Distribution transformers operating in modern system grids or in industrial networks are subjected to many switching transients,which may occur due to routine operations,network reconfigurations or as reaction on prot...Distribution transformers operating in modern system grids or in industrial networks are subjected to many switching transients,which may occur due to routine operations,network reconfigurations or as reaction on protection signals.Depending on the network configuration and parameters,such events may lead to external overvoltages and result in additional stresses on the insulation system.This paper presents the influence of a series choke on damping of switching transients in distribution transformers.The impact of the choke is assessed by both amplitude and rise time reduction.The suppression of the transient rise time is shown for a test configuration involving distribution transformers connected to low loss cable lines and a medium voltage breaker.Such phenomena are especially typical for industrial networks where switching operations are very frequent.Both simulation and experiment results are given.Simulation results as well as measurement results confirmed that switching events can lead to high dU/dt and in consequence,can have adverse impacts on insulation system.Voltage escalation during switching event is strongly related with system conditions.The results obtained for presented mitigation method are promising and indicate significant dU/dt reduction as well as number of ignitions and voltage peak value.The protection of distribution transformers with a series choke is a new approach dedicated to environments prone to the occurrence of transients with high steepness.Experimental results show that the application of serial choke with suitable parameters realizes the reduction of dU/dt at the machines terminal from 24 kV/μs to 5 kV/μs,as well as the reduction of voltage peak value from 10 kV to 5 kV.The number of ignitions is also reduced.展开更多
This paper discusses the current state of the art of diagnostics at power transformers. A special focus is set on the UHF-PD-measurement （ultra-high-frequency partial discharge measurement） because at power transfor...This paper discusses the current state of the art of diagnostics at power transformers. A special focus is set on the UHF-PD-measurement （ultra-high-frequency partial discharge measurement） because at power transformers, this diagnostic method has become more important in recent years. The current state, basics and principles of operations, proceedings as well as advantages of PD-measurement methods are covered. Furthermore problems and proposed solutions are discussed. Bushings and tap changers are not discussed in detail. In many cases, one single diagnostic method does not have the ability to sufficiently evaluate a power transformer. Therefore, a variety of diagnostic methods came up over times, which are commonly used by now. To expand the evaluation opportunities of power transformers, science strives to develop new diagnostic methods as well as to improve the existing ones. Furthermore, environmentally friendly and hardly inflammable ester liquids are examined for the use at power transformers and PD-measurement at HVDC （high voltage direct current） converter transformers as well. Potential diagnostic options and respectively current developments and findings in the field of oil-paper-insulation systems are outlined conclusively.展开更多
The cure rate for chronic neurodegenerative diseases remains low,creating an urgent need for improved intervention methods.Recent studies have shown that enhancing mitochondrial function can mitigate the effects of th...The cure rate for chronic neurodegenerative diseases remains low,creating an urgent need for improved intervention methods.Recent studies have shown that enhancing mitochondrial function can mitigate the effects of these diseases.This paper comprehensively reviews the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and chronic neurodegenerative diseases,aiming to uncover the potential use of targeted mitochondrial interventions as viable therapeutic options.We detail five targeted mitochondrial intervention strategies for chronic neurodegenerative diseases that act by promoting mitophagy,inhibiting mitochondrial fission,enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis,applying mitochondria-targeting antioxidants,and transplanting mitochondria.Each method has unique advantages and potential limitations,making them suitable for various therapeutic situations.Therapies that promote mitophagy or inhibit mitochondrial fission could be particularly effective in slowing disease progression,especially in the early stages.In contrast,those that enhance mitochondrial biogenesis and apply mitochondria-targeting antioxidants may offer great benefits during the middle stages of the disease by improving cellular antioxidant capacity and energy metabolism.Mitochondrial transplantation,while still experimental,holds great promise for restoring the function of damaged cells.Future research should focus on exploring the mechanisms and effects of these intervention strategies,particularly regarding their safety and efficacy in clinical settings.Additionally,the development of innovative mitochondria-targeting approaches,such as gene editing and nanotechnology,may provide new solutions for treating chronic neurodegenerative diseases.Implementing combined therapeutic strategies that integrate multiple intervention methods could also enhance treatment outcomes.展开更多
BACKGROUND:Breast hyperplasia is a common benign breast disease mainly caused by endocrine disorders,manifested as abnormal hyperplasia of breast tissue.In recent years,traditional Chinese medicine compounds and probi...BACKGROUND:Breast hyperplasia is a common benign breast disease mainly caused by endocrine disorders,manifested as abnormal hyperplasia of breast tissue.In recent years,traditional Chinese medicine compounds and probiotics have shown good potential in regulating the endocrine system and improving the intestinal microecology,providing new ideas for the treatment of breast hyperplasia.OBJECTIVE:To explore the effects and mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine compounds and fermented probiotic compounds on breast hyperplasia in mice,providing new theoretical and experimental bases for the clinical treatment and prevention of breast hyperplasia.METHODS:(1)Network pharmacology tools were used to predict the anti-breast-hyperplasia activity of Herba Gueldenstaedtiae(Euphorbia humifusa),as well as its potential targets and signaling pathways.The databases included:TCMSP,OMIM,GeneCards database,UniProt website,Venny2.1.0 website,Metascape,HERB website,and STRING database,all of which are open-access databases.Network pharmacology can predict and screen key information such as the targets corresponding to the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine,disease targets,and action pathways through network analysis and computer-system analysis.Therefore,it has been increasingly widely used in the research of traditional Chinese medicine.(2)A breast hyperplasia model was induced in mice by injecting estrogen and progesterone.Mice in the normal blank group were injected intraperitoneally with normal saline every day.Mice in the model group and drugadministration groups were injected intraperitoneally with estradiol benzoate injection at a concentration of 0.5 mg/kg every day for 25 days.From the 26th day,the injection of estradiol benzoate injection was stopped.Mice in the normal blank group were injected intramuscularly with normal saline every day,and mice in the model group and drug-administration groups were injected intramuscularly with progesterone injection at a concentration of 5 mg/kg for 5 days.After the model was established,each group was given drugs respectively.The normal blank group and the model group were gavaged with 0.2 mL/d of normal saline;the positive blank group(Xiaozheng Pill group)was gavaged with an aqueous solution of Xiaozheng Pill at 0.9 mg/g;the low-,medium-and high-dose groups of Compound Herba Gueldenstaedtiae were gavaged with an aqueous solution of the compound medicine at 0.75,1.5,and 3.0 mg/(g·d)respectively;the low-,medium-and high-dose groups of traditional Chinese medicine-bacteria fermentation were gavaged with an aqueous solution of the compound medicine at 0.75,1.5,and 3.0 mg/(g·d)respectively.The administration was continuous for 30 days.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The results of network pharmacology research showed that the Compound Herba Gueldenstaedtiae(Euphorbia humifusa)contained 46 active ingredients,which were related to 1213 potential targets.After comparison with 588 known breast-hyperplasia targets,it was speculated that 50 of these targets might be related to the direct effect of the compound on breast hyperplasia.(2)After drug intervention,there was no significant change in the high-dose group of Compound Herba Gueldenstaedtiae compared with the normal blank group.The liver indicators of the other intervention groups all significantly decreased(P<0.05).(3)In terms of kidney and uterine indicators,the medium-dose group of Compound Herba Gueldenstaedtiae decreased significantly compared with the normal blank group(P<0.05).In terms of the uterine index,the model group increased significantly compared with the normal blank group(P<0.01).(4)After 1-month drug treatment,the number of lobules and acini in the breast tissue of the Xiaozheng Pill group,the low,medium,and high-dose group of Compound Herba Gueldenstaedtiae,the low,medium,and highdose groups of traditional Chinese medicine-bacteria fermentation decreased,and the duct openings narrowed.With the increase of drug dose,diffuse hyperplasia of breast tissue was significantly improved.(5)The ELISA results showed that compared with the model group,the estrogen level was lower in the medium-dose group of traditional Chinese medicine-bacteria fermentation after the intervention(P<0.05).In addition,the follicle-stimulating hormone level in the low-dose group of Compound Herba Gueldenstaedtiae was lower than that of the model group(P<0.05).(6)The intervention in the mouse model led to changes in the abundance of short chain fatty acids and intestinal flora in all groups.To conclude,the Compound Herba Gueldenstaedtiae and its probiotic fermentation products significantly improved mammary gland hyperplasia in mice by regulating hormone levels,improving the structure of the gut microbiota,and increasing the content of shortchain fatty acids,providing new ideas and potential sources of drugs for the treatment of breast hyperplasia.展开更多
