The scale of forest and landscape restoration is expected to increase during the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration and its contribution to the provision of critical ecosystem services to society.Several models of for...The scale of forest and landscape restoration is expected to increase during the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration and its contribution to the provision of critical ecosystem services to society.Several models of forest restoration may improve ecosystem services,including soil organic carbon(SOC)storage.A review was carried out to access:(1)the variability of SOC storage between worldwide forest restoration models and,(2)the effects of climate,soil class,soil texture,and vegetation type on SOC storage.We reviewed 119 primary studies with information on SOC and soil texture for different forest restoration models.The restoration models were grouped into four categories:natural regeneration,monocultures,agroforestry,and mixed forest.SOC data was extracted from these four restoration models,other land uses(cropland,bare land,grassland,and natural forest),climate regimes,and soil properties.The SOC storage in the forest restoration models and other land uses at a global scale ranged between 0.1 to 514 Mg ha^(-1).The overall mean value for SOC storage was higher for natural regeneration(112 Mg ha^(-1)),followed by agroforestry(74 Mg ha^(-1)),mixed forest(73 Mg ha^(-1)),and monocultures(68 Mg ha^(-1)).However,the average SOC storage was similar among the four restoration models in the moist warm climate zone.The SOC storage mean value in the moist cool zone was 23%higher than the dry cool zone(81 and 62 Mg ha^(-1),respectively),and 50%higher for the moist warm zone when compared to the dry warm climatic zone(74 and 38 Mg ha^(-1),respectively).The SOC storage of the restoration models was positively related to soil depth(0.59;p<0.01),clay content(0.29;p<0.01),and stand age(0.17;p<0.01).Globally,the mean values of SOC storage were 26,66,and 139 Mg ha^(-1) at zero-10,zero-30,and zero-100 cm depths,respectively.In addition,sandy soils showed smaller mean values of SOC storage than medium to clay soils,especially in deeper soil layers.Furthermore,SOC storage was positively related between restoration models and other land uses(0.93;p<0.01),suggesting a prominent effect of climate and soil properties on SOC.Forest restoration models showed larger SOC storage when compared to croplands and bare land,but in general it was smaller or similar when compared to pasture and natural forest.展开更多
A comprehensive analysis of climate data(1958-2018)is carried out at the national scale in India to assess spatiotemporal variation in aridity.The aridity is analyzed using UNEP(United Nations Environment Programme)Ar...A comprehensive analysis of climate data(1958-2018)is carried out at the national scale in India to assess spatiotemporal variation in aridity.The aridity is analyzed using UNEP(United Nations Environment Programme)Aridity Index(AI),which is the ratio between Precipitation(P)and Potential Evapotranspiration(PET).Freely available Terra-Climate database,P and PET variables,offered an unprecedented opportunity for monitoring variations in AI and aridity index anomalies(AIA)at inter-seasonal and inter-decadal basis.The study also assesses longer term patterns of P and AI anomalies with vegetation anomalies.The results indicate that significant clustered areas with maximum dryness are located at west-central part of India,the state of Maharashtra.Overall,there is a gradual increase in the extent of arid zone during 60-year period and spatially maximum extent of percentage change in aridity area is observed.The change patterns of AI in India are largely driven by the changing patterns of precipitation.The maximum impact of decline in precipitation on AIA was observed during Kharif season frequently,for every 4-5 years during 1972-1992.The pattern repeated in the last few recent years(2013-2018),the decline in precipitation resulted increased aridity.The study also reveals that the availability and usage of irrigation sources have increased from 2014 to 2018.Thus,despite of less precipitation positive vegetation has been resulted in this period.The findings are important to understand the impacts of climate change on land use pattern,and land and water resource management.展开更多
By considering numerical features, spatial variation, and spatial association, the spatial patterns of China's irrigation water withdrawals in 2001 and 2010 were explored at the regional, provincial, and prefectur...By considering numerical features, spatial variation, and spatial association, the spatial patterns of China's irrigation water withdrawals in 2001 and 2010 were explored at the regional, provincial, and prefectural scales. In addition, an overlay analysis was used to develop specific water-saving guidance for areas under different levels of water stress and with different degrees of irrigation water withdrawals. It was found that at the regional scale, irrigation water withdrawals were highest in the Middle-Lower Yangtze River region in both years, while at the provincial scale, the largest irrigation water withdrawals occurred in Xinjiang. During 2001–2010, the total of irrigation water withdrawals decreased; however, in the Northeast region, especially in Heilongjiang Province, it experienced a dramatic increase. The spatial variation was largest at the prefectural scale, with an apparent effect. The spatial association was globally negative at the provincial scale, and Xinjiang was the only significant high-low outlier. In contrast, the association displayed a significant positive relationship at the prefectural scale, and several clusters and outliers were detected. Finally, it was found that the water stress in the northern part of China worsened and water-saving irrigation techniques urgently need to be applied in the Northeast region, the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain region, and Gansu-Xinjiang region. This study verified that a multi-scale and aspect analysis of the spatial patterns of irrigation water withdrawals were essential and provided water-saving advice for different areas.展开更多
