Bio-oil is a renewable fuel that can be obtained from biomass waste,such as empty palm fruit bunches,sugarcane bagasse,and rice husks.Within a biorefinery framework,bio-oil had not met the standards as a fuel due to t...Bio-oil is a renewable fuel that can be obtained from biomass waste,such as empty palm fruit bunches,sugarcane bagasse,and rice husks.Within a biorefinery framework,bio-oil had not met the standards as a fuel due to the presence of impurities like corrosive phenol.Therefore,the separation of phenol from bio-oil is essential and can be achieved using the extraction method.In this study,biomass wastes(empty fruit bunches of oil palm,sugarcane bagasse,and rice husk)were pyrolyzed in a biorefinery framework to produce bio-oil,which was then refined through liquid-liquid extraction with a methanol-chloroform and ethyl acetate solvents to remove its phenolic compound.The extraction with methanol-chloroform solvent was carried out for 1 h at 50℃.Meanwhile,extraction with ethyl acetate solvent was carried out for 3 h at 70℃.Both extractions used the same variations,i.e.,bio-oil:solvent ratio at 1:1,1:2,1:3,and 1:4,and stirring speeds of 150 rpm,200 rpm,250 rpm,and 300 rpm.The bio-oil obtained from this study contained complex chemical compounds and had characteristics such as a pH of 5,a density of 1.116 g/mL,and a viscosity of 29.57 cSt.Theoptimization results using response surface methodology(RSM)showed that the best yield formethanolchloroform was 72.98%at a stirring speed of 250 rpm and a ratio of 1:3.As for ethyl acetate solvent,the highest yield obtained was 71.78%at a stirring speed of 237.145 rpm and a ratio of 1:2.展开更多
Background:Chiglitazar is a novel pan-agonist that can activate all three subtypes of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor.It was approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus as monotherapy on October ...Background:Chiglitazar is a novel pan-agonist that can activate all three subtypes of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor.It was approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus as monotherapy on October 19,2021,and as combination therapy with metformin when using metformin alone failed in blood glucose control on July 16,2024,by the National Medical Products Administration(NMPA)in China.However,pharmacokinetic(PK)study of this product in patients with renal impairment have not yet been conducted.The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of renal impairment on the PK and safety after a single oral dose of Chiglitazar.Methods:This multicenter,open-label,parallel-controlled,single-dose Phase I clinical trial(NCT 05515458)enrolled 24 participants(12/group)with severe renal impairment(SRI)or normal renal function(NRF).All participants received a single oral dose of 48 mg chiglitazar after breakfast and the PK and safety was evaluated.Results:The median Tmax was similar in both SRI and NRF groups(5.01 vs.5.02 hours).The geometric mean ratios(GMR)for Cmax,AUC0-t,and AUC0-∞were 0.807(90%confidence interval[CI]:0.697–0.935),0.853(90%CI:0.713–1.02),and 0.855(90%CI:0.716–1.02),respectively,indicating that SRI did not significantly affect the exposure of chiglitazar.The Cmax was weakly positively correlated with eGFR(r=0.4798,P=0.0177)and creatinine clearance rate(r=0.4667,P=0.0215).Urinary excretion of chiglitazar was negligible in the SRI group,with average values of Ae0-t=2,900 ng,Fe0-t=0.0060%,and CLR=0.323 mL/h within 0–72 hours post-dose.The treatment-emergent adverse event(TEAE)incidence in the SRI group(16.7%,2/12)was comparable to that in the NRF group(25%,3/12).All TEAEs were of mild severity and were adjudicated by the investigators to be unrelated to chiglitazar.No serious AE were reported.Chiglitazar exhibits a favorable safety profile.Conclusion:Severe renal impairment does not significantly affect the PK and safety of chiglitazar,and no dose adjustment for mild,moderate,and severe renal impairments is required.展开更多
We propose a Rate-Distortion (RD) optimized strategy for frame-dropping and scheduling of multi-user conversa- tional and streaming videos. We consider a scenario where conversational and streaming videos share the fo...We propose a Rate-Distortion (RD) optimized strategy for frame-dropping and scheduling of multi-user conversa- tional and streaming videos. We consider a scenario where conversational and streaming videos share the forwarding resources at a network node. Two buffers are setup on the node to temporarily store the packets for these two types of video applications. For streaming video, a big buffer is used as the associated delay constraint of the application is moderate and a very small buffer is used for conversational video to ensure that the forwarding delay of every packet is limited. A scheduler is located behind these two buffers that dynamically assigns transmission slots on the outgoing link to the two buffers. Rate-distortion side information is used to perform RD-optimized frame dropping in case of node overload. Sharing the data rate on the outgoing link between the con- versational and the streaming videos is done either based on the fullness of the two associated buffers or on the mean incoming rates of the respective videos. Simulation results showed that our proposed RD-optimized frame dropping and scheduling ap- proach provides significant improvements in performance over the popular priority-based random dropping (PRD) technique.展开更多