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)are considered as a promising renewable power source.However,the massive commercial application of PEMFCs has been greatly hindered by their high expense and less-satisfied p...Proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)are considered as a promising renewable power source.However,the massive commercial application of PEMFCs has been greatly hindered by their high expense and less-satisfied performance mainly due to the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)kinetics even on state-of-the-art Pt catalyst.Octahedral PtNi nanoparticles(oct-PtNi NPs)with excellent ORR activity in a half-cell have been widely studied,while their performance in membrane electrode assembly(MEA)has much less reported.Herein,we investigated the MEA performance using the carbon supported oct-PtNi NPs(oct-PtNi/C)as the cathode catalyst.Under the mild acid washing condition,the surface Ni atoms of oct-PtNi/C were largely removed,and the performance of the MEA using the acid-leaching oct-PtNi/C(PNC-A)as the cathode catalyst was greatly improved.The maximum power density of the MEA reached 1.0 W·cm^(-2) with the cath-ode Pt loading of 0.2 mg·cm^(-2),which is 15%higher than that using Pt/C as the catalyst.After 30k cycles in the accelerated degradation test(ADT),the MEA using PNC-A as the catalyst showed a performance retention of 82%,higher than that of Pt/C(74%).The results reported here verify the possibility of using PNC-A as an advanced cathode catalyst in PEMFCs,thus enhancing the performance of PEMFCs while lowering the amount of expensive Pt.展开更多
Developing a chiral material as versatile and universal chiral stationary phase(CSP) for chiral separation in diverse chromatographic techniques simultaneously is of great significance.In this study,we demonstrated fo...Developing a chiral material as versatile and universal chiral stationary phase(CSP) for chiral separation in diverse chromatographic techniques simultaneously is of great significance.In this study,we demonstrated for the first time that a chiral metal-organic cage(MOC),[Zn_(6)M_(4)],as a universal chiral recognition material for both multi-mode high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) and capillary gas chromatography(GC) enantioseparation.Two novel HPLC CSPs with different bonding arms(CSP-A with a cationic imidazolium bonding arm and CSP-B with an alkyl chain bonding arm) were prepared by clicking of functionalized chiral MOC [Zn_(6)M_(4)] onto thiolated silica via thiol-ene click chemistry.Meanwhile,a capillary GC column statically coated with the chiral MOC [Zn_(6)M_(4)] was also fabricated.The results showed that the chiral MOC exhibits excellent enantioselectivity not only in normal phase HPLC(NP-HPLC) and reversed phase(RP-HPLC) but also in GC,and various racemates were well separated,including alcohols,diols,esters,ketones,ethers,amines,and epoxides.Importantly,CSP-A and CSP-B are complementary to commercially available Chiralcel OD-H and Chiralpak AD-H columns in enantioseparation,which can separate some racemates that could not be or could not well be separated by the two widely used commercial columns,suggesting the great potential of the two prepared CSPs in enantioseparation.This work reveals that the chiral MOC is potential versatile chiral recognition materials for both HPLC and GC,and also paves the way to expand the potential applications of MOCs.展开更多
In this study,electrochemical C-H carboxylation of benzylamines with CO_(2) was reported.This linear paired electrolysis system enables efficient and economical synthesis of value-added α-amino acids(α-AAs) under mi...In this study,electrochemical C-H carboxylation of benzylamines with CO_(2) was reported.This linear paired electrolysis system enables efficient and economical synthesis of value-added α-amino acids(α-AAs) under mild conditions.Various substituted benzylamines containing diverse functional groups and even highly reactive moieties,such as cyano,amide and alkene groups could be successfully transformed to the carboxylated products.Notably,this method proved to be applicable to the late-stage modification of biorelevant compounds,highlighting its potential for synthetic chemistry.Mechanistic studies such as radical trapping experiments,kinetic isotope effect(KIE) tests and cyclic voltammetry(CV) studies provided useful insight into this transformation.展开更多
Vortex-induced vibration(VIV)of an underwater manipulator in pulsating flow presents a notable engineering problem in precise control due to the velocity variation in the flow.This study investigates the VIV response ...Vortex-induced vibration(VIV)of an underwater manipulator in pulsating flow presents a notable engineering problem in precise control due to the velocity variation in the flow.This study investigates the VIV response of an underwater manipulator subjected to pulsating flow,focusing on how different postures affect the behavior of the system.The effects of pulsating parameters and manipulator arrangement on the hydrodynamic coefficient,vibration response,motion trajectory,and vortex shedding behaviors were analyzed.Results indicated that the cross flow vibration displacement in pulsating flow increased by 32.14%compared to uniform flow,inducing a shift in the motion trajectory from a crescent shape to a sideward vase shape.In the absence of interference between the upper and lower arms,the lift coefficient of the manipulator substantially increased with rising pulsating frequency,reaching a maximum increment of 67.0%.This increase in the lift coefficient led to a 67.05%rise in the vibration frequency of the manipulator in the in-line direction.As the pulsating amplitude increased,the drag coefficient of the underwater manipulator rose by 36.79%,but the vibration frequency in the cross-flow direction decreased by 56.26%.Additionally,when the upper and lower arms remained in a state of mutual interference,the cross-flow vibration amplitudes of the upper and lower arms were approximately 1.84 and 4.82 times higher in a circular-elliptical arrangement compared to an elliptical-circular arrangement,respectively.Consequently,the flow field shifted from a P+S pattern to a disordered pattern,disrupting the regularity of the motion trajectory.展开更多
Bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes(BCHs) are structurally unique C(sp^(3))-rich bicyclic hydrocarbons that are gaining prominence in the field of medicinal chemistry as bioisosteres of benzenoids.The nitrile is an important functi...Bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes(BCHs) are structurally unique C(sp^(3))-rich bicyclic hydrocarbons that are gaining prominence in the field of medicinal chemistry as bioisosteres of benzenoids.The nitrile is an important functionality in drug development due to its ability to improve physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties and facilitate potential noncovalent interactions with drug targets.Consequently,cyanoarene motifs are commonly found in drug development.The introduction of cyano-BCHs as potential bioisosteres of cyano-arenes shows great promise;however,there are currently no catalytic methods available for their synthesis.Herein,we report a palladium-catalyzed enantioselective [2σ+2π] cycloadditions of bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes with arylidenemalononitriles for the preparation of chiral cyano-BCHs.This method accommodated a wide range of substrates and tolerated various functional groups.The cyano-BCH products could be transformed to molecules with diverse functionality.Control experiments suggest that the reaction proceeds via a zwitterionic intermediate generated by palladium-mediated ring opening of vinyl-carbonyl bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes followed by stereoselective 1,2-addition and intramolecular allylic substitution reactions.展开更多
Background:Acute kidney injury(AKI),characterized by rapid renal dysfunction(KDIGO 2022 criteria:48-hour doubling of serum creatinine or<0.5 mL/kg/h urine output for>6 h),affects 13.3 million people annually wit...Background:Acute kidney injury(AKI),characterized by rapid renal dysfunction(KDIGO 2022 criteria:48-hour doubling of serum creatinine or<0.5 mL/kg/h urine output for>6 h),affects 13.3 million people annually with>20%mortality.Its progression involves metabolic imbalances,toxin accumulation,and multiorgan failure,often culminating in chronic kidney disease.Current therapies(fluid resuscitation,diuretics,renal replacement therapy)remain limited.Inflammation drives AKI pathogenesis:renal insults(ischemia,toxins)trigger tubular cell release of pro-inflammatory mediators(TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6),activating neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin(NGAL)and dysregulating P38 MAPK/ERK pathways.This cascade promotes leukocyte infiltration,oxidative stress,and apoptosis,exacerbating renal damage.Ononin,a flavonoid from Astragali Radix,shows multi-target potential by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines,modulating signaling,and mitigating oxidative stress.Its dual anti-inflammatory/antioxidant properties position it as a promising candidate for AKI intervention.Exploring the ameliorative effect of ononin on the inflammatory response Ameliorative effect of ononin on the inflammatory response in doxorubicin-induced AKI mice.Methods:We used network pharmacology to explore ononin’s target molecules and AKI-related disease molecules,identified their intersections,and predicted potential mechanisms via enrichment analysis,followed by molecular docking verification.For in-vivo validation,50 mice were randomly divided into five groups(n=10/group):Control,Model,Ononin-L(15 mg/kg),Ononin-H(60 mg/kg),and Dexamethasone(2.6 mg/kg).An AKI model was established by intravenous tail-vein injection of Doxorubicin(15 mg/kg).Samples were collected 12 h post-induction.We calculated the renal coefficient,examined renal histopathology using hematoxylin and eosin(HE),periodic acid-Schiff(PAS),and Masson’s trichrome(MASSON)staining,and observed mitochondrial morphology by electron microscopy(EM).ELISA was used to measure NGAL,serum creatinine(Scr),and blood urea nitrogen(BUN)levels in serum.Immunofluorescence(IF)evaluated the expression of P-P38,P-ERK,NGAL,and KIM-1 in renal tissues.RT-qPCR assessed the gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines,MAPK pathway components,and renal injury markers in kidney tissues.Western Blot(WB)quantified