Background:In Zimbabwe,26.2 percent of children under five are stunted.Evidence has shown that multi-sector interventions are key to addressing stunting.Yet,practical implementation is difficult,often occurring throug...Background:In Zimbabwe,26.2 percent of children under five are stunted.Evidence has shown that multi-sector interventions are key to addressing stunting.Yet,practical implementation is difficult,often occurring through separate disjointed and uncoordinated sector actions with limited access to real time information for decision-making.Objective:To describe the design,implementation,successes,challenges and lessons learned from using a near-real time monitoring(NRTM)system as a monitoring tool for multi-sectoral community based model for stunting reduction in Zimbabwe.Methods:An open source technology was used to obtain the information needed on the multi-sectoral coordination process,provide a common platform to capture and present data on situational factors,community conditions and practices to be acted upon and thus contribute to reducing stunting.Results:Significant improvements in community data flows were noted;the system brought together several types of data,concepts,stakeholders and multi-sector energies into focused programming.Several challenges including conceptual issues,initial coordination,financial resources and missed partnership opportunities were documented.The introduction of the NRTM system resulted in improved data flows for programme monitoring and facilitated multi-sector collaboration.Conclusion:NRTM is an effective monitoring tool for the multi-sectoral community based model to reduce stunting in Zimbabwe.展开更多
目的通过探索男男性工作者（Male Sex Workers，MSWs）无保护被插入高危性行为的亚文化实践构成特征，以促进对于Msws干预策略本土创新的更深入理解。方法采用多途径的非随机抽样方法，将420名16～46岁四川成都及周边地区男男性行为者（...目的通过探索男男性工作者（Male Sex Workers，MSWs）无保护被插入高危性行为的亚文化实践构成特征，以促进对于Msws干预策略本土创新的更深入理解。方法采用多途径的非随机抽样方法，将420名16～46岁四川成都及周边地区男男性行为者（MsM），根据他们对自己群体性倾向身份的定义划分为3个组：MSM人群，有男男性行为却不认同同性恋身份（多样化性取向）的人群，以及默认作为MSWs，以横断面调查及多元回归分析方法评估不同MSM人群HIV高危易感行为亚文化构成方式。结果特定亚文化实践构成了MSWs人群明显倾向于采取做“被插入”高风险性行为角色位置，无论是与他们商业目的性行为中的固定性伴（β=0．446，P〈0．0001）和临时性伴（β=0．524，P〈0．0001），还是非商业目的性行为中的固定性伴（β=0．187，P〈0．05）和临时性伴（β=0．226，P〈0．01），情况皆是如此。结论发现揭示了在MSM中的MSWs人群开展艾滋病预防需要建立比性学建构主义的公共卫生理念更为深刻的策略理解。展开更多
Lattice thermal conductivity, κL, is a fundamental parameter for evaluating the performance of thermoelectric materials. However, the predicted value of κL based on the Debye dispersion model is often overestimated ...Lattice thermal conductivity, κL, is a fundamental parameter for evaluating the performance of thermoelectric materials. However, the predicted value of κL based on the Debye dispersion model is often overestimated compared with the experimentally determined value.Many researchers have attempted to modify the theoretical model and have sought more reliable results. In this review,the recent progress in the study of phonon dispersion models is summarized and we propose that the lattice thermal conductivity can be most accurately determined by using the modified sinusoidal phonon dispersion model.Moreover, experimental methods that have the potential to reduce a thermoelectric material's κLare reviewed, for example, methods that generate standing waves or anharmonic lattice vibrations. A high concentration of standing waves and anharmonic lattice vibrations can effectively suppress excessive κL. Finally, this review presents the challenges of sinusoidal phonon dispersion when applied to real materials, which are often complicated and therefore time-consuming, especially when dealing with material defects.展开更多
Absence of wastewater and solid waste facilities impacts the quality of life of many people in developing countries. Implementation of these facilities will benefit public health, water quality, livelihoods and proper...Absence of wastewater and solid waste facilities impacts the quality of life of many people in developing countries. Implementation of these facilities will benefit public health, water quality, livelihoods and property value. Additional benefits may result from the potential recovery of valuable resources from wastewater and solid waste, such as compost, energy, phosphorus, plastics and paper. Improving water quality through implementation of wastewater and solid waste interventions requires, among others, an analysis of i) sources of pollution, ii) mitigating measures and resource recovery potentials and their effect on water quality and health, and iii) benefits and costs of interventions. We present an integrated approach to evaluate costs and benefits of domestic and industrial wastewater and solid waste interventions. To support a policy maker in formulating a cost and environmentally effective approach, we quantified the impact of these interventions on 1) water quality improvement, 2) resource recovery potential, and 3) monetized benefits versus costs. The integration of technical, hydrological, agronomical and socio-economic elements to derive these three tangible outputs