High-intensity and large-scale resource development seriously threatens the fragile ecological environment in the red soil hilly region in southern China. This paper analyzes the eco-geological environmental problems ...High-intensity and large-scale resource development seriously threatens the fragile ecological environment in the red soil hilly region in southern China. This paper analyzes the eco-geological environmental problems and factors affecting Ganzhou, a mining city in the red soil hilly region,based on field survey and literature. The ecogeological environment quality(EGEQ) assessment system, which covered 11 indicators in physical geography, mining development, geological hazards,as well as water and soil pollution, was established through multi-source data utilization such as remote sensing images, DEM(Digital Elevation Model), field survey and on-site monitoring data. The comprehensive weight of each indicator was calculated through the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) and entropy method. The eco-geological environment assessment map was developed by calculating the EGEQ value through the linear weighted method. The assessment results show that the EGEQ was classified into I-V grades from excellent to worse, among which, EGEQ of I-II accounted for 29.88%, EGEQ of III accounted for 32.35% and EGEQ of IV-V accounted for 37.77%;the overall EGEQ of Ganzhou was moderate. The assessment system utilized in this research provides scientific and accurate results, which in turn enable the proposal of some tangible protection suggestions.展开更多
In this work we selected one particular fibril from a high resolution observation of the solar chromosphere with the Dutch Open Telescope, and tried to obtain a broad picture of the intricate mechanism that might be o...In this work we selected one particular fibril from a high resolution observation of the solar chromosphere with the Dutch Open Telescope, and tried to obtain a broad picture of the intricate mechanism that might be operating in the multiple layers of the solar atmosphere visible in high cadence multi-wavelength observations. We analyzed the changing fibril pattern using multi-wavelength tomography, which consists of both the Hα line center and the blue wing, Doppler signal, Ca II H, and the G-band. We have found that the intermittent ejected material through the fibril from Doppler images has clearly shown an oscillation mode, as seen in the Hα blue wing.The oscillations in the umbrae and penumbrae magnetic field lines that are above the sunspot cause a broadening and the area forms a ring shape from 3 to 15 minute oscillations as a function of height. These made a distinct boundary between the umbrae and penumbrae which suggests a comb structure, and indicates that the oscillations could propagate along the inclined magnetic flux tubes from below. The 3 minute oscillations strongly appeared in the broadly inclined penumbrae magnetic field lines and showed a clear light bridge. The well known 5 minute oscillations were dominant in the umbrae-penumbrae region boundary. The long 7 minute oscillations were transparent in the Hα blue wing, as well as the 10 and 15 minute oscillations. They were concentrated in the inner-penumbrae, as seen in the Hα line center. From these findings we propose that the fibril acts as a fabric for interaction between the layers,as well as related activities around the active region under investigation.展开更多