P-P38,P38 MAPK,P-ERK,ERK,NGAL,and KIM-1 in renal tissues.Results:Network pharmacology analysis suggested that ononin could attenuate AKI through its anti-inflammatory properties and regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway.The Model group exhibited a significantly elevated renal coefficient(P<0.05),severe histopathological damage,and mitochondrial dysfunction compared to controls.Serum levels of NGAL,Scr,and BUN were markedly increased(P<0.05),indicating impaired renal function.Enhanced fluorescence signals of P-P38 MAPK,P-ERK,NGAL,and KIM-1 suggested activation of MAPK pathways and renal injury.Upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines(IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α)and MAPK-related genes(P38 MAPK,ERK)alongside injury markers(NGAL,KIM-1)(P<0.05).Increased ratios of phosphorylated-to-total proteins(P-P38/P38,P-ERK/ERK)and elevated NGAL/KIM-1 protein levels confirmed pathway dysregulation.Treatment significantly reduced the renal coefficient(P<0.05),attenuated histological damage,and restored mitochondrial integrity.NGAL,Scr,and BUN levels were lowered,reflecting functional recovery.Diminished fluorescence intensities of P-P38,P-ERK,NGAL,and KIM-1 indicated suppression of injury pathways.Downregulation of inflammatory cytokines(IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α),MAPK components(P38 MAPK,ERK),and injury markers(NGAL,KIM-1)(P<0.05).Reduced phosphorylation ratios(P-P38/P38,P-ERK/ERK)and decreased NGAL/KIM-1 protein expression demonstrated therapeutic efficacy.Conclusion:Ononin ameliorates inflammatory responses in AKI mice via the P38 MAPK/ERK pathway.展开更多
Cmyc,a proto-oncogene,is expressed at extremely low levels in mature neurons and is traditionally thought to have no function in these cells.However,recent studies suggest that Cmyc may play a crucial role in maintain...Cmyc,a proto-oncogene,is expressed at extremely low levels in mature neurons and is traditionally thought to have no function in these cells.However,recent studies suggest that Cmyc may play a crucial role in maintaining the health and function of mature dopaminergic neurons.This study assessed the role of Cmyc in dopaminergic neurons and its significance in Parkinson’s disease.We used a conditional knockout approach to specifically delete Cmyc in substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons of adult mice.Our findings showed that Cmyc deletion led to progressive neuron loss,Parkinson’s disease-like symptoms,downregulation of Klotho,and upregulation of senescence-associated inflammatory factors,along with enhanced oxidative stress and nitrated alpha-synuclein accumulation,ultimately causing neuronal death.In vitro experiments confirmed increased senescence in C-MYC knockout cells,which was partially reversible by KLOTHO overexpression.We conclude that low-level Cmyc expression is essential for maintaining the health of mature dopaminergic neurons and preventing neurodegeneration,and suggest the c-Myc/Klotho axis as a potential therapeutic target for age-related neurodegenerative diseases,including Parkinson’s disease.Our study introduces a novel mouse model for Parkinson’s disease that replicates a condition associated with normal aging,offering a valuable tool for future research into disease mechanisms and therapeutic strategies.展开更多
The preparation and functionalization of polymeric capsules attract intense attention due to their application in various areas.Herein we presented an amphiphilic alternating copolymer(ACP)-based microcapsule which is...The preparation and functionalization of polymeric capsules attract intense attention due to their application in various areas.Herein we presented an amphiphilic alternating copolymer(ACP)-based microcapsule which is both robust and readily-functionalized through interfacial click polymerization.A water-in-oil emulsion was constructed to act as the reaction medium,the hydrophilic 1,3-butadiene diepoxide(BDE)in water phase reacted with the oleophilic 1,4-dibutanedithiol(BDT)in oil phase at the water-oil interface to form the amphiphilic ACP named poly(2,3-dihydroxy butylene-alt-butylene dithioether)(abbreviated as P(DHB-a-BDT)below),which would deposite in situ to form the micro-sized capsules.Significantly,the dried capsules are robust enough to be rehydrated once the water was added and almost restored their original morphologies.Further elucidation showed that the Young's modulus of these capsules exceeded 1 GPa.As long as we know,it is the first time for the mechanical properties of the ACP-based microstructures being investigated.Besides,functionalization could be achieved simultaneously with the formation process.As a proof of concept,positive-charged capsules were successfully obtained through click copolymerization.Stemming from the unique characteristics of amphiphilic ACPs which combined both merits of click chemistry and interfacial reactions,all these features of the current method as well as the resultant capsules may promote the application of the polymeric capsules.展开更多
Biological invasion is a pressing environmental and ecological challenge worldwide.Cabomba caroliniana(C.caroliniana),a submerged macrophyte native to South America,is listed as a high-priority invasive species in sev...Biological invasion is a pressing environmental and ecological challenge worldwide.Cabomba caroliniana(C.caroliniana),a submerged macrophyte native to South America,is listed as a high-priority invasive species in several countries.It is critical to understand how water temperature influences its invasiveness for effective management.However,research on the effects of water temperature on C.caroliniana the growth is limited.This study used controlled experiments to examine how water temperature(5-30℃)affects the morphological,physiological,photosynthetic,and stoichiometric traits of C.caroliniana.The results showed that broad water temperature tolerance of C.caroliniana significantly impacts its reproductive capacity and invasive potential.At 5-10℃,cold stress induced carotenoid synthesis and total organic carbon accumulation,enabling adaptation to low temperatures.However,C.caroliniana grew slowly,as its root development was limited,and its invasiveness remained low.At 20-30℃,increased chlorophyll synthesis and enhanced resource-use efficiency supported rapid growth,including more branches,leading to high invasion and dispersal potential.Thus,C.caroliniana exhibited strong colonization and spread quickly in tropical and subtropical waters(>20℃).In temperate zones,populations can be established during summer(20-25℃)and survive winter hrough cold adaptation.We recommended prioritizing control measures during warm seasons(20-30℃)to disrupt propagule dispersal,alongside early monitoring in temperate waters to inhibit ecological invasion.展开更多
Among various architectures of polymers,end-group-free rings have attracted growing interests due to their distinct physicochemical performances over the linear counterparts which are exemplified by reduced hydrodynam...Among various architectures of polymers,end-group-free rings have attracted growing interests due to their distinct physicochemical performances over the linear counterparts which are exemplified by reduced hydrodynamic size and slower degradation.It is key to develop facile methods to large-scale synthesis of polymer rings with tunable compositions and microstructures.Recent progresses in large-scale synthesis of polymer rings against single-chain dynamic nanoparticles,and the example applications in synchronous enhancing toughness and strength of polymer nanocomposites are summarized.Once there is the breakthrough in rational design and effective large-scale synthesis of polymer rings and their functional derivatives,a family of cyclic functional hybrids would be available,thus providing a new paradigm in developing polymer science and engineering.展开更多
Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)(NVP)is a promising electrode material that exhibits magnetic anisotropy;however,the potential of this magnetic anisotropy to optimize battery performance has been largely unexplored.This study ...Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)(NVP)is a promising electrode material that exhibits magnetic anisotropy;however,the potential of this magnetic anisotropy to optimize battery performance has been largely unexplored.This study proposes a cost-effective and efficient method to induce the alignment of NVP along the(113)crystal plane by applying a vertical magnetic field during the slurry coating process,thereby enhancing its battery performance.Comprehensive structural characterizations and theoretical analysis elucidate the structure-activity relationship between the preferred crystal orientation and ion transport kinetics,facilitating the formation of more ordered Na+deintercalation pathways in NVP electrodes.This alignment reduces electrode tortuosity,enhances interfacial compatibility,and substantially improves battery performance,particularly in terms of high-rate cycling capability.As a result,the magnetic-field-modulated NVP(NVP-M⊥)electrode exhibits a high capacity retention of85.1%after 500 cycles at 5 C,significantly surpassing that of the pristine electrode.The NVP-M⊥electrode also demonstrates considerable reversible capacity at 40 C and maintains excellent stability under high temperature and prolonged cycling conditions.Furthermore,superior battery performance is observed in the assembled NVP-M⊥‖hard-carbon pouch cell and commercial NVP electrode following magnetic-field modulation,thereby validating the efficacy of this method.Consequently,this magnetic-field-induced crystal-orientation optimization strategy provides an innovative approach for low-cost and highthroughput preparation of high-performance sodium-ion batteries.展开更多
