The Action Group called‘Standardized methods across Permafrost Landscapes:from Arctic Soils to Hydrosystems’(SPLASH)is a community-driven effort aiming to provide a suite of standardized field strategies for samplin...The Action Group called‘Standardized methods across Permafrost Landscapes:from Arctic Soils to Hydrosystems’(SPLASH)is a community-driven effort aiming to provide a suite of standardized field strategies for sampling mineral and organic components in soils,sediments,and water across permafrost landscapes.This unified approach will allow data from different landscape interfaces,field locations and seasons to be shared and compared,thus improving our understanding of the processes occurring during lateral transport in circumpolar Arctic watersheds.展开更多
A marked increase in antipsychotic prescriptions has been observed in most countries since the introduction of second-generation antipsychotics. Misuse could partly explain this rise. We described the use of antipsych...A marked increase in antipsychotic prescriptions has been observed in most countries since the introduction of second-generation antipsychotics. Misuse could partly explain this rise. We described the use of antipsychotic medication in France. This retrospective analysis was conducted on the sample “Echantillon généraliste de beneficiaries” from the French National Insurance Healthcare System. All reimbursements for antipsychotic medications in 2010 were identified. Antipsychotics use was described in terms of patient’s profiles and condition of use. In 2010, we identified 11,729 single patients with at least one reimbursement for antipsychotic medication (2.23% of French health insurance beneficiaries). The mean age in the population was 54 (sd 20) years. Forty-one percent had declared psychiatric disorder and 15% had a psychiatric follow-up for unknown diseases. Schizophrenia, others psychosis and personality disorders were the three main diagnoses of psychiatric disease. Patients without declared psychiatric disorders and without psychiatric follow-up accounted for 23% (aged between 15 and 65) and 20% (aged 65 years and over) of the population using antipsychotics. Forty-five percent of patients aged between 15 and 65 had more than 3 months of treatment refunded. Patients aged 65 years and over were 69% without dementia and 47% had more than three months of treatment of antipsychotics refunded during the year. These results suggested that antipsychotic treatments were used in France at long term in particular for patients without declared psychiatric disorder or psychiatric follow-up.展开更多
Background The association between the infection of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomy-cetemcomitans and Treponema denticola in chronic periodontitis (CP) and the severity of periodontal disease remains...Background The association between the infection of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomy-cetemcomitans and Treponema denticola in chronic periodontitis (CP) and the severity of periodontal disease remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the subgingival infection frequencies of three periodontopathic bacteria in Chinese CP patients and to evaluate the correlations between infection by these bacteria and periodontal destruction.Methods A multiple PCR assay using primers derived from 16SrDNA genes of P. gingivalis, A. actinomy-cetemitans and T. denticola was established to measure simultaneously the presence of the three microbes in 162 subgingival samples from 81 Chinese CP patients. Results The positive rates of P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemitans and T. denticola in the subgingival samples were 84.6%, 83.3% and 88.3%, respectively. Of the subgingival samples, 68% revealed the coinfection of all the three microbes. The infection rates with P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemitans or T. denticola alone was 5.9% (1/17), 17.6% (3/17) and 76.5% (13/17), respectively. A close association was present between the A. actinomycetemitans infection and gingival index (GI) (P<0.01), but not between P. gingivalis or T. denticola infection and GI (P>0.05). P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemitans were more frequently detectable in middle and deep pockets than in shallow ones (P<0.01), while T. denticola was found remarkably often in deep pockets (P<0.05). The coinfection rate of the three microbes was significantly higher in sites with severe periodontitis than in those with mild periodontitis (P<0.01). Conclusions The multiple PCR established in this study can be used as a sensitive and specific method to simultaneously detect all three microbes in subgingival samples. A. actinomycetemitans infection may be associated with CP and play an important role in the periodontal tissue destruction. The coinfection of P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemitans and T. denticola can cause more serious periodontal destruction than infection of any one or two of the three microbes.展开更多