Hydrophobic acid organic matter （HpoA） extracted from treated effluent has been known to improve the rejection of steroid hormone estrone by reverse osmosis （RO） and nanofiltration （NF） membranes. In this study,...Hydrophobic acid organic matter （HpoA） extracted from treated effluent has been known to improve the rejection of steroid hormone estrone by reverse osmosis （RO） and nanofiltration （NF） membranes. In this study, the effects of solution chemistry （solution pH and ionic strength） on the estrone rejection by NF membrane with the presence of HpoA were systematically investigated. Crossflow nanofiltration experiments show that the presence of HpoA significantly improved estrone rejection at all pH and ionic strength levels investigated. It is consistently shown that the ＂enhancement effect＂ of HpoA on estrone rejection at neutral and alkaline pH is attributed to the binding of estrone by HpoA macromolecules via hydrogen bonding between phenolic functional groups in feed solutions, which leads to an increase in molecular weight and appearance of negative charge. The membrane exhibited the best performance in terms ofestrone rejection at pH 10.4 （compared to pH 4 and pH 7） as a result of strengthening the electrostatic repulsion between estrone and membrane with the presence of HpoA. At neutral pH level, the ability of HpoA macromolecules to promote estrone rejection became stronger with increasing ionic strength due to their more extended conformation, which created more chances for the association between estrone and HpoA. The important conclusion of this study is that increasing solution pH and salinity can greatly intensify the ＂enhancement effect＂ of HpoA. These results can be important for NF application in direct/indirect potable water reuse.展开更多
Spatial modes have received substantial attention over the last decades and are used in optical communication applications.In fiber-optic communications,the employed linearly polarized modes and phase vortex modes car...Spatial modes have received substantial attention over the last decades and are used in optical communication applications.In fiber-optic communications,the employed linearly polarized modes and phase vortex modes carrying orbital angular momentum can be synthesized by fiber vector eigenmodes.To improve the transmission capacity and miniaturize the communication system,straightforward fiber vector eigenmode multiplexing and generation of fiber-eigenmode-like polarization vortices(vector vortex modes)using photonic integrated devices are of substantial interest.Here,we propose and demonstrate direct fiber vector eigenmode multiplexing transmission seeded by integrated optical vortex emitters.By exploiting vector vortex modes(radially and azimuthally polarized beams)generated from silicon microring resonators etched with angular gratings,we report data-carrying fiber vector eigenmode multiplexing transmission through a 2-km large-core fiber,showing low-level mode crosstalk and favorable link performance.These demonstrations may open up added capacity scaling opportunities by directly accessing multiple vector eigenmodes in the fiber and provide compact solutions to replace bulky diffractive optical elements for generating various optical vector beams.展开更多
The specific and multiplexed detection of DNA underpins many analytical methods,including the detection of microorganisms that are important in the medical,veterinary,and environmental sciences.To achieve such measure...The specific and multiplexed detection of DNA underpins many analytical methods,including the detection of microorganisms that are important in the medical,veterinary,and environmental sciences.To achieve such measurements generally requires enzyme-mediated amplification of the low concentrations of the target nucleic acid sequences present,together with the precise control of temperature,as well as the use of enzyme-compatible reagents.This inevitably leads to compromises between analytical performance and the complexity of the assay.The hybridization chain reaction(HCR)provides an attractive alternative,as a route to enzyme-free DNA amplification.To date,the linear nucleic acid products,produced during amplification,have not enabled the development of efficient multiplexing strategies,nor the use of label-free analysis.Here,we show that by designing new DNA nanoconstructs,we are able,for the first time,to increase the molecular dimensionality of HCR products,creating highly branched amplification products,which can be readily detected on label-free sensors.To show that this new,branching HCR system offers a route for enzyme-free,label-free DNA detection,we demonstrate the multiplexed detection of a target sequence(as the initiator)in whole blood.In the future,this technology will enable rapid point-of-care multiplexed clinical analysis or in-the-field environmental monitoring.展开更多