Elucidating the active site formation mechanism of bismuth(Bi)-based catalysts in electrochemical CO_(2)reduction remains challenging for achieving high activity,selectivity,and long-term stability.Here we confirm thr...Elucidating the active site formation mechanism of bismuth(Bi)-based catalysts in electrochemical CO_(2)reduction remains challenging for achieving high activity,selectivity,and long-term stability.Here we confirm through experimental results that Bi-based catalysts containing halogen ions(I^(-),Cl^(-),Br^(-))and SO_(4)^(2-)maintain the system stability,keeping Faraday efficiency of formic acid above90%in the current range of 50-800 mA cm^(-2).In contrast,anions containing S^(2-)and NO_(3)^(-)in the electrolyte can be reduced to produce by-products.These anions and their by-products could poison the active center,leading to increased side reactions and thus significantly reducing the Faraday efficiency of formic acid.The combination of non-in situ and in situ characterization results revealed that the Bi-based catalysts all underwent the transition from the initial state to the Bi/Bi_(2)O_(2)CO_(3)(BOC)intermediate state in high-concentration KHCO_(3) solution,and the different anions could selectively modulate the degree of exposure of specific crystalline surfaces of BOC.At the late stage of the reaction,BOC was completely converted to metal Bi and became the real active center.Combined with in situ IR and DFT calculations,it is further verified that^(*)OCHO is the key intermediate on the metallic Bi surface,which is most favorable for formic acid formation.This study reveals the key mechanism by which anions affect the formation of active sites via modulating the catalyst reconstruction process,which provides an important theoretical basis for the design and optimization of test conditions of Bi-based catalysts.展开更多
Global brain ischemia and neurological deficit are consequences of cardiac arrest that lead to high mortality.Despite advancements in resuscitation science,our limited understanding of the cellular and molecular mecha...Global brain ischemia and neurological deficit are consequences of cardiac arrest that lead to high mortality.Despite advancements in resuscitation science,our limited understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying post-cardiac arrest brain injury have hindered the development of effective neuroprotective strategies.Previous studies primarily focused on neuronal death,potentially overlooking the contributions of non-neuronal cells and intercellular communication to the pathophysiology of cardiac arrest-induced brain injury.To address these gaps,we hypothesized that single-cell transcriptomic analysis could uncover previously unidentified cellular subpopulations,altered cell communication networks,and novel molecular mechanisms involved in post-cardiac arrest brain injury.In this study,we performed a single-cell transcriptomic analysis of the hippocampus from pigs with ventricular fibrillation-induced cardiac arrest at 6 and 24 hours following the return of spontaneous circulation,and from sham control pigs.Sequencing results revealed changes in the proportions of different cell types,suggesting post-arrest disruption in the blood-brain barrier and infiltration of neutrophils.These results were validated through western blotting,quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction,and immunofluorescence staining.We also identified and validated a unique subcluster of activated microglia with high expression of S100A8,which increased over time following cardiac arrest.This subcluster simultaneously exhibited significant M1/M2 polarization and expressed key functional genes related to chemokines and interleukins.Additionally,we revealed the post-cardiac arrest dysfunction of oligodendrocytes and the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells into oligodendrocytes.Cell communication analysis identified enhanced post-cardiac arrest communication between neutrophils and microglia that was mediated by neutrophil-derived resistin,driving pro-inflammatory microglial polarization.Our findings provide a comprehensive single-cell map of the post-cardiac arrest hippocampus,offering potential novel targets for neuroprotection and repair following cardiac arrest.展开更多
“Shen”is one of the core contents in the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).Taoist philosophy plays an important role in promoting the theoretical shaping and medical transformation of“Shen”.Taking ...“Shen”is one of the core contents in the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).Taoist philosophy plays an important role in promoting the theoretical shaping and medical transformation of“Shen”.Taking the medical history as the thread and medical philosophy as the speculative dimension,this paper systematically sorts out the evolutionary trajectory of“Shen”in TCM from supernatural worship to philosophical abstraction,and then to medical embodiment,deeply analyzes the shaping effect of Taoist thought on the theoretical framework of“Shen”,and interprets its contemporary medical value.The research shows that Taoist philosophy provides a cosmological foundation,the core of the interdependence of essence,Qi,blood and Shen,and the guidance of spiritual inward concentration for“Shen”in TCM;Huangdi Neijing(Yellow Emperor’s Internal Classic)deeply integrates Taoist philosophy with medical practice,promoting the medical transformation of“Shen”.Its core ideas of“the unity of nature and man”and“the unity of form and Shen”provide traditional wisdom for modern psychosomatic medicine and systems medicine.The“Shen”theory,for which Taoist philosophy serves as an important intellectual source,is not only a crucial foundation for the inheritance and innovation of TCM theory,but also provides important ideological reference for the holistic development of modern medicine.展开更多
Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have emerged as a revolutionary photovoltaic technology due to their exceptional optoelectronic properties and low-cost solution processability,yet their fabrication typically demands strin...Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have emerged as a revolutionary photovoltaic technology due to their exceptional optoelectronic properties and low-cost solution processability,yet their fabrication typically demands stringent inert conditions to mitigate environmental degradation.However,achieving efficient and stable PSC fabrication in ambient air is crucial for their widespread commercialization,as it significantly reduces manufacturing costs,simplifies process flow,and enables scalable roll-to-roll and printing techniques.The main challenges hindering ambient processing include moisture-induced degradation,oxygen-related oxidation,and humidity-driven variations in crystallization kinetics,which often lead to reduced film quality,defective interfaces,and limited device performance.Recent advancements in ambient-air processing of PSCs present a promising pathway toward scalable and eco-friendly manufacturing,though challenges such as moisture sensitivity,oxygeninduced degradation,and crystallization control remain.This review examines ambient-air effects on perovskite formation,device performance,and stability,alongside strategies for improvement via compositional engineering,solvent optimization,and novel deposition methods.Furthermore,we discuss the progress in lab-scale and large-scale ambient-air fabrication methods,emphasizing their potential for industrial translation.Finally,we outline future research directions to enhance the efficiency,stability,and commercial viability of air-processed PSCs,underscoring their critical role in sustainable energy development.展开更多
Basic helix-loop-helix(bHLH)transcription factors regulate diverse plant processes,particularly anthocyanin biosynthesis through the MYB-bHLH-WD40 complex.Despite snapdragon(Antirrhinum majus)serving as a classical mo...Basic helix-loop-helix(bHLH)transcription factors regulate diverse plant processes,particularly anthocyanin biosynthesis through the MYB-bHLH-WD40 complex.Despite snapdragon(Antirrhinum majus)serving as a classical model for studying flower pigmentation genetics,its bHLH gene family has rarely been comprehensively characterized.Here,we performed a genome-wide identification and systematic characterization of the bHLH gene family in A.majus,with a focus on candidates involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis.A total of 150 AmbHLH genes were identified and subjected to in-silico analyses,including phylogenetic classification,structural analysis,and promoter cis-element characterization.Comparative transcriptomic profiling between anthocyanin-poor(“SIPPE50”,Green)and anthocyanin-rich(“JI2R”,Red)snapdragon lines highlighted eight differentially expressed AmbHLHs.AmbHLH001,AmbHLH002,and AmbHLH042 showed significant upregulation in the anthocyanin-rich line and showed positive correlations with the expression of key anthocyanin biosynthetic genes.Among these,AmbHLH002 was prioritized as a candidate and was assessed via heterologous overexpression in tomatoes.Notably,AmbHLH002 is a newly identified regulator whose overexpression in tomato resulted in visible purple pigmentation and increased anthocyanin accumulation.These findings support the view that AmbHLH002 acts as a positive regulator,with phylogenetic evidence for conservation of anthocyanin biosynthesis,presenting valuable potential for engineering pigmentation traits in ornamental plants and serving as a candidate visible marker for plant genetic transformation.展开更多
文摘Distribution transformers operating in modern system grids or in industrial networks are subjected to many switching transients,which may occur due to routine operations,network reconfigurations or as reaction on protection signals.Depending on the network configuration and parameters,such events may lead to external overvoltages and result in additional stresses on the insulation system.This paper presents the influence of a series choke on damping of switching transients in distribution transformers.The impact of the choke is assessed by both amplitude and rise time reduction.The suppression of the transient rise time is shown for a test configuration involving distribution transformers connected to low loss cable lines and a medium voltage breaker.Such phenomena are especially typical for industrial networks where switching operations are very frequent.Both simulation and experiment results are given.Simulation results as well as measurement results confirmed that switching events can lead to high dU/dt and in consequence,can have adverse impacts on insulation system.Voltage escalation during switching event is strongly related with system conditions.The results obtained for presented mitigation method are promising and indicate significant dU/dt reduction as well as number of ignitions and voltage peak value.The protection of distribution transformers with a series choke is a new approach dedicated to environments prone to the occurrence of transients with high steepness.Experimental results show that the application of serial choke with suitable parameters realizes the reduction of dU/dt at the machines terminal from 24 kV/μs to 5 kV/μs,as well as the reduction of voltage peak value from 10 kV to 5 kV.The number of ignitions is also reduced.
