摘要
花垣县子腊村,作为一个苗族文化底蕴深厚、传承较好的纯苗族村寨,其生产与生计仍然大多依循着当地苗族传统,但也面临着外来文化的渗透与冲击。在花垣县这一曾经的国家级贫困县的众多贫困村中,该村曾属于位置偏远、经济落后、贫困程度较深、脱贫难度较大的类型,存在长期贫困、难断"穷根"的现象。苗族文化等因素在其中既产生了一定的阻碍作用,又在生态扶贫中发挥重要功能:传统苗族文化对子腊村的生态修复、经济增长、整体发展等方面的良好作用在一定程度上得以实现和体现;苗族文化作为指导当地苗族生存、发展的信息体系,既是经过长期检验、认可度高、行之有效、能兼顾当地生态与经济双重目标的,又是可持续开发和利用的、潜力巨大的宝贵文化资源,更有助于修复生态环境、整体增收;在国家权力、市场资本、民间力量等多方博弈下,不同群体在各自角色中对苗族文化的视角和利用存在一定差异。子腊村拥有"子腊贡米"、苗族织绣、苗族歌舞等丰富的苗族文化资源。对类似于子腊村这种生态脆弱的民族地区而言,民族文化中蕴含着价值巨大的兼有经济价值和生态价值的文化资源。挖掘和开发这类具有双重价值的文化资源,推进其资本化和产业化,并推进生态建设博弈中相关文化产业的落地和价值的兑现,就很可能取得当地生态建设的实质性进展,并对当地经济发展和生态维护发挥长期、巨大的作用。
Over the past few decades,China has made remarkable achievements in poverty alleviation.However,in 2011,the State Council announced that there are still 14 concentrated special hardship areas in China,indicating that there are still some areas of economic depression in China.Focusing on the special problems of poverty alleviation in ethnic minority areas in China and the long-term goal of ecological poverty alleviation,there is a realistic problem worthy of deep thinking and serious study,how to use the ethnic cultural resources to achieve economic growth and ecological protection.At present,the relevant departments of the Chinese government and many scholars have deeply studied the problem of poverty among ethnic minorities,put forward the idea of ecological poverty alleviation or green poverty alleviation,and actively explored a new path to balance the benefits of both economic growth and ecological protection.The poverty groups of Miao ethnic group in Wuling Mountain concentrated special hardship area is representative.Since the relationship between the specific ethnic culture and the poverty of the corresponding ethnic group is a big subject,even only focusing on the Miao’s ethnic group and its culture as research objects is also a difficult task to accomplish in a short time.So,it’s much better to focus on a representative Miao village and analyze the value of the local Miao’s traditional cultural resources to its ecological poverty alleviation practice.The method of dissecting a sparrow,which is commonly used in ethnology,is the best agreement with this idea,and points out train of thought from point to surface.Following the reliable method of ethnology and taking Zila Village as the sparrow,can make it possible to study the value of Miao’s cultural resources in ecological poverty alleviation.In order to do a good job in this study,we should find out the following questions.Is there any value of Miao’s cultural resources in the field of ecological poverty alleviation?If there is,then what are the specific cultural resources and what are the respective values?Which of these Miao’s cultural resources can be applied to the practice of ecological poverty alleviation?How to select and use them to solve the problems of local ecological poverty?In addition,we should study the Miao’s culture in the game of state power,market capital and folk power,the practical role of Miao’s cultural resources in the practice of ecological poverty alleviation,the power of the available and the possible resistance.Among many Miao villages in Wuling Mountain,Zila Village in Huayuan County is the most suitable field point for this subject.Zila Village is a pure Miao village with deep Miao’s culture and good inheritance.The production and livelihood of this village still mostly follow the local Miao’s tradition,but also face the infiltration and impact of foreign culture.Zila Village used to be rich because of the Zila Tribute Rice and other Miao’s cultural resources.Nowadays,the ecological environment of Zila Village is not as good as before,which has become one of the important factors influencing the overall economic situation of the village.Among162 povertystricken villages in Huayuan County,Zila Village is a remote with backward economy,deep poverty and difficulty in poverty alleviation.After fieldwork study,from the perspective of Cultural-Ecology Community,we found that the root causes of the overall poverty of Zila Village is not only economic and ecological problems,but also the rejection and hindrance of Miao’s cultural factors.There are four main factors which have resulted in poverty in Zila Village,including dis-embedding between traditional culture change and ecological environment,running in the opposite direction between traditional culture change and ecological environment,the presence of state power and the disorder of ethnic culture,the traction from capital market and the dislocation of ethnic culture.For Zila Village,the role of Miao’s culture in the process of forming ecological poverty elements such as ecological decline and economic distress can not be ignored.At present,there are many Miao’s cultural resources suitable for ecological poverty alleviation in Zila Village,including Zila