The morphology manipulation of nanomaterials by ion irradiation builds a way to precisely control physicochemical properties.Under the continuous irradiation of low energy Ga+,Ne+,and He+ions,an ion compaction effect ...The morphology manipulation of nanomaterials by ion irradiation builds a way to precisely control physicochemical properties.Under the continuous irradiation of low energy Ga+,Ne+,and He+ions,an ion compaction effect has been found in hollow FePt nanochains with ultrathin shell that the volumes of the nanochains are gradually compacted by ions.The deep learning algorithm has been successfully applied to automatically and precisely measure average sizes of spheres in hollow FePt nanochains.The compaction under ion irradiation is very fast in the very early period and then proceeds to a slow region.The compaction rates in both regions are linearly fitted and all the values are in the order of 10^(–17) to 10^(–14) cm^(2)/ion.Ion species and ion current have effect on the compaction rate.For example,the compaction rate of Ga+ions is larger than those of Ne+and He+ions under an identical current,while irradiation with larger current can compact nanochains faster.The ion compaction effect originates from the local shear deformation caused by the interaction between incident ions and the electrons of Fe and Pt atoms in the ultrathin shell.With continuous irradiation,the crystalline clusters of FePt nanchains firstly grow larger and then become amorphous.The ion compaction effect can be applied to tune the size and crystal structure of hollow structures with a precise rate by choosing appropriate ion species and current.展开更多
基金supported by theUniversitasNegeri Semarang throughDPAUNNES 2024The grant number is No.271.26.2/UN37/PPK.10/2024.
文摘Bio-oil is a renewable fuel that can be obtained from biomass waste,such as empty palm fruit bunches,sugarcane bagasse,and rice husks.Within a biorefinery framework,bio-oil had not met the standards as a fuel due to the presence of impurities like corrosive phenol.Therefore,the separation of phenol from bio-oil is essential and can be achieved using the extraction method.In this study,biomass wastes(empty fruit bunches of oil palm,sugarcane bagasse,and rice husk)were pyrolyzed in a biorefinery framework to produce bio-oil,which was then refined through liquid-liquid extraction with a methanol-chloroform and ethyl acetate solvents to remove its phenolic compound.The extraction with methanol-chloroform solvent was carried out for 1 h at 50℃.Meanwhile,extraction with ethyl acetate solvent was carried out for 3 h at 70℃.Both extractions used the same variations,i.e.,bio-oil:solvent ratio at 1:1,1:2,1:3,and 1:4,and stirring speeds of 150 rpm,200 rpm,250 rpm,and 300 rpm.The bio-oil obtained from this study contained complex chemical compounds and had characteristics such as a pH of 5,a density of 1.116 g/mL,and a viscosity of 29.57 cSt.Theoptimization results using response surface methodology(RSM)showed that the best yield formethanolchloroform was 72.98%at a stirring speed of 250 rpm and a ratio of 1:3.As for ethyl acetate solvent,the highest yield obtained was 71.78%at a stirring speed of 237.145 rpm and a ratio of 1:2.
文摘Background:Chiglitazar is a novel pan-agonist that can activate all three subtypes of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor.It was approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus as monotherapy on October 19,2021,and as combination therapy with metformin when using metformin alone failed in blood glucose control on July 16,2024,by the National Medical Products Administration(NMPA)in China.However,pharmacokinetic(PK)study of this product in patients with renal impairment have not yet been conducted.The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of renal impairment on the PK and safety after a single oral dose of Chiglitazar.Methods:This multicenter,open-label,parallel-controlled,single-dose Phase I clinical trial(NCT 05515458)enrolled 24 participants(12/group)with severe renal impairment(SRI)or normal renal function(NRF).All participants received a single oral dose of 48 mg chiglitazar after breakfast and the PK and safety was evaluated.Results:The median Tmax was similar in both SRI and NRF groups(5.01 vs.5.02 hours).The geometric mean ratios(GMR)for Cmax,AUC0-t,and AUC0-∞were 0.807(90%confidence interval[CI]:0.697–0.935),0.853(90%CI:0.713–1.02),and 0.855(90%CI:0.716–1.02),respectively,indicating that SRI did not significantly affect the exposure of chiglitazar.The Cmax was weakly positively correlated with eGFR(r=0.4798,P=0.0177)and creatinine clearance rate(r=0.4667,P=0.0215).Urinary excretion of chiglitazar was negligible in the SRI group,with average values of Ae0-t=2,900 ng,Fe0-t=0.0060%,and CLR=0.323 mL/h within 0–72 hours post-dose.The treatment-emergent adverse event(TEAE)incidence in the SRI group(16.7%,2/12)was comparable to that in the NRF group(25%,3/12).All TEAEs were of mild severity and were adjudicated by the investigators to be unrelated to chiglitazar.No serious AE were reported.Chiglitazar exhibits a favorable safety profile.Conclusion:Severe renal impairment does not significantly affect the PK and safety of chiglitazar,and no dose adjustment for mild,moderate,and severe renal impairments is required.