Background:Health personnel face challenges in diagnosing vector-borne and other diseases of poverty in urban settings.There is a need to know what rapid diagnostic technologies are available,have been properly assess...Background:Health personnel face challenges in diagnosing vector-borne and other diseases of poverty in urban settings.There is a need to know what rapid diagnostic technologies are available,have been properly assessed,and are being implemented to improve control of these diseases in the urban context.This paper characterizes evidence on the field validation and implementation in urban areas of rapid diagnostics for vector-borne diseases and other diseases of poverty.Main body:A scoping review was conducted.Peer-reviewed and grey literature were searched using terms describing the targeted infectious diseases,diagnostics evaluations,rapid tests,and urban setting.The review was limited to studies published between 2000 and 2016 in English,Spanish,French,and Portuguese.Inclusion and exclusion criteria were refined post hoc to identify relevant literature regardless of study design and geography.A total of 179 documents of the 7806 initially screened were included in the analysis.Malaria(n=100)and tuberculosis(n=47)accounted for the majority of studies that reported diagnostics performance,impact,and implementation outcomes.Fewer studies,assessing mainly performance,were identified for visceral leishmaniasis(n=9),filariasis and leptospirosis(each n=5),enteric fever and schistosomiasis(each n=3),dengue and leprosy(each n=2),and Chagas disease,human African trypanosomiasis,and cholera(each n=1).Reported sensitivity of rapid tests was variable depending on several factors.Overall,specificities were high(>80%),except for schistosomiasis and cholera.Impact and implementation outcomes,mainly acceptability and cost,followed by adoption,feasibility,and sustainability of rapid tests are being evaluated in the field.Challenges to implementing rapid tests range from cultural to technical and administrative issues.Conclusions:Rapid diagnostic tests for vector-borne and other diseases of poverty are being used in the urban context with demonstrated impact on case detection.However,most evidence comes from malaria rapid diagnostics,with variable results.While rapid tests for tuberculosis and visceral leishmaniasis require further implementation studies,more evidence on performance of current tests or development of new alternatives is needed for dengue,Chagas disease,filariasis,leptospirosis,enteric fever,human African trypanosomiasis,schistosomiasis and cholera.展开更多
This article focuses on Vernant＇s thesis, masterfully developed in Les origines de la pensde grecque （1962） and translated into English in 1982. Vernant explained that between the seventh- and the second-century BC...This article focuses on Vernant＇s thesis, masterfully developed in Les origines de la pensde grecque （1962） and translated into English in 1982. Vernant explained that between the seventh- and the second-century BCE, one can note crucial modifications of the traditional and religious atmosphere, in civilizations as distant as China, India, Persia, Palestine and Greece. These turning points brought Confucianism, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Prophetism, and, in Greece, Search for Truth. For historians, who claim their expertise on the past, methodological issues are at stake in any inquiry about an ＂axial age＂ or an ＂axial breakthrough.＂ First, there is the epistemological question of historiography, a present narrative of the past that cannot, from a scientific point of view--that of the historians, erase varieties of past narratives （poetics, technical treatises, epigraphic decrees, vase paintings, etc.）. Then, there is the new understanding of the constant interaction of what we call the political sphere with what we call the religious sphere, insofar as the distinction between a strictly political sphere, separate from the religious sphere, is now fully challenged. Finally, the polis as we understand it nowadays includes women＇s acts, as feminist scholarship has demonstrated through the past 35 years. This new depiction makes the ＂citizens＂ different： They can no longer be thought of as all the same and interchangeable.展开更多
Bone loss can occur as a result of various pathologies,traumas and injuries and poor bone healing leads to functionally debilitating condition,loss of self-sufficiency and deterioration in life quality.Given the incre...Bone loss can occur as a result of various pathologies,traumas and injuries and poor bone healing leads to functionally debilitating condition,loss of self-sufficiency and deterioration in life quality.Given the increasing incidence of facial trauma and the emergence of new procedural techniques,advanced scaffolds are currently developed as substitutes for bone tissue engineering.In this study,we investigated the capability of a chemically cross-linked e-caprolactone-based poly(esterurethane-urea)(PCLU)scaffold to support bone regeneration.In vitro assays demonstrated that PCLU scaffolds could be colonized by cells through direct cell seeding and cell migration from outside to scaffold inside.Moreover,PCLU scaffolds could provide a suitable environment for stem cells proliferation in a 3D spatial arrangement,and allowed osteogenic differentiation under appropriate induction.In vivo results revealed the osteogenic properties of PCLU scaffolds through a drilled-hole femoral bone defect repair improvement in rats.Using histology and microtomography analysis,we showed that PCLU scaffolds fit well the bone cavity and were eventually entrapped between the newly formed trabeculae.Finally,no sign of inflammation or rejection was noticed.We envision that PCLU scaffolds can provide the clinicians with a substitute having appropriate characteristics for the treatment of bone defects.展开更多
文摘The Action Group called‘Standardized methods across Permafrost Landscapes:from Arctic Soils to Hydrosystems’(SPLASH)is a community-driven effort aiming to provide a suite of standardized field strategies for sampling mineral and organic components in soils,sediments,and water across permafrost landscapes.This unified approach will allow data from different landscape interfaces,field locations and seasons to be shared and compared,thus improving our understanding of the processes occurring during lateral transport in circumpolar Arctic watersheds.