in a joint approach is a novelty. The approach is demonstrated using the heavily polluted Indonesian Upper Citarum River in the Bandung region. Domestic interventions, applying simple (anaerobic filter) technologies, were economically most attractive with a benefit cost ratio (BCR) of 3.2, but could not reach target water quality standards. To approach the target water quality, both advanced domestic (nutrient removal systems) and industrial wastewater treatment interventions were required, leading to a BCR of 2. We showed that benefits from selling recovered resources represent here an additional driver for improving water quality and outweigh the additional costs for resource recovery facilities. While included benefits captured some of the major items, these may have been undervalued. Based on these findings, water quality interventions justify their costs and are socially and economically beneficial.展开更多
The southern regions of Madagascar have the country’s lowest water supply coverage and are highly vulnerable to drought.Access to potable drinking water is a major challenge for the local population.Chronic droughts ...The southern regions of Madagascar have the country’s lowest water supply coverage and are highly vulnerable to drought.Access to potable drinking water is a major challenge for the local population.Chronic droughts lead to annual emergency appeals to save the lives of acute malnourished children.UNICEF’s response consisting in providing potable drinking water through the drilling of boreholes has been challenged by the complex hydrogeology,the low yield of boreholes and high-level salinity of water,the lack of reliable groundwater data and the weak capacity of the drilling sector.These constraints result in a high rate of drilling failure.To improve drilling success and provide more potable drinking water to local communities,it is vital to undertake reliable groundwater investigation.UNICEF Madagascar and the European Union delegation in Madagascar collaborated on the use of satellite imagery to improve sector knowledge and access to safe and clean water for local communities in southern Madagascar.The methodology relies on produce thematic layers of groundwater potential areas.Later,these thematic layers were overlaid with ground-based hydrogeological data to map the groundwater potential zones(GWP) and identify the most suitable sites for borehole siting and drilling.Findings of this study are very encouraging,and the integrated approach used has proven its applicability in mapping groundwater potential areas in the eight drought-affected areas of south Madagascar.The groundwater potential zone map is being used by UNICEF and partners to plan water supply projects and identify the best sites for positioning new boreholes and reduce the likelihood of drilling failure.Additionally,the project developed a database of groundwater resources,which will improve knowledge of the regional hydrogeological context and strengthen the capacity of the water sector.Lessons learnt from this study show that an integration of the groundwater potential zone map with demographics and water demand information will help identifying priority areas for detailed studies.Moreover,a capacity building activity is required for knowledge/technology transfer to the Ministry of Energy,Water and Hydrocarbons(MEEH),allowing the possibility of scaling-up this integrated approach to the rest of Madagascar.Finally,strengthening the capacity of the MEEH and refining this approach as suggested above will certainly help in the pursuit to improve equitable access to safe and clean water for households located in the drought-affected areas of southern Madagascar,allowing them to be more resilient to the effects of climate change.展开更多
Celiac Disease (CD) is an inherited, autoimmune disorder in which proteins from the grains wheat, rye and barley (collectively called gluten) damage the small intestine. The only treatment for CD is a strict, lifelong...Celiac Disease (CD) is an inherited, autoimmune disorder in which proteins from the grains wheat, rye and barley (collectively called gluten) damage the small intestine. The only treatment for CD is a strict, lifelong gluten-free diet. With a prevalence rate of about one in 100-133 people worldwide. Celiac disease is wide-spread across the globe. Unlike traditional allergies, which cause immediate reactions, gluten sensitivity is harder to pin down since it manifests gradually and in various forms like headaches, stomach cramps, bloating, anxiety, and depression. Due to complicated diagnosis procedure and lack of awareness, many cases are either misdiagnosed or not at all diagnosed in India and USA. In spite of high growth, gluten-free foods are facing problems to grain ground in Asian market, due to high price, lack of awareness about the products, large number of un-diagnosed cases and inefficient value chain for gluten-free products. One of the major issues in India and USA is very high prices of