terms of COVID-19’s impact on climate change,the International Energy Agency(IEA)has estimated that global carbon emissions will fall by around eight percent in 2020.This is largely caused by a reduction in industria...terms of COVID-19’s impact on climate change,the International Energy Agency(IEA)has estimated that global carbon emissions will fall by around eight percent in 2020.This is largely caused by a reduction in industrial production and energy consumption,and changes in transportation.However,past experience shows us that emissions reductions caused by an economic slowdown are likely to be temporary and may rebound to exceed previous levels.After the global financial crisis of 2008,global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production grew 5.9 percent in 2010,more than offsetting the 1.4 percent decrease in 2009 from the crisis.展开更多
FACED with the increasing threat from global warming,the importance of limiting the rise of the global temperatures within 1.5 degrees Celsius has become self-evident.To meet the Paris Agreement objective,by the end o...FACED with the increasing threat from global warming,the importance of limiting the rise of the global temperatures within 1.5 degrees Celsius has become self-evident.To meet the Paris Agreement objective,by the end of this century,global carbon dioxide emissions are expected to fall to zero.As for China,in September 2020,President Xi Jinping announced the meaningful goal of reaching carbon neutrality by 2060.This not only demonstrates China’s determination to go green,but will also serve as a stimulus for Chinese companies to accelerate technological innovation and industrial upgrading towards a green and sustainable economic development mode.展开更多
INTERNATIONAL developments in response to climate change have gone beyond the climate change issue to become a comprehensive,strategic subject interlinked with international and domestic politics,economics,trade,energ...INTERNATIONAL developments in response to climate change have gone beyond the climate change issue to become a comprehensive,strategic subject interlinked with international and domestic politics,economics,trade,energy,technology and the environment.展开更多
Flavonoids are increasingly applied in foods to promote their functional properties,human health,and overall wellbeing.Luteolin,a polyphenolic plant flavonoid,is recognized as one of the plausible bioactive components...Flavonoids are increasingly applied in foods to promote their functional properties,human health,and overall wellbeing.Luteolin,a polyphenolic plant flavonoid,is recognized as one of the plausible bioactive components that can be notably intriguing for food applications and for fabricating active packaging systems with antimicrobial properties.Luteolin is a flavone-based polyphenol naturally found as glycosides,with a phenylpropanoid biosynthesis route.Luteolin,when ingested and absorbed in the intestine,converts from free to conjugated-form,thereby forming luteolin glucuronides,which are presumably responsible for a range of luteolin bioactivities.Owing to these health-promoting potentials,along with ease of delivery,exceptional applications,and negligible toxicity,an integral valorization approach involving sustainable technologies to recover these high-value-added ingredients and their utilization should be further stimulated.This is the first review that seeks to thoroughly compile some of the important data published on biosynthesis,mechanism of action,bioactivities,bioavailability,and toxicity potential of luteolin.展开更多
China's political leadership has taken an increasingly public and proactive stance on climate change since 2014. This stance includes making a commitment that Chinese carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions will peak aroun...China's political leadership has taken an increasingly public and proactive stance on climate change since 2014. This stance includes making a commitment that Chinese carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions will peak around 2030 and enacting measures through the 13th Five- Year Plan to support energy efficiency, clean energy technology, and carbon management. Chinese policymakers consider carbon capture and storage (CCS) a critical bridging technology to help accelerate the decarbonization of its economy. This paper reviews and analyzes Chinese CCS support policies from the perspective of an adaptive policymaking framework, recognizing uncertainty as an inherent element of the policymaking process and drawing general lessons for responding to changing circumstances. Notably, the political support for CCS in China remains fragmented with uncoordinated government leadership, undecided industry players, and even with opposing voices from some leading scientists. There is scope for expanding the framework to provide more granularity, in particular relating to the development of a CCS infrastructure and the development of storagefocused CO2-EOR. Overall, given the role CCS can play to decarbonize China's power and other industrial sectors, a commitment to CCS from top policymakers and major stakeholders is needed.展开更多