文摘A marked increase in antipsychotic prescriptions has been observed in most countries since the introduction of second-generation antipsychotics. Misuse could partly explain this rise. We described the use of antipsychotic medication in France. This retrospective analysis was conducted on the sample “Echantillon généraliste de beneficiaries” from the French National Insurance Healthcare System. All reimbursements for antipsychotic medications in 2010 were identified. Antipsychotics use was described in terms of patient’s profiles and condition of use. In 2010, we identified 11,729 single patients with at least one reimbursement for antipsychotic medication (2.23% of French health insurance beneficiaries). The mean age in the population was 54 (sd 20) years. Forty-one percent had declared psychiatric disorder and 15% had a psychiatric follow-up for unknown diseases. Schizophrenia, others psychosis and personality disorders were the three main diagnoses of psychiatric disease. Patients without declared psychiatric disorders and without psychiatric follow-up accounted for 23% (aged between 15 and 65) and 20% (aged 65 years and over) of the population using antipsychotics. Forty-five percent of patients aged between 15 and 65 had more than 3 months of treatment refunded. Patients aged 65 years and over were 69% without dementia and 47% had more than three months of treatment of antipsychotics refunded during the year. These results suggested that antipsychotic treatments were used in France at long term in particular for patients without declared psychiatric disorder or psychiatric follow-up.
文摘Background The association between the infection of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomy-cetemcomitans and Treponema denticola in chronic periodontitis (CP) and the severity of periodontal disease remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the subgingival infection frequencies of three periodontopathic bacteria in Chinese CP patients and to evaluate the correlations between infection by these bacteria and periodontal destruction.Methods A multiple PCR assay using primers derived from 16SrDNA genes of P. gingivalis, A. actinomy-cetemitans and T. denticola was established to measure simultaneously the presence of the three microbes in 162 subgingival samples from 81 Chinese CP patients. Results The positive rates of P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemitans and T. denticola in the subgingival samples were 84.6%, 83.3% and 88.3%, respectively. Of the subgingival samples, 68% revealed the coinfection of all the three microbes. The infection rates with P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemitans or T. denticola alone was 5.9% (1/17), 17.6% (3/17) and 76.5% (13/17), respectively. A close association was present between the A. actinomycetemitans infection and gingival index (GI) (P<0.01), but not between P. gingivalis or T. denticola infection and GI (P>0.05). P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemitans were more frequently detectable in middle and deep pockets than in shallow ones (P<0.01), while T. denticola was found remarkably often in deep pockets (P<0.05). The coinfection rate of the three microbes was significantly higher in sites with severe periodontitis than in those with mild periodontitis (P<0.01). Conclusions The multiple PCR established in this study can be used as a sensitive and specific method to simultaneously detect all three microbes in subgingival samples. A. actinomycetemitans infection may be associated with CP and play an important role in the periodontal tissue destruction. The coinfection of P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemitans and T. denticola can cause more serious periodontal destruction than infection of any one or two of the three microbes.
基金This study was funded by WHO/TDR Special program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases and by Universidad del Valle,Cali-Colombia.