gluten-free foods as compared to regular food products. Globally, the market potential of gluten free products is estimated to be USD 4639.13 Million and USD 7594.43 Million in 2015 and 2020 respectively. The global gluten free food market is projected to grow with a CAGR between 9 percent and 10.2 percent during 2016-2022. The study on consumer preference of gluten-free foods would enable manufacturers of gluten-free foods to understand the current and evolving expectations of consumers and to design the products according. Study of two countries i.e., India and USA would enable manufacturers to understand the difference in choices and preferences related to gluten-free foods for both the nations. This study would help manufacturers of alternative wheat product to form the concrete marketing and product development strategy based on recent consumer behavior trends.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems and related factors of left-behind children in impoverished rural China(mainly in thefirst grade of junior high school).Methods:A cross-sect...Objective:To investigate the prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems and related factors of left-behind children in impoverished rural China(mainly in thefirst grade of junior high school).Methods:A cross-sectional survey of rural households in 27 poverty-stricken counties in 12 provinces across China was conducted using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire(SDQ).Results:The prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems in left-behind children was 11.7%,and that of non-left-behind children was 8.9%.There was statistical difference between the two groups(P<0.01).There are no differences between the two groups in terms of the various factors of SDQ.The incidence of insomnia in the left-behind group was 58.3%,which was higher than that in the non-left-behind group 50.9%(P<0.01);loneliness(62.1%vs.51.8%,P<0.01);running away from home(23.1%vs.18.8%,P<0.01),and self-injury behavior(16.8%vs.12.2%,P<0.01).Left-behind children are more likely to have negative psychological feelings including insomnia,loneliness,self-injury,and run away from home.They also experienced more bullying including maliciously teased by peers,intentionally excluded or isolated,physically threatened or intimidated.All of these factors are associated with their abnormal emotional and behavioural development.Conclusion:The incidence of emotional and behavioral problems of left-behind children in rural areas in poverty-stricken areas is significantly higher than that of non-left-behind children;Logistic regression analysis showed that bullying behavior and abnormal psychological characteristics are significantly associated with left-behind adolescents abnormal emotional and behavioral development.展开更多
5033 farmers were interviewed to participate in a cluster sampling survey on factors related to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in one rural area in China. The results showed that females attended school for a shorter time than...5033 farmers were interviewed to participate in a cluster sampling survey on factors related to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in one rural area in China. The results showed that females attended school for a shorter time than males, males had a higher awareness of HIV/AIDS and held more positive attitudes toward PLWHAs. Nearly equal percentages of men and women in the area surveyed, sold blood. Eleven percent more men than women had a history of migration. Condom use was quite low among the sexually active population surveyed. Results indicated that an education campaign on HIV/AIDS prevention in rural areas should integrate gender perspectives and ensure that the intervention covers women. Future interventions should be designed to target male and female migration, and should focus on modifying the perceptions of social norms governing gender roles in addition to providing HIV prevention information in order to contain the HIV/AIDS epidemic at its current stage in China.展开更多
One of the most challenging anthropogenic activities that have driven climate change off the edge is deforestation.Increased human populations have exerted a lot of pressure on natural forests due to the increased dem...One of the most challenging anthropogenic activities that have driven climate change off the edge is deforestation.Increased human populations have exerted a lot of pressure on natural forests due to the increased demand of resources—one of which is paper.An example of this effect is the increased usage of mobile phone scratch cards made out of paper that most of the population in Africa use to top-up展开更多