The global climate crisis needs to be dealt with by the joint efforts of all countries around the world.China's leaders have on many occasions stated that China as a responsible big country will make due efforts a...The global climate crisis needs to be dealt with by the joint efforts of all countries around the world.China's leaders have on many occasions stated that China as a responsible big country will make due efforts and contributions to resolving the environmental problems of global climate change.Given this background,how should China change its mode of development? What difficulties and obstacles does China face currently in developing its low-carbon economy? These questions are of urgent concern.Presented here is the thinking of some wellknown scholars and entrepreneurs on these issues.展开更多
基金the World Resources Institute for the financial supportthe Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico(CNPq)for fellowships of the first author(Process Numbers 159972/2018-3)。
文摘The scale of forest and landscape restoration is expected to increase during the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration and its contribution to the provision of critical ecosystem services to society.Several models of forest restoration may improve ecosystem services,including soil organic carbon(SOC)storage.A review was carried out to access:(1)the variability of SOC storage between worldwide forest restoration models and,(2)the effects of climate,soil class,soil texture,and vegetation type on SOC storage.We reviewed 119 primary studies with information on SOC and soil texture for different forest restoration models.The restoration models were grouped into four categories:natural regeneration,monocultures,agroforestry,and mixed forest.SOC data was extracted from these four restoration models,other land uses(cropland,bare land,grassland,and natural forest),climate regimes,and soil properties.The SOC storage in the forest restoration models and other land uses at a global scale ranged between 0.1 to 514 Mg ha^(-1).The overall mean value for SOC storage was higher for natural regeneration(112 Mg ha^(-1)),followed by agroforestry(74 Mg ha^(-1)),mixed forest(73 Mg ha^(-1)),and monocultures(68 Mg ha^(-1)).However,the average SOC storage was similar among the four restoration models in the moist warm climate zone.The SOC storage mean value in the moist cool zone was 23%higher than the dry cool zone(81 and 62 Mg ha^(-1),respectively),and 50%higher for the moist warm zone when compared to the dry warm climatic zone(74 and 38 Mg ha^(-1),respectively).The SOC storage of the restoration models was positively related to soil depth(0.59;p<0.01),clay content(0.29;p<0.01),and stand age(0.17;p<0.01).Globally,the mean values of SOC storage were 26,66,and 139 Mg ha^(-1) at zero-10,zero-30,and zero-100 cm depths,respectively.In addition,sandy soils showed smaller mean values of SOC storage than medium to clay soils,especially in deeper soil layers.Furthermore,SOC storage was positively related between restoration models and other land uses(0.93;p<0.01),suggesting a prominent effect of climate and soil properties on SOC.Forest restoration models showed larger SOC storage when compared to croplands and bare land,but in general it was smaller or similar when compared to pasture and natural forest.
文摘A comprehensive analysis of climate data(1958-2018)is carried out at the national scale in India to assess spatiotemporal variation in aridity.The aridity is analyzed using UNEP(United Nations Environment Programme)Aridity Index(AI),which is the ratio between Precipitation(P)and Potential Evapotranspiration(PET).Freely available Terra-Climate database,P and PET variables,offered an unprecedented opportunity for monitoring variations in AI and aridity index anomalies(AIA)at inter-seasonal and inter-decadal basis.The study also assesses longer term patterns of P and AI anomalies with vegetation anomalies.The results indicate that significant clustered areas with maximum dryness are located at west-central part of India,the state of Maharashtra.Overall,there is a gradual increase in the extent of arid zone during 60-year period and spatially maximum extent of percentage change in aridity area is observed.The change patterns of AI in India are largely driven by the changing patterns of precipitation.The maximum impact of decline in precipitation on AIA was observed during Kharif season frequently,for every 4-5 years during 1972-1992.The pattern repeated in the last few recent years(2013-2018),the decline in precipitation resulted increased aridity.The study also reveals that the availability and usage of irrigation sources have increased from 2014 to 2018.Thus,despite of less precipitation positive vegetation has been resulted in this period.The findings are important to understand the impacts of climate change on land use pattern,and land and water resource management.