Tribute Rice,Miao’s embroidery,Miao’s singing and dancing,Miao’s religion,etc.By chance,the Zila Tribute Rice compound Farming System in Huayuan of Hunan was successfully selected as the fourth batch of important agricultural and cultural heritage in China in June2017.Since then,Zila Village has received a great opportunity of rapid development and ecological poverty alleviation.Driven by the ecological industry of Zila Tribute Rice,the other cultural resources and elements of the Miao ethnic group,such as Miao’s embroidery and Miao’s singing and dancing,may also be helpful to enrich the local ecological poverty alleviation ideas and promote the overall development.However,the application of Miao’s cultural resources to the practice of ecological poverty alleviation can not be smooth,let alone achieve overnight.The practice of attacking poverty in Zila Village for many years and the many game cases in the current exploration of ecological poverty alleviation are excellent proof.In the process of developing cultural resources,there is a game of state power,market capital,folk power and other forces.Different groups play different roles,so there are some differences in the treatment and utilization of ethnic culture.Whether it is the game between state power and market capital,private forces,or the internal competition among various forces,it may become an important factor affecting the final effect of ecological poverty alleviation.On the one hand,the overall goal of Chinese governments at all levels is the same,hoping to provide the most public services with the least public cost and achieve the best poverty alleviation effect.But the ultimate goal of market capital is to maximize their own interests.The demands and values of civil power are more diverse and complex.In the process of developing Miao cultural resources,these three forces constantly influence and contain each other.On the other hand,there are also different interest demands and behavior differences among different forces.There is a competitive relationship between government departments at the same level but in different regions,and they all hope that the regions under their jurisdiction can obtain more projects,funds,resources and development opportunities.Foreign enterprises and local cooperatives have different views on the protection of cultural resources and the distribution of interests.There are also many differences in the protection and development of cultural resources among public welfare organizations,university scholars and local non-governmental forces.Therefore,on the basis of the overall realization of poverty alleviation in China’s poor areas,different regions and groups have different degrees of cultural resources development and ecological poverty alleviation effects.Fortunately,in the intricate of multi-game,Miao’s cultural resources still have the opportunity of exerting its ability.Since all parties are immersed in the sea of culture all the time,the Miao’s cultural resources and elements can play a role in ecological poverty alleviation directly or indirectly through these game forces.Thus,in the fieldwork study and poverty alleviation practice in Zila Village,the good effects of traditional Miao’s cultural resources on the ecological restoration,economic growth and overall development of Zila Village have been realized and embodied to a certain extent.Therefore,the contemporary value of Miao’s cultural resources to ecological poverty alleviation is proved.Through the fieldwork study of Zila Village and the analysis under the guidance of relevant theories,we can know that Miao culture is an information system that guides the survival,development and continuity of local Miao people.Miao culture is not only a reconciliation agent that can balance the dual goals of ecology and economy,but also a treasure contains many cultural resources sustainably used.For present Zila Village,in order to repair the ecological environment,increase the whole income and get rid of poverty,and maintain the actual effect and long-term effect of ecological poverty alleviation,vigorously developing the Miao’s cultural and ecological industry is the best way.Finally,we get the conclusion that the Miao’s cultural resources have great ecological and economic value to the ecological poverty alleviation.The application of Miao’s cultural resources in Zila Village to ecological poverty alleviation is likely to provide a useful reference for other ethnic poor areas and groups.
出处
《政治人类学评论》
2021年第1期124-187,279-283,8,共70页
Political Anthropology Review
基金
湖南省哲学社会科学基金项目“乡村振兴战略下湘西地区农业文化遗产保护与开发策略研究”(项目编号:19YBX015)
国家民族事务委员会民族研究后期资助项目“探索生态文化旅游扶贫之路研究”(项目编号:2018-GMH-007)
关键词
苗族文化资源
生态减贫
生态和经济价值
cultural resources of Miao ethnic
ecological poverty alleviation
ecological and economic values