Background & Objectives: Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are set up as a part of the Post Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Then it becomes essential to review the achievement of the MDGs in India and less...Background & Objectives: Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are set up as a part of the Post Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Then it becomes essential to review the achievement of the MDGs in India and lessons learned to incorporate into the SDGs. The present study reviews and predicts different components of under-five mortality rate beyond 2015 to assess the present situation and to determine the future possibilities of achieving the new targets for SDGs in India. Data and Methods: It uses available time series data on different components of U5MR from the India’s Sample Registration System (SRS). Autoregressive Integrated Moving Averages (ARIMA) model has been taken as the method of time series analysis to forecast the mortality rates beyond 2015. Results: There is a consistent pattern of faster decline in the under-five mortality compared with the neonatal mortality rate across all major states in India although neonatal mortality contributes largest share in under-five mortality. Again, share of neonatal death among under-five death is increasing steadily over the future projected years. This indicates very slow progress of reduction in neonatal mortality. Stimulating efforts with new intervention programmes will be needed to focus more on lowering neonatal mortality particularly in rural India.展开更多
Background: After two decades of conflict, Somalia remains a fragile state where large scale displacement and inadequate access to functioning health services have left children vulnerable to morbidity and mortality f...Background: After two decades of conflict, Somalia remains a fragile state where large scale displacement and inadequate access to functioning health services have left children vulnerable to morbidity and mortality from vaccine preventable disease. Children residing in the autonomous zone of Somaliland are similarly vulnerable to poor access to health care services. Following the conduct of a UNICEF-supported Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey in Somaliland during 2011 which captured information on immunization system performance, a survey was conducted to better understand the reasons for non-vaccination among children in Somaliland. Methods: The Somaliland Routine Immunization Non-Participation Survey (RINPS) was conducted in November 2012 to better understand the reasons for non-participation in both Child Health Days (CHDs) and Routine Immunization Services (RIS). RINPS was a cross-sectional household survey which used a two-stage sample design in order to obtain a representative sample of children 0 - 59 months of age residing in Somaliland. Thirty clusters were randomly selected from the 303 clusters for participation in the 2011 Somaliland MICS. A total of 867 children aged 0 - 59 months were identified and included in the analysis (overall response rate, 96%). Findings: Caregivers lacked motivation to take their children to CHDs and for RIS and lacked information about why children need immunization. Routine vaccination or CHD cards were available for few children at the time of the survey. Almost one-fifth of children aged 0 - 59 months in Somaliland had not received at least one dose of vaccine for DTP, polio or measles vaccine from either CHD or RIS. Conclusion: Child Health Days have a role in at least some area of Somaliland to expand the reach of immunization services. The availability and delivery of sustainable routine immunization services need to be strengthened in Somaliland with a strong social mobilization program to raise awareness about the importance of routine immunization.展开更多
文摘Background:In Zimbabwe,26.2 percent of children under five are stunted.Evidence has shown that multi-sector interventions are key to addressing stunting.Yet,practical implementation is difficult,often occurring through separate disjointed and uncoordinated sector actions with limited access to real time information for decision-making.Objective:To describe the design,implementation,successes,challenges and lessons learned from using a near-real time monitoring(NRTM)system as a monitoring tool for multi-sectoral community based model for stunting reduction in Zimbabwe.Methods:An open source technology was used to obtain the information needed on the multi-sectoral coordination process,provide a common platform to capture and present data on situational factors,community conditions and practices to be acted upon and thus contribute to reducing stunting.Results:Significant improvements in community data flows were noted;the system brought together several types of data,concepts,stakeholders and multi-sector energies into focused programming.Several challenges including conceptual issues,initial coordination,financial resources and missed partnership opportunities were documented.The introduction of the NRTM system resulted in improved data flows for programme monitoring and facilitated multi-sector collaboration.Conclusion:NRTM is an effective monitoring tool for the multi-sectoral community based model to reduce stunting in Zimbabwe.