基金Under the auspices of National Science and Technology Support Projects of China(No.2014BAL01B01C)
文摘By considering numerical features, spatial variation, and spatial association, the spatial patterns of China's irrigation water withdrawals in 2001 and 2010 were explored at the regional, provincial, and prefectural scales. In addition, an overlay analysis was used to develop specific water-saving guidance for areas under different levels of water stress and with different degrees of irrigation water withdrawals. It was found that at the regional scale, irrigation water withdrawals were highest in the Middle-Lower Yangtze River region in both years, while at the provincial scale, the largest irrigation water withdrawals occurred in Xinjiang. During 2001–2010, the total of irrigation water withdrawals decreased; however, in the Northeast region, especially in Heilongjiang Province, it experienced a dramatic increase. The spatial variation was largest at the prefectural scale, with an apparent effect. The spatial association was globally negative at the provincial scale, and Xinjiang was the only significant high-low outlier. In contrast, the association displayed a significant positive relationship at the prefectural scale, and several clusters and outliers were detected. Finally, it was found that the water stress in the northern part of China worsened and water-saving irrigation techniques urgently need to be applied in the Northeast region, the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain region, and Gansu-Xinjiang region. This study verified that a multi-scale and aspect analysis of the spatial patterns of irrigation water withdrawals were essential and provided water-saving advice for different areas.
文摘terms of COVID-19’s impact on climate change,the International Energy Agency(IEA)has estimated that global carbon emissions will fall by around eight percent in 2020.This is largely caused by a reduction in industrial production and energy consumption,and changes in transportation.However,past experience shows us that emissions reductions caused by an economic slowdown are likely to be temporary and may rebound to exceed previous levels.After the global financial crisis of 2008,global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production grew 5.9 percent in 2010,more than offsetting the 1.4 percent decrease in 2009 from the crisis.
文摘FACED with the increasing threat from global warming,the importance of limiting the rise of the global temperatures within 1.5 degrees Celsius has become self-evident.To meet the Paris Agreement objective,by the end of this century,global carbon dioxide emissions are expected to fall to zero.As for China,in September 2020,President Xi Jinping announced the meaningful goal of reaching carbon neutrality by 2060.This not only demonstrates China’s determination to go green,but will also serve as a stimulus for Chinese companies to accelerate technological innovation and industrial upgrading towards a green and sustainable economic development mode.
文摘INTERNATIONAL developments in response to climate change have gone beyond the climate change issue to become a comprehensive,strategic subject interlinked with international and domestic politics,economics,trade,energy,technology and the environment.
文摘Flavonoids are increasingly applied in foods to promote their functional properties,human health,and overall wellbeing.Luteolin,a polyphenolic plant flavonoid,is recognized as one of the plausible bioactive components that can be notably intriguing for food applications and for fabricating active packaging systems with antimicrobial properties.Luteolin is a flavone-based polyphenol naturally found as glycosides,with a phenylpropanoid biosynthesis route.Luteolin,when ingested and absorbed in the intestine,converts from free to conjugated-form,thereby forming luteolin glucuronides,which are presumably responsible for a range of luteolin bioactivities.Owing to these health-promoting potentials,along with ease of delivery,exceptional applications,and negligible toxicity,an integral valorization approach involving sustainable technologies to recover these high-value-added ingredients and their utilization should be further stimulated.This is the first review that seeks to thoroughly compile some of the important data published on biosynthesis,mechanism of action,bioactivities,bioavailability,and toxicity potential of luteolin.
文摘China's political leadership has taken an increasingly public and proactive stance on climate change since 2014. This stance includes making a commitment that Chinese carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions will peak around 2030 and enacting measures through the 13th Five- Year Plan to support energy efficiency, clean energy technology, and carbon management. Chinese policymakers consider carbon capture and storage (CCS) a critical bridging technology to help accelerate the decarbonization of its economy. This paper reviews and analyzes Chinese CCS support policies from the perspective of an adaptive policymaking framework, recognizing uncertainty as an inherent element of the policymaking process and drawing general lessons for responding to changing circumstances. Notably, the political support for CCS in China remains fragmented with uncoordinated government leadership, undecided industry players, and even with opposing voices from some leading scientists. There is scope for expanding the framework to provide more granularity, in particular relating to the development of a CCS infrastructure and the development of storagefocused CO2-EOR. Overall, given the role CCS can play to decarbonize China's power and other industrial sectors, a commitment to CCS from top policymakers and major stakeholders is needed.
文摘The global climate crisis needs to be dealt with by the joint efforts of all countries around the world.China's leaders have on many occasions stated that China as a responsible big country will make due efforts and contributions to resolving the environmental problems of global climate change.Given this background,how should China change its mode of development? What difficulties and obstacles does China face currently in developing its low-carbon economy? These questions are of urgent concern.Presented here is the thinking of some wellknown scholars and entrepreneurs on these issues.