文摘This paper discusses the current state of the art of diagnostics at power transformers. A special focus is set on the UHF-PD-measurement （ultra-high-frequency partial discharge measurement） because at power transformers, this diagnostic method has become more important in recent years. The current state, basics and principles of operations, proceedings as well as advantages of PD-measurement methods are covered. Furthermore problems and proposed solutions are discussed. Bushings and tap changers are not discussed in detail. In many cases, one single diagnostic method does not have the ability to sufficiently evaluate a power transformer. Therefore, a variety of diagnostic methods came up over times, which are commonly used by now. To expand the evaluation opportunities of power transformers, science strives to develop new diagnostic methods as well as to improve the existing ones. Furthermore, environmentally friendly and hardly inflammable ester liquids are examined for the use at power transformers and PD-measurement at HVDC （high voltage direct current） converter transformers as well. Potential diagnostic options and respectively current developments and findings in the field of oil-paper-insulation systems are outlined conclusively.
基金partly supported by the Yan’an University Qin Chuanyuan“Scientist+Engineer”Team Special Fund,No.2023KXJ-012(to YL)Yan’an University Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements Fund,No.2023CGZH-001(to YL)+2 种基金College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program,Nos.D2023158,202410719056(to XS,JM)Yan’an University Production and Cultivation Project,No.CXY202001(to YL)Kweichow Moutai Hospital Research and Talent Development Fund Project,No.MTyk2022-25(to XO)。
文摘The cure rate for chronic neurodegenerative diseases remains low,creating an urgent need for improved intervention methods.Recent studies have shown that enhancing mitochondrial function can mitigate the effects of these diseases.This paper comprehensively reviews the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and chronic neurodegenerative diseases,aiming to uncover the potential use of targeted mitochondrial interventions as viable therapeutic options.We detail five targeted mitochondrial intervention strategies for chronic neurodegenerative diseases that act by promoting mitophagy,inhibiting mitochondrial fission,enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis,applying mitochondria-targeting antioxidants,and transplanting mitochondria.Each method has unique advantages and potential limitations,making them suitable for various therapeutic situations.Therapies that promote mitophagy or inhibit mitochondrial fission could be particularly effective in slowing disease progression,especially in the early stages.In contrast,those that enhance mitochondrial biogenesis and apply mitochondria-targeting antioxidants may offer great benefits during the middle stages of the disease by improving cellular antioxidant capacity and energy metabolism.Mitochondrial transplantation,while still experimental,holds great promise for restoring the function of damaged cells.Future research should focus on exploring the mechanisms and effects of these intervention strategies,particularly regarding their safety and efficacy in clinical settings.Additionally,the development of innovative mitochondria-targeting approaches,such as gene editing and nanotechnology,may provide new solutions for treating chronic neurodegenerative diseases.Implementing combined therapeutic strategies that integrate multiple intervention methods could also enhance treatment outcomes.
文摘BACKGROUND:Breast hyperplasia is a common benign breast disease mainly caused by endocrine disorders,manifested as abnormal hyperplasia of breast tissue.In recent years,traditional Chinese medicine compounds and probiotics have shown good potential in regulating the endocrine system and improving the intestinal microecology,providing new ideas for the treatment of breast hyperplasia.OBJECTIVE:To explore the effects and mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine compounds and fermented probiotic compounds on breast hyperplasia in mice,providing new theoretical and experimental bases for the clinical treatment and prevention of breast hyperplasia.METHODS:(1)Network pharmacology tools were used to predict the anti-breast-hyperplasia activity of Herba Gueldenstaedtiae(Euphorbia humifusa),as well as its potential targets and signaling pathways.The databases included:TCMSP,OMIM,GeneCards database,UniProt website,Venny2.1.0 website,Metascape,HERB website,and STRING database,all of which are open-access databases.Network pharmacology can predict and screen key information such as the targets corresponding to the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine,disease targets,and action pathways through network analysis and computer-system analysis.Therefore,it has been increasingly widely used in the research of traditional Chinese medicine.(2)A breast hyperplasia model was induced in mice by injecting estrogen and progesterone.Mice in the normal blank group were injected intraperitoneally with normal saline every day.Mice in the model group and drugadministration groups were injected intraperitoneally with estradiol benzoate injection at a concentration of 0.5 mg/kg every day for 25 days.From the 26th day,the injection of estradiol benzoate injection was stopped.Mice in the normal blank group were injected intramuscularly with normal saline every day,and mice in the model group and drug-administration groups were injected intramuscularly with progesterone injection at a concentration of 5 mg/kg for 5 days.After the model was established,each group was given drugs respectively.The normal blank group and the model group were gavaged with 0.2 mL/d of normal saline;the positive blank group(Xiaozheng Pill group)was gavaged with an aqueous solution of Xiaozheng Pill at 0.9 mg/g;the low-,medium-and high-dose groups of Compound Herba Gueldenstaedtiae were gavaged with an aqueous solution of the compound medicine at 0.75,1.5,and 3.0 mg/(g·d)respectively;the low-,medium-and high-dose groups of traditional Chinese medicine-bacteria fermentation were gavaged with an aqueous solution of the compound medicine at 0.75,1.5,and 3.0 mg/(g·d)respectively.The administration was continuous for 30 days.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The results of network pharmacology research showed that the Compound Herba Gueldenstaedtiae(Euphorbia humifusa)contained 46 active ingredients,which were related to 1213 potential targets.After comparison with 588 known breast-hyperplasia targets,it was speculated that 50 of these targets might be related to the direct effect of the compound on breast hyperplasia.(2)After drug intervention,there was no significant change in the high-dose group of Compound Herba Gueldenstaedtiae compared with the normal blank group.The liver indicators of the other intervention groups all significantly decreased(P<0.05).(3)In terms of kidney and uterine indicators,the medium-dose group of Compound Herba Gueldenstaedtiae decreased significantly compared with the normal blank group(P<0.05).In terms of the uterine index,the model group increased significantly compared with the normal blank group(P<0.01).(4)After 1-month drug treatment,the number of lobules and acini in the breast tissue of the Xiaozheng Pill group,the low,medium,and high-dose group of Compound Herba Gueldenstaedtiae,the low,medium,and highdose groups of traditional Chinese medicine-bacteria fermentation decreased,and the duct openings narrowed.With the increase of drug dose,diffuse hyperplasia of breast tissue was significantly improved.(5)The ELISA results showed that compared with the model group,the estrogen level was lower in the medium-dose group of traditional Chinese medicine-bacteria fermentation after the intervention(P<0.05).In addition,the follicle-stimulating hormone level in the low-dose group of Compound Herba Gueldenstaedtiae was lower than that of the model group(P<0.05).(6)The intervention in the mouse model led to changes in the abundance of short chain fatty acids and intestinal flora in all groups.To conclude,the Compound Herba Gueldenstaedtiae and its probiotic fermentation products significantly improved mammary gland hyperplasia in mice by regulating hormone levels,improving the structure of the gut microbiota,and increasing the content of shortchain fatty acids,providing new ideas and potential sources of drugs for the treatment of breast hyperplasia.