文摘目的通过探索男男性工作者（Male Sex Workers，MSWs）无保护被插入高危性行为的亚文化实践构成特征，以促进对于Msws干预策略本土创新的更深入理解。方法采用多途径的非随机抽样方法，将420名16～46岁四川成都及周边地区男男性行为者（MsM），根据他们对自己群体性倾向身份的定义划分为3个组：MSM人群，有男男性行为却不认同同性恋身份（多样化性取向）的人群，以及默认作为MSWs，以横断面调查及多元回归分析方法评估不同MSM人群HIV高危易感行为亚文化构成方式。结果特定亚文化实践构成了MSWs人群明显倾向于采取做“被插入”高风险性行为角色位置，无论是与他们商业目的性行为中的固定性伴（β=0．446，P〈0．0001）和临时性伴（β=0．524，P〈0．0001），还是非商业目的性行为中的固定性伴（β=0．187，P〈0．05）和临时性伴（β=0．226，P〈0．01），情况皆是如此。结论发现揭示了在MSM中的MSWs人群开展艾滋病预防需要建立比性学建构主义的公共卫生理念更为深刻的策略理解。
基金supported by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS (No. 2019298)Zhejiang Provincial High-level Talent Special Support Plan (No. 2020R52032)。
文摘Lattice thermal conductivity, κL, is a fundamental parameter for evaluating the performance of thermoelectric materials. However, the predicted value of κL based on the Debye dispersion model is often overestimated compared with the experimentally determined value.Many researchers have attempted to modify the theoretical model and have sought more reliable results. In this review,the recent progress in the study of phonon dispersion models is summarized and we propose that the lattice thermal conductivity can be most accurately determined by using the modified sinusoidal phonon dispersion model.Moreover, experimental methods that have the potential to reduce a thermoelectric material's κLare reviewed, for example, methods that generate standing waves or anharmonic lattice vibrations. A high concentration of standing waves and anharmonic lattice vibrations can effectively suppress excessive κL. Finally, this review presents the challenges of sinusoidal phonon dispersion when applied to real materials, which are often complicated and therefore time-consuming, especially when dealing with material defects.
文摘Absence of wastewater and solid waste facilities impacts the quality of life of many people in developing countries. Implementation of these facilities will benefit public health, water quality, livelihoods and property value. Additional benefits may result from the potential recovery of valuable resources from wastewater and solid waste, such as compost, energy, phosphorus, plastics and paper. Improving water quality through implementation of wastewater and solid waste interventions requires, among others, an analysis of i) sources of pollution, ii) mitigating measures and resource recovery potentials and their effect on water quality and health, and iii) benefits and costs of interventions. We present an integrated approach to evaluate costs and benefits of domestic and industrial wastewater and solid waste interventions. To support a policy maker in formulating a cost and environmentally effective approach, we quantified the impact of these interventions on 1) water quality improvement, 2) resource recovery potential, and 3) monetized benefits versus costs. The integration of technical, hydrological, agronomical and socio-economic elements to derive these three tangible outputs in a joint approach is a novelty. The approach is demonstrated using the heavily polluted Indonesian Upper Citarum River in the Bandung region. Domestic interventions, applying simple (anaerobic filter) technologies, were economically most attractive with a benefit cost ratio (BCR) of 3.2, but could not reach target water quality standards. To approach the target water quality, both advanced domestic (nutrient removal systems) and industrial wastewater treatment interventions were required, leading to a BCR of 2. We showed that benefits from selling recovered resources represent here an additional driver for improving water quality and outweigh the additional costs for resource recovery facilities. While included benefits captured some of the major items, these may have been undervalued. Based on these findings, water quality interventions justify their costs and are socially and economically beneficial.
