年断代参考。再者,陶鬶是一种形制复杂的器物,尽管各地所出多有不同,但却表现出相当明显的共同特性。因此,我们认为其中的大多数应同出一源。本文试图按照它们在各地出现的早迟、多寡来探讨各类各型陶鬶之间可能存在着的源流关系。
Discoveries of pottery gui-tripod(water pitcher)have been made at more than 100archaeological sites scattered on the vast area which extends from the seacoast in the east tothe province of Shaanxi in the west,and from the eastern Liaoning in the north down toLingnan in the south.Among them,the earliest ones date back to 3500 B.C.and the latestaround 1500 B.C.Studies of their types provide a developmental sequence,revealing theirorigin and development.It can be classified into five types:Type Ⅰ is with solid legs;type Ⅱ,with large sack-shaped legs but without belly;type Ⅲ,with belly and small sack-shapedlegs;type Ⅳ,with a cylindrical belly and large sack-shaped legs;type Ⅴ,with slender legsand narrow waist.Those with tube-like spouts are called he(vessel for mixing wine).Theyare correspondingly also classified into five types.Both the gui and he vessels excavatedfrom the sites of Dawenkou and Longshan cultures in Shandong and northern Jiangsu arenot only great in number and early in date,but their developmental sequence is also clear.Here are the places of their origin.The vessels gui and he of type Ⅰ(3500—2800 B.C.)are the representative artifacts of themiddle stage of the Dawenkou culture.They spread only to the area of southern Jiangsu.Vessels of type Ⅱ A(3000—2400 B.C.)represent the artifacts of the later Dawenkouculture.Those of type Ⅱ B—Ⅱ D(2400—1900 B.C.)represent the artifacts of the Longshanculture.Type Ⅱ A vesels spread southward to the Shixia culture in Guangdong provincevia southern Jiangsu,northern Zhejiang and Jiangxi.Objects of type Ⅱ E are mainly a localvariety found along the middle and lower Changjiang(Yangtze)River valley.The gui and he vessels of type Ⅲ(2800—2400 B.C.)are examples of the artifacts of thelater Dawenkou culture.They did not spread to other places and only a few were discoveredin Henan province.The gui of type Ⅳ(2400—1900 B.C.)is the typical artifact of the Longshan culture.It mainly spread westward and reached as far as Hubei province.Type Ⅳ C and Ⅳ D areits chief varieties.The gui of type Ⅴ(2100—1500 B.C.)is mainly found in the sites of the Erlitoutype.Only one example was discovered in Shandong province.There is a possibility for the gui of type Ⅱ E to be developed into the he of type Ⅳ,andalso for the he of type Ⅳ to be developed into that of type Ⅴ.The he of type Ⅳ and the guiof type Ⅳ coexisted,and so did he of type Ⅴ and gui of type Ⅴ.The form and style of type Ⅴ are similar to those of bronze vessels.The pottery gui originated from the Dawenkou culture in the east.Due to the constantmutual influences of various prehistoric cultures in China,artifacts of this kindwere in 2400 B.C.already diffused along the middle and lower reaches of the Huangheand Changjiang rivers and even reached further south to areas of Jiangxi and Guangdong.They became the common possession of those places with the culture corresponding to thestage of the Longshan culture.Gui and li(cooking vessel)are not of the same origin.Theformer has not yet been found outside China.So,in this sense,it can be regarded as the re-presentative artifact of the prehistoric cultures in eastern and southern China 5,000 years ago.
出处
《考古学报》
1981年第4期427-459,共33页
Acta Archaeologica Sinica