基金supported by grants from the Natural Science Foundation of China(22362031 and 21805121)the Science and Technology Project of Yunnan Province(2019FD137)。
文摘Proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)are considered as a promising renewable power source.However,the massive commercial application of PEMFCs has been greatly hindered by their high expense and less-satisfied performance mainly due to the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)kinetics even on state-of-the-art Pt catalyst.Octahedral PtNi nanoparticles(oct-PtNi NPs)with excellent ORR activity in a half-cell have been widely studied,while their performance in membrane electrode assembly(MEA)has much less reported.Herein,we investigated the MEA performance using the carbon supported oct-PtNi NPs(oct-PtNi/C)as the cathode catalyst.Under the mild acid washing condition,the surface Ni atoms of oct-PtNi/C were largely removed,and the performance of the MEA using the acid-leaching oct-PtNi/C(PNC-A)as the cathode catalyst was greatly improved.The maximum power density of the MEA reached 1.0 W·cm^(-2) with the cath-ode Pt loading of 0.2 mg·cm^(-2),which is 15%higher than that using Pt/C as the catalyst.After 30k cycles in the accelerated degradation test(ADT),the MEA using PNC-A as the catalyst showed a performance retention of 82%,higher than that of Pt/C(74%).The results reported here verify the possibility of using PNC-A as an advanced cathode catalyst in PEMFCs,thus enhancing the performance of PEMFCs while lowering the amount of expensive Pt.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.22064020,22364022,and 22174125)the Applied Basic Research Foundation of Yunnan Province (Nos.202101AT070101 and 202201AT070029)。
文摘Developing a chiral material as versatile and universal chiral stationary phase(CSP) for chiral separation in diverse chromatographic techniques simultaneously is of great significance.In this study,we demonstrated for the first time that a chiral metal-organic cage(MOC),[Zn_(6)M_(4)],as a universal chiral recognition material for both multi-mode high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) and capillary gas chromatography(GC) enantioseparation.Two novel HPLC CSPs with different bonding arms(CSP-A with a cationic imidazolium bonding arm and CSP-B with an alkyl chain bonding arm) were prepared by clicking of functionalized chiral MOC [Zn_(6)M_(4)] onto thiolated silica via thiol-ene click chemistry.Meanwhile,a capillary GC column statically coated with the chiral MOC [Zn_(6)M_(4)] was also fabricated.The results showed that the chiral MOC exhibits excellent enantioselectivity not only in normal phase HPLC(NP-HPLC) and reversed phase(RP-HPLC) but also in GC,and various racemates were well separated,including alcohols,diols,esters,ketones,ethers,amines,and epoxides.Importantly,CSP-A and CSP-B are complementary to commercially available Chiralcel OD-H and Chiralpak AD-H columns in enantioseparation,which can separate some racemates that could not be or could not well be separated by the two widely used commercial columns,suggesting the great potential of the two prepared CSPs in enantioseparation.This work reveals that the chiral MOC is potential versatile chiral recognition materials for both HPLC and GC,and also paves the way to expand the potential applications of MOCs.
基金Financial support from National Key R&D Program of China (No.2023YFA1507203)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.22371149 and 22188101)+3 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.63224098)Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter,Nankai University (No.63181206)Nankai University are gratefully acknowledgedthe Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations for financial support。
文摘In this study,electrochemical C-H carboxylation of benzylamines with CO_(2) was reported.This linear paired electrolysis system enables efficient and economical synthesis of value-added α-amino acids(α-AAs) under mild conditions.Various substituted benzylamines containing diverse functional groups and even highly reactive moieties,such as cyano,amide and alkene groups could be successfully transformed to the carboxylated products.Notably,this method proved to be applicable to the late-stage modification of biorelevant compounds,highlighting its potential for synthetic chemistry.Mechanistic studies such as radical trapping experiments,kinetic isotope effect(KIE) tests and cyclic voltammetry(CV) studies provided useful insight into this transformation.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51905211)A Project of the“20 Regulations for New Universities”Funding Program of Jinan(No.202228116).
文摘Vortex-induced vibration(VIV)of an underwater manipulator in pulsating flow presents a notable engineering problem in precise control due to the velocity variation in the flow.This study investigates the VIV response of an underwater manipulator subjected to pulsating flow,focusing on how different postures affect the behavior of the system.The effects of pulsating parameters and manipulator arrangement on the hydrodynamic coefficient,vibration response,motion trajectory,and vortex shedding behaviors were analyzed.Results indicated that the cross flow vibration displacement in pulsating flow increased by 32.14%compared to uniform flow,inducing a shift in the motion trajectory from a crescent shape to a sideward vase shape.In the absence of interference between the upper and lower arms,the lift coefficient of the manipulator substantially increased with rising pulsating frequency,reaching a maximum increment of 67.0%.This increase in the lift coefficient led to a 67.05%rise in the vibration frequency of the manipulator in the in-line direction.As the pulsating amplitude increased,the drag coefficient of the underwater manipulator rose by 36.79%,but the vibration frequency in the cross-flow direction decreased by 56.26%.Additionally,when the upper and lower arms remained in a state of mutual interference,the cross-flow vibration amplitudes of the upper and lower arms were approximately 1.84 and 4.82 times higher in a circular-elliptical arrangement compared to an elliptical-circular arrangement,respectively.Consequently,the flow field shifted from a P+S pattern to a disordered pattern,disrupting the regularity of the motion trajectory.
基金funding support from the National Key R&D Program of China (Nos.2022YFA1503703,2023YFA1506700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.22071118,22271162)the Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities for financial support。
文摘Bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes(BCHs) are structurally unique C(sp^(3))-rich bicyclic hydrocarbons that are gaining prominence in the field of medicinal chemistry as bioisosteres of benzenoids.The nitrile is an important functionality in drug development due to its ability to improve physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties and facilitate potential noncovalent interactions with drug targets.Consequently,cyanoarene motifs are commonly found in drug development.The introduction of cyano-BCHs as potential bioisosteres of cyano-arenes shows great promise;however,there are currently no catalytic methods available for their synthesis.Herein,we report a palladium-catalyzed enantioselective [2σ+2π] cycloadditions of bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes with arylidenemalononitriles for the preparation of chiral cyano-BCHs.This method accommodated a wide range of substrates and tolerated various functional groups.The cyano-BCH products could be transformed to molecules with diverse functionality.Control experiments suggest that the reaction proceeds via a zwitterionic intermediate generated by palladium-mediated ring opening of vinyl-carbonyl bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes followed by stereoselective 1,2-addition and intramolecular allylic substitution reactions.
基金supported by Hebei Province Natural Science Foundation(H2023423037)The Government Funded Clinical Program of Hebei Province(No.ZF2025287)+1 种基金Special Project of Hebei Industrial Technology Institute for Traditional Chinese Medicine Preparation(No.YJY2024001)Chinese Medicine Scientific Research Program of Hebei Province(No.2025222).