文摘Background:Health personnel face challenges in diagnosing vector-borne and other diseases of poverty in urban settings.There is a need to know what rapid diagnostic technologies are available,have been properly assessed,and are being implemented to improve control of these diseases in the urban context.This paper characterizes evidence on the field validation and implementation in urban areas of rapid diagnostics for vector-borne diseases and other diseases of poverty.Main body:A scoping review was conducted.Peer-reviewed and grey literature were searched using terms describing the targeted infectious diseases,diagnostics evaluations,rapid tests,and urban setting.The review was limited to studies published between 2000 and 2016 in English,Spanish,French,and Portuguese.Inclusion and exclusion criteria were refined post hoc to identify relevant literature regardless of study design and geography.A total of 179 documents of the 7806 initially screened were included in the analysis.Malaria(n=100)and tuberculosis(n=47)accounted for the majority of studies that reported diagnostics performance,impact,and implementation outcomes.Fewer studies,assessing mainly performance,were identified for visceral leishmaniasis(n=9),filariasis and leptospirosis(each n=5),enteric fever and schistosomiasis(each n=3),dengue and leprosy(each n=2),and Chagas disease,human African trypanosomiasis,and cholera(each n=1).Reported sensitivity of rapid tests was variable depending on several factors.Overall,specificities were high(>80%),except for schistosomiasis and cholera.Impact and implementation outcomes,mainly acceptability and cost,followed by adoption,feasibility,and sustainability of rapid tests are being evaluated in the field.Challenges to implementing rapid tests range from cultural to technical and administrative issues.Conclusions:Rapid diagnostic tests for vector-borne and other diseases of poverty are being used in the urban context with demonstrated impact on case detection.However,most evidence comes from malaria rapid diagnostics,with variable results.While rapid tests for tuberculosis and visceral leishmaniasis require further implementation studies,more evidence on performance of current tests or development of new alternatives is needed for dengue,Chagas disease,filariasis,leptospirosis,enteric fever,human African trypanosomiasis,schistosomiasis and cholera.
文摘This article focuses on Vernant＇s thesis, masterfully developed in Les origines de la pensde grecque （1962） and translated into English in 1982. Vernant explained that between the seventh- and the second-century BCE, one can note crucial modifications of the traditional and religious atmosphere, in civilizations as distant as China, India, Persia, Palestine and Greece. These turning points brought Confucianism, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Prophetism, and, in Greece, Search for Truth. For historians, who claim their expertise on the past, methodological issues are at stake in any inquiry about an ＂axial age＂ or an ＂axial breakthrough.＂ First, there is the epistemological question of historiography, a present narrative of the past that cannot, from a scientific point of view--that of the historians, erase varieties of past narratives （poetics, technical treatises, epigraphic decrees, vase paintings, etc.）. Then, there is the new understanding of the constant interaction of what we call the political sphere with what we call the religious sphere, insofar as the distinction between a strictly political sphere, separate from the religious sphere, is now fully challenged. Finally, the polis as we understand it nowadays includes women＇s acts, as feminist scholarship has demonstrated through the past 35 years. This new depiction makes the ＂citizens＂ different： They can no longer be thought of as all the same and interchangeable.
基金the French Fondation des Gueules Cassees,the Delegation Generale pour l’Armement(DGA)of the French Ministry of Defensethe Interdisciplinary Institute of Experimental Sciences of the Universite Paris 13.
文摘Bone loss can occur as a result of various pathologies,traumas and injuries and poor bone healing leads to functionally debilitating condition,loss of self-sufficiency and deterioration in life quality.Given the increasing incidence of facial trauma and the emergence of new procedural techniques,advanced scaffolds are currently developed as substitutes for bone tissue engineering.In this study,we investigated the capability of a chemically cross-linked e-caprolactone-based poly(esterurethane-urea)(PCLU)scaffold to support bone regeneration.In vitro assays demonstrated that PCLU scaffolds could be colonized by cells through direct cell seeding and cell migration from outside to scaffold inside.Moreover,PCLU scaffolds could provide a suitable environment for stem cells proliferation in a 3D spatial arrangement,and allowed osteogenic differentiation under appropriate induction.In vivo results revealed the osteogenic properties of PCLU scaffolds through a drilled-hole femoral bone defect repair improvement in rats.Using histology and microtomography analysis,we showed that PCLU scaffolds fit well the bone cavity and were eventually entrapped between the newly formed trabeculae.Finally,no sign of inflammation or rejection was noticed.We envision that PCLU scaffolds can provide the clinicians with a substitute having appropriate characteristics for the treatment of bone defects.