基金the support of the Delegation of the European Union of the Republic of Madagascarthe Management of UNICEF Madagascar
文摘The southern regions of Madagascar have the country’s lowest water supply coverage and are highly vulnerable to drought.Access to potable drinking water is a major challenge for the local population.Chronic droughts lead to annual emergency appeals to save the lives of acute malnourished children.UNICEF’s response consisting in providing potable drinking water through the drilling of boreholes has been challenged by the complex hydrogeology,the low yield of boreholes and high-level salinity of water,the lack of reliable groundwater data and the weak capacity of the drilling sector.These constraints result in a high rate of drilling failure.To improve drilling success and provide more potable drinking water to local communities,it is vital to undertake reliable groundwater investigation.UNICEF Madagascar and the European Union delegation in Madagascar collaborated on the use of satellite imagery to improve sector knowledge and access to safe and clean water for local communities in southern Madagascar.The methodology relies on produce thematic layers of groundwater potential areas.Later,these thematic layers were overlaid with ground-based hydrogeological data to map the groundwater potential zones(GWP) and identify the most suitable sites for borehole siting and drilling.Findings of this study are very encouraging,and the integrated approach used has proven its applicability in mapping groundwater potential areas in the eight drought-affected areas of south Madagascar.The groundwater potential zone map is being used by UNICEF and partners to plan water supply projects and identify the best sites for positioning new boreholes and reduce the likelihood of drilling failure.Additionally,the project developed a database of groundwater resources,which will improve knowledge of the regional hydrogeological context and strengthen the capacity of the water sector.Lessons learnt from this study show that an integration of the groundwater potential zone map with demographics and water demand information will help identifying priority areas for detailed studies.Moreover,a capacity building activity is required for knowledge/technology transfer to the Ministry of Energy,Water and Hydrocarbons(MEEH),allowing the possibility of scaling-up this integrated approach to the rest of Madagascar.Finally,strengthening the capacity of the MEEH and refining this approach as suggested above will certainly help in the pursuit to improve equitable access to safe and clean water for households located in the drought-affected areas of southern Madagascar,allowing them to be more resilient to the effects of climate change.
文摘Celiac Disease (CD) is an inherited, autoimmune disorder in which proteins from the grains wheat, rye and barley (collectively called gluten) damage the small intestine. The only treatment for CD is a strict, lifelong gluten-free diet. With a prevalence rate of about one in 100-133 people worldwide. Celiac disease is wide-spread across the globe. Unlike traditional allergies, which cause immediate reactions, gluten sensitivity is harder to pin down since it manifests gradually and in various forms like headaches, stomach cramps, bloating, anxiety, and depression. Due to complicated diagnosis procedure and lack of awareness, many cases are either misdiagnosed or not at all diagnosed in India and USA. In spite of high growth, gluten-free foods are facing problems to grain ground in Asian market, due to high price, lack of awareness about the products, large number of un-diagnosed cases and inefficient value chain for gluten-free products. One of the major issues in India and USA is very high prices of gluten-free foods as compared to regular food products. Globally, the market potential of gluten free products is estimated to be USD 4639.13 Million and USD 7594.43 Million in 2015 and 2020 respectively. The global gluten free food market is projected to grow with a CAGR between 9 percent and 10.2 percent during 2016-2022. The study on consumer preference of gluten-free foods would enable manufacturers of gluten-free foods to understand the current and evolving expectations of consumers and to design the products according. Study of two countries i.e., India and USA would enable manufacturers to understand the difference in choices and preferences related to gluten-free foods for both the nations. This study would help manufacturers of alternative wheat product to form the concrete marketing and product development strategy based on recent consumer behavior trends.
基金National“Twelfth Five-Year”Science and Technology Support Program(No.2012BAI01B02)Research on prevention and control of major chronic non-communicable diseases in the Ministry of Science and Technology(No.2016YFC1306100).
文摘Objective:To investigate the prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems and related factors of left-behind children in impoverished rural China(mainly in thefirst grade of junior high school).Methods:A cross-sectional survey of rural households in 27 poverty-stricken counties in 12 provinces across China was conducted using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire(SDQ).Results:The prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems in left-behind children was 11.7%,and that of non-left-behind children was 8.9%.There was statistical difference between the two groups(P<0.01).There are no differences between the two groups in terms of the various factors of SDQ.The incidence of insomnia in the left-behind group was 58.3%,which was higher than that in the non-left-behind group 50.9%(P<0.01);loneliness(62.1%vs.51.8%,P<0.01);running away from home(23.1%vs.18.8%,P<0.01),and self-injury behavior(16.8%vs.12.2%,P<0.01).Left-behind children are more likely to have negative psychological feelings including insomnia,loneliness,self-injury,and run away from home.They also experienced more bullying including maliciously teased by peers,intentionally excluded or isolated,physically threatened or intimidated.All of these factors are associated with their abnormal emotional and behavioural development.Conclusion:The incidence of emotional and behavioral problems of left-behind children in rural areas in poverty-stricken areas is significantly higher than that of non-left-behind children;Logistic regression analysis showed that bullying behavior and abnormal psychological characteristics are significantly associated with left-behind adolescents abnormal emotional and behavioral development.