文摘Background:Acute kidney injury(AKI),characterized by rapid renal dysfunction(KDIGO 2022 criteria:48-hour doubling of serum creatinine or<0.5 mL/kg/h urine output for>6 h),affects 13.3 million people annually with>20%mortality.Its progression involves metabolic imbalances,toxin accumulation,and multiorgan failure,often culminating in chronic kidney disease.Current therapies(fluid resuscitation,diuretics,renal replacement therapy)remain limited.Inflammation drives AKI pathogenesis:renal insults(ischemia,toxins)trigger tubular cell release of pro-inflammatory mediators(TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6),activating neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin(NGAL)and dysregulating P38 MAPK/ERK pathways.This cascade promotes leukocyte infiltration,oxidative stress,and apoptosis,exacerbating renal damage.Ononin,a flavonoid from Astragali Radix,shows multi-target potential by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines,modulating signaling,and mitigating oxidative stress.Its dual anti-inflammatory/antioxidant properties position it as a promising candidate for AKI intervention.Exploring the ameliorative effect of ononin on the inflammatory response Ameliorative effect of ononin on the inflammatory response in doxorubicin-induced AKI mice.Methods:We used network pharmacology to explore ononin’s target molecules and AKI-related disease molecules,identified their intersections,and predicted potential mechanisms via enrichment analysis,followed by molecular docking verification.For in-vivo validation,50 mice were randomly divided into five groups(n=10/group):Control,Model,Ononin-L(15 mg/kg),Ononin-H(60 mg/kg),and Dexamethasone(2.6 mg/kg).An AKI model was established by intravenous tail-vein injection of Doxorubicin(15 mg/kg).Samples were collected 12 h post-induction.We calculated the renal coefficient,examined renal histopathology using hematoxylin and eosin(HE),periodic acid-Schiff(PAS),and Masson’s trichrome(MASSON)staining,and observed mitochondrial morphology by electron microscopy(EM).ELISA was used to measure NGAL,serum creatinine(Scr),and blood urea nitrogen(BUN)levels in serum.Immunofluorescence(IF)evaluated the expression of P-P38,P-ERK,NGAL,and KIM-1 in renal tissues.RT-qPCR assessed the gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines,MAPK pathway components,and renal injury markers in kidney tissues.Western Blot(WB)quantified P-P38,P38 MAPK,P-ERK,ERK,NGAL,and KIM-1 in renal tissues.Results:Network pharmacology analysis suggested that ononin could attenuate AKI through its anti-inflammatory properties and regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway.The Model group exhibited a significantly elevated renal coefficient(P<0.05),severe histopathological damage,and mitochondrial dysfunction compared to controls.Serum levels of NGAL,Scr,and BUN were markedly increased(P<0.05),indicating impaired renal function.Enhanced fluorescence signals of P-P38 MAPK,P-ERK,NGAL,and KIM-1 suggested activation of MAPK pathways and renal injury.Upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines(IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α)and MAPK-related genes(P38 MAPK,ERK)alongside injury markers(NGAL,KIM-1)(P<0.05).Increased ratios of phosphorylated-to-total proteins(P-P38/P38,P-ERK/ERK)and elevated NGAL/KIM-1 protein levels confirmed pathway dysregulation.Treatment significantly reduced the renal coefficient(P<0.05),attenuated histological damage,and restored mitochondrial integrity.NGAL,Scr,and BUN levels were lowered,reflecting functional recovery.Diminished fluorescence intensities of P-P38,P-ERK,NGAL,and KIM-1 indicated suppression of injury pathways.Downregulation of inflammatory cytokines(IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α),MAPK components(P38 MAPK,ERK),and injury markers(NGAL,KIM-1)(P<0.05).Reduced phosphorylation ratios(P-P38/P38,P-ERK/ERK)and decreased NGAL/KIM-1 protein expression demonstrated therapeutic efficacy.Conclusion:Ononin ameliorates inflammatory responses in AKI mice via the P38 MAPK/ERK pathway.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81671263(to XX)Scientific Research and Innovation Team,Education Department of Anhui Province,China,No.2023AH010072(to XX)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province,No.2208085MH221(to XX)The Key Projects for National Science Research of Education Department of Anhui Province,No.KJ2021A0851(to YD).
文摘Cmyc,a proto-oncogene,is expressed at extremely low levels in mature neurons and is traditionally thought to have no function in these cells.However,recent studies suggest that Cmyc may play a crucial role in maintaining the health and function of mature dopaminergic neurons.This study assessed the role of Cmyc in dopaminergic neurons and its significance in Parkinson’s disease.We used a conditional knockout approach to specifically delete Cmyc in substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons of adult mice.Our findings showed that Cmyc deletion led to progressive neuron loss,Parkinson’s disease-like symptoms,downregulation of Klotho,and upregulation of senescence-associated inflammatory factors,along with enhanced oxidative stress and nitrated alpha-synuclein accumulation,ultimately causing neuronal death.In vitro experiments confirmed increased senescence in C-MYC knockout cells,which was partially reversible by KLOTHO overexpression.We conclude that low-level Cmyc expression is essential for maintaining the health of mature dopaminergic neurons and preventing neurodegeneration,and suggest the c-Myc/Klotho axis as a potential therapeutic target for age-related neurodegenerative diseases,including Parkinson’s disease.Our study introduces a novel mouse model for Parkinson’s disease that replicates a condition associated with normal aging,offering a valuable tool for future research into disease mechanisms and therapeutic strategies.
基金financially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities(No.24D110627)。
文摘The preparation and functionalization of polymeric capsules attract intense attention due to their application in various areas.Herein we presented an amphiphilic alternating copolymer(ACP)-based microcapsule which is both robust and readily-functionalized through interfacial click polymerization.A water-in-oil emulsion was constructed to act as the reaction medium,the hydrophilic 1,3-butadiene diepoxide(BDE)in water phase reacted with the oleophilic 1,4-dibutanedithiol(BDT)in oil phase at the water-oil interface to form the amphiphilic ACP named poly(2,3-dihydroxy butylene-alt-butylene dithioether)(abbreviated as P(DHB-a-BDT)below),which would deposite in situ to form the micro-sized capsules.Significantly,the dried capsules are robust enough to be rehydrated once the water was added and almost restored their original morphologies.Further elucidation showed that the Young's modulus of these capsules exceeded 1 GPa.As long as we know,it is the first time for the mechanical properties of the ACP-based microstructures being investigated.Besides,functionalization could be achieved simultaneously with the formation process.As a proof of concept,positive-charged capsules were successfully obtained through click copolymerization.Stemming from the unique characteristics of amphiphilic ACPs which combined both merits of click chemistry and interfacial reactions,all these features of the current method as well as the resultant capsules may promote the application of the polymeric capsules.
基金funded by the Open Project Funding of Key Laboratory of Intelligent Health Perception and Ecological Restoration of Rivers and Lakes,Ministry of Education,Hubei University of Technology(HGKFYBP03)the Open Foundation of Resource-exhausted City Transformation and Development Research Center(Hubei Normal University)(KF2024Y07)the College Students'Innovative Entrepreneurial Training Plan Program(S202410513099,202410513009).
文摘Biological invasion is a pressing environmental and ecological challenge worldwide.Cabomba caroliniana(C.caroliniana),a submerged macrophyte native to South America,is listed as a high-priority invasive species in several countries.It is critical to understand how water temperature influences its invasiveness for effective management.However,research on the effects of water temperature on C.caroliniana the growth is limited.This study used controlled experiments to examine how water temperature(5-30℃)affects the morphological,physiological,photosynthetic,and stoichiometric traits of C.caroliniana.The results showed that broad water temperature tolerance of C.caroliniana significantly impacts its reproductive capacity and invasive potential.At 5-10℃,cold stress induced carotenoid synthesis and total organic carbon accumulation,enabling adaptation to low temperatures.However,C.caroliniana grew slowly,as its root development was limited,and its invasiveness remained low.At 20-30℃,increased chlorophyll synthesis and enhanced resource-use efficiency supported rapid growth,including more branches,leading to high invasion and dispersal potential.Thus,C.caroliniana exhibited strong colonization and spread quickly in tropical and subtropical waters(>20℃).In temperate zones,populations can be established during summer(20-25℃)and survive winter hrough cold adaptation.We recommended prioritizing control measures during warm seasons(20-30℃)to disrupt propagule dispersal,alongside early monitoring in temperate waters to inhibit ecological invasion.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52293472,22473096 and 22471164)。
文摘Among various architectures of polymers,end-group-free rings have attracted growing interests due to their distinct physicochemical performances over the linear counterparts which are exemplified by reduced hydrodynamic size and slower degradation.It is key to develop facile methods to large-scale synthesis of polymer rings with tunable compositions and microstructures.Recent progresses in large-scale synthesis of polymer rings against single-chain dynamic nanoparticles,and the example applications in synchronous enhancing toughness and strength of polymer nanocomposites are summarized.Once there is the breakthrough in rational design and effective large-scale synthesis of polymer rings and their functional derivatives,a family of cyclic functional hybrids would be available,thus providing a new paradigm in developing polymer science and engineering.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22179020,12174057)Foreign Science and Technology Cooperation Project of Fuzhou Science and Technology Bureau(No.2024-Y-006)+3 种基金Natural Science Foundations of Fujian Province(No.2025J01659)Fujian province's“Young Eagle Program”Youth Top Talents ProgramNatural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2024A1515012077)Major Talent Programs of Guangdong Province(2023QN10C405)。
文摘Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)(NVP)is a promising electrode material that exhibits magnetic anisotropy;however,the potential of this magnetic anisotropy to optimize battery performance has been largely unexplored.This study proposes a cost-effective and efficient method to induce the alignment of NVP along the(113)crystal plane by applying a vertical magnetic field during the slurry coating process,thereby enhancing its battery performance.Comprehensive structural characterizations and theoretical analysis elucidate the structure-activity relationship between the preferred crystal orientation and ion transport kinetics,facilitating the formation of more ordered Na+deintercalation pathways in NVP electrodes.This alignment reduces electrode tortuosity,enhances interfacial compatibility,and substantially improves battery performance,particularly in terms of high-rate cycling capability.As a result,the magnetic-field-modulated NVP(NVP-M⊥)electrode exhibits a high capacity retention of85.1%after 500 cycles at 5 C,significantly surpassing that of the pristine electrode.The NVP-M⊥electrode also demonstrates considerable reversible capacity at 40 C and maintains excellent stability under high temperature and prolonged cycling conditions.Furthermore,superior battery performance is observed in the assembled NVP-M⊥‖hard-carbon pouch cell and commercial NVP electrode following magnetic-field modulation,thereby validating the efficacy of this method.Consequently,this magnetic-field-induced crystal-orientation optimization strategy provides an innovative approach for low-cost and highthroughput preparation of high-performance sodium-ion batteries.
基金funded by the“Pioneer”and“Leading Goose”R&D Program of Zhejiang(No.2023C03017)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.GZC20230373)+5 种基金Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LQ24B070010)CMA Key Open Laboratory of Transforming Climate Resources to Economy(No.2024004K)Natural Science Foundation of Huzhou City(No.2024YZ19)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22202032,22406020 and 22406019)the Key Research and Development Projects of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China(No.2022B02031)Joint Fund of the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LBMHY25E060009)。
文摘Elucidating the active site formation mechanism of bismuth(Bi)-based catalysts in electrochemical CO_(2)reduction remains challenging for achieving high activity,selectivity,and long-term stability.Here we confirm through experimental results that Bi-based catalysts containing halogen ions(I^(-),Cl^(-),Br^(-))and SO_(4)^(2-)maintain the system stability,keeping Faraday efficiency of formic acid above90%in the current range of 50-800 mA cm^(-2).In contrast,anions containing S^(2-)and NO_(3)^(-)in the electrolyte can be reduced to produce by-products.These anions and their by-products could poison the active center,leading to increased side reactions and thus significantly reducing the Faraday efficiency of formic acid.The combination of non-in situ and in situ characterization results revealed that the Bi-based catalysts all underwent the transition from the initial state to the Bi/Bi_(2)O_(2)CO_(3)(BOC)intermediate state in high-concentration KHCO_(3) solution,and the different anions could selectively modulate the degree of exposure of specific crystalline surfaces of BOC.At the late stage of the reaction,BOC was completely converted to metal Bi and became the real active center.Combined with in situ IR and DFT calculations,it is further verified that^(*)OCHO is the key intermediate on the metallic Bi surface,which is most favorable for formic acid formation.This study reveals the key mechanism by which anions affect the formation of active sites via modulating the catalyst reconstruction process,which provides an important theoretical basis for the design and optimization of test conditions of Bi-based catalysts.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China,Nos.82325031(to FX),82030059(to YC),82102290(to YG),U23A20485(to YC)Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project,No.2023ZD0505504(to FX),2023ZD0505500(to YC)the Key R&D Program of Shandong Province,No.2022ZLGX03(to YC).
文摘Global brain ischemia and neurological deficit are consequences of cardiac arrest that lead to high mortality.Despite advancements in resuscitation science,our limited understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying post-cardiac arrest brain injury have hindered the development of effective neuroprotective strategies.Previous studies primarily focused on neuronal death,potentially overlooking the contributions of non-neuronal cells and intercellular communication to the pathophysiology of cardiac arrest-induced brain injury.To address these gaps,we hypothesized that single-cell transcriptomic analysis could uncover previously unidentified cellular subpopulations,altered cell communication networks,and novel molecular mechanisms involved in post-cardiac arrest brain injury.In this study,we performed a single-cell transcriptomic analysis of the hippocampus from pigs with ventricular fibrillation-induced cardiac arrest at 6 and 24 hours following the return of spontaneous circulation,and from sham control pigs.Sequencing results revealed changes in the proportions of different cell types,suggesting post-arrest disruption in the blood-brain barrier and infiltration of neutrophils.These results were validated through western blotting,quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction,and immunofluorescence staining.We also identified and validated a unique subcluster of activated microglia with high expression of S100A8,which increased over time following cardiac arrest.This subcluster simultaneously exhibited significant M1/M2 polarization and expressed key functional genes related to chemokines and interleukins.Additionally,we revealed the post-cardiac arrest dysfunction of oligodendrocytes and the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells into oligodendrocytes.Cell communication analysis identified enhanced post-cardiac arrest communication between neutrophils and microglia that was mediated by neutrophil-derived resistin,driving pro-inflammatory microglial polarization.Our findings provide a comprehensive single-cell map of the post-cardiac arrest hippocampus,offering potential novel targets for neuroprotection and repair following cardiac arrest.
基金supported by the Tianjin Municipal Education Commission Scientific Research Plan Project(Grant No.2022ZD042).
文摘“Shen”is one of the core contents in the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).Taoist philosophy plays an important role in promoting the theoretical shaping and medical transformation of“Shen”.Taking the medical history as the thread and medical philosophy as the speculative dimension,this paper systematically sorts out the evolutionary trajectory of“Shen”in TCM from supernatural worship to philosophical abstraction,and then to medical embodiment,deeply analyzes the shaping effect of Taoist thought on the theoretical framework of“Shen”,and interprets its contemporary medical value.The research shows that Taoist philosophy provides a cosmological foundation,the core of the interdependence of essence,Qi,blood and Shen,and the guidance of spiritual inward concentration for“Shen”in TCM;Huangdi Neijing(Yellow Emperor’s Internal Classic)deeply integrates Taoist philosophy with medical practice,promoting the medical transformation of“Shen”.Its core ideas of“the unity of nature and man”and“the unity of form and Shen”provide traditional wisdom for modern psychosomatic medicine and systems medicine.The“Shen”theory,for which Taoist philosophy serves as an important intellectual source,is not only a crucial foundation for the inheritance and innovation of TCM theory,but also provides important ideological reference for the holistic development of modern medicine.
基金supported by the Start-up Fund from Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai Magnolia Tatent Plan-Pujiang Project(Grant No.24PJA041)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,Grant Nos.22025505,22220102002).
文摘Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have emerged as a revolutionary photovoltaic technology due to their exceptional optoelectronic properties and low-cost solution processability,yet their fabrication typically demands stringent inert conditions to mitigate environmental degradation.However,achieving efficient and stable PSC fabrication in ambient air is crucial for their widespread commercialization,as it significantly reduces manufacturing costs,simplifies process flow,and enables scalable roll-to-roll and printing techniques.The main challenges hindering ambient processing include moisture-induced degradation,oxygen-related oxidation,and humidity-driven variations in crystallization kinetics,which often lead to reduced film quality,defective interfaces,and limited device performance.Recent advancements in ambient-air processing of PSCs present a promising pathway toward scalable and eco-friendly manufacturing,though challenges such as moisture sensitivity,oxygeninduced degradation,and crystallization control remain.This review examines ambient-air effects on perovskite formation,device performance,and stability,alongside strategies for improvement via compositional engineering,solvent optimization,and novel deposition methods.Furthermore,we discuss the progress in lab-scale and large-scale ambient-air fabrication methods,emphasizing their potential for industrial translation.Finally,we outline future research directions to enhance the efficiency,stability,and commercial viability of air-processed PSCs,underscoring their critical role in sustainable energy development.
基金funded by the USDANIFA grant 2019-67013-29236the USDA HATCH program FLA-MFC-006387,awarded to Heqiang Huo.
文摘Basic helix-loop-helix(bHLH)transcription factors regulate diverse plant processes,particularly anthocyanin biosynthesis through the MYB-bHLH-WD40 complex.Despite snapdragon(Antirrhinum majus)serving as a classical model for studying flower pigmentation genetics,its bHLH gene family has rarely been comprehensively characterized.Here,we performed a genome-wide identification and systematic characterization of the bHLH gene family in A.majus,with a focus on candidates involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis.A total of 150 AmbHLH genes were identified and subjected to in-silico analyses,including phylogenetic classification,structural analysis,and promoter cis-element characterization.Comparative transcriptomic profiling between anthocyanin-poor(“SIPPE50”,Green)and anthocyanin-rich(“JI2R”,Red)snapdragon lines highlighted eight differentially expressed AmbHLHs.AmbHLH001,AmbHLH002,and AmbHLH042 showed significant upregulation in the anthocyanin-rich line and showed positive correlations with the expression of key anthocyanin biosynthetic genes.Among these,AmbHLH002 was prioritized as a candidate and was assessed via heterologous overexpression in tomatoes.Notably,AmbHLH002 is a newly identified regulator whose overexpression in tomato resulted in visible purple pigmentation and increased anthocyanin accumulation.These findings support the view that AmbHLH002 acts as a positive regulator,with phylogenetic evidence for conservation of anthocyanin biosynthesis,presenting valuable potential for engineering pigmentation traits in ornamental plants and serving as a candidate visible marker for plant genetic transformation.