文摘5033 farmers were interviewed to participate in a cluster sampling survey on factors related to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in one rural area in China. The results showed that females attended school for a shorter time than males, males had a higher awareness of HIV/AIDS and held more positive attitudes toward PLWHAs. Nearly equal percentages of men and women in the area surveyed, sold blood. Eleven percent more men than women had a history of migration. Condom use was quite low among the sexually active population surveyed. Results indicated that an education campaign on HIV/AIDS prevention in rural areas should integrate gender perspectives and ensure that the intervention covers women. Future interventions should be designed to target male and female migration, and should focus on modifying the perceptions of social norms governing gender roles in addition to providing HIV prevention information in order to contain the HIV/AIDS epidemic at its current stage in China.
文摘One of the most challenging anthropogenic activities that have driven climate change off the edge is deforestation.Increased human populations have exerted a lot of pressure on natural forests due to the increased demand of resources—one of which is paper.An example of this effect is the increased usage of mobile phone scratch cards made out of paper that most of the population in Africa use to top-up
文摘Background & Objectives: Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are set up as a part of the Post Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Then it becomes essential to review the achievement of the MDGs in India and lessons learned to incorporate into the SDGs. The present study reviews and predicts different components of under-five mortality rate beyond 2015 to assess the present situation and to determine the future possibilities of achieving the new targets for SDGs in India. Data and Methods: It uses available time series data on different components of U5MR from the India’s Sample Registration System (SRS). Autoregressive Integrated Moving Averages (ARIMA) model has been taken as the method of time series analysis to forecast the mortality rates beyond 2015. Results: There is a consistent pattern of faster decline in the under-five mortality compared with the neonatal mortality rate across all major states in India although neonatal mortality contributes largest share in under-five mortality. Again, share of neonatal death among under-five death is increasing steadily over the future projected years. This indicates very slow progress of reduction in neonatal mortality. Stimulating efforts with new intervention programmes will be needed to focus more on lowering neonatal mortality particularly in rural India.
文摘Background: After two decades of conflict, Somalia remains a fragile state where large scale displacement and inadequate access to functioning health services have left children vulnerable to morbidity and mortality from vaccine preventable disease. Children residing in the autonomous zone of Somaliland are similarly vulnerable to poor access to health care services. Following the conduct of a UNICEF-supported Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey in Somaliland during 2011 which captured information on immunization system performance, a survey was conducted to better understand the reasons for non-vaccination among children in Somaliland. Methods: The Somaliland Routine Immunization Non-Participation Survey (RINPS) was conducted in November 2012 to better understand the reasons for non-participation in both Child Health Days (CHDs) and Routine Immunization Services (RIS). RINPS was a cross-sectional household survey which used a two-stage sample design in order to obtain a representative sample of children 0 - 59 months of age residing in Somaliland. Thirty clusters were randomly selected from the 303 clusters for participation in the 2011 Somaliland MICS. A total of 867 children aged 0 - 59 months were identified and included in the analysis (overall response rate, 96%). Findings: Caregivers lacked motivation to take their children to CHDs and for RIS and lacked information about why children need immunization. Routine vaccination or CHD cards were available for few children at the time of the survey. Almost one-fifth of children aged 0 - 59 months in Somaliland had not received at least one dose of vaccine for DTP, polio or measles vaccine from either CHD or RIS. Conclusion: Child Health Days have a role in at least some area of Somaliland to expand the reach of immunization services. The availability and delivery of sustainable routine immunization services need to be strengthened in Somaliland with a strong social mobilization program to raise awareness about the importance of routine immunization.