基金Project (No. STE1093/1-1) supported by the German ResearchFoundation, Germany
文摘We propose a Rate-Distortion (RD) optimized strategy for frame-dropping and scheduling of multi-user conversa- tional and streaming videos. We consider a scenario where conversational and streaming videos share the forwarding resources at a network node. Two buffers are setup on the node to temporarily store the packets for these two types of video applications. For streaming video, a big buffer is used as the associated delay constraint of the application is moderate and a very small buffer is used for conversational video to ensure that the forwarding delay of every packet is limited. A scheduler is located behind these two buffers that dynamically assigns transmission slots on the outgoing link to the two buffers. Rate-distortion side information is used to perform RD-optimized frame dropping in case of node overload. Sharing the data rate on the outgoing link between the con- versational and the streaming videos is done either based on the fullness of the two associated buffers or on the mean incoming rates of the respective videos. Simulation results showed that our proposed RD-optimized frame dropping and scheduling ap- proach provides significant improvements in performance over the popular priority-based random dropping (PRD) technique.
基金financially supported by the Key Special Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.41941018)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering (Tongji University)the Ministry of Education (Grant No.KLE-TJGE-B1905)。
文摘High-intensity and large-scale resource development seriously threatens the fragile ecological environment in the red soil hilly region in southern China. This paper analyzes the eco-geological environmental problems and factors affecting Ganzhou, a mining city in the red soil hilly region,based on field survey and literature. The ecogeological environment quality(EGEQ) assessment system, which covered 11 indicators in physical geography, mining development, geological hazards,as well as water and soil pollution, was established through multi-source data utilization such as remote sensing images, DEM(Digital Elevation Model), field survey and on-site monitoring data. The comprehensive weight of each indicator was calculated through the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) and entropy method. The eco-geological environment assessment map was developed by calculating the EGEQ value through the linear weighted method. The assessment results show that the EGEQ was classified into I-V grades from excellent to worse, among which, EGEQ of I-II accounted for 29.88%, EGEQ of III accounted for 32.35% and EGEQ of IV-V accounted for 37.77%;the overall EGEQ of Ganzhou was moderate. The assessment system utilized in this research provides scientific and accurate results, which in turn enable the proposal of some tangible protection suggestions.
文摘In this work we selected one particular fibril from a high resolution observation of the solar chromosphere with the Dutch Open Telescope, and tried to obtain a broad picture of the intricate mechanism that might be operating in the multiple layers of the solar atmosphere visible in high cadence multi-wavelength observations. We analyzed the changing fibril pattern using multi-wavelength tomography, which consists of both the Hα line center and the blue wing, Doppler signal, Ca II H, and the G-band. We have found that the intermittent ejected material through the fibril from Doppler images has clearly shown an oscillation mode, as seen in the Hα blue wing.The oscillations in the umbrae and penumbrae magnetic field lines that are above the sunspot cause a broadening and the area forms a ring shape from 3 to 15 minute oscillations as a function of height. These made a distinct boundary between the umbrae and penumbrae which suggests a comb structure, and indicates that the oscillations could propagate along the inclined magnetic flux tubes from below. The 3 minute oscillations strongly appeared in the broadly inclined penumbrae magnetic field lines and showed a clear light bridge. The well known 5 minute oscillations were dominant in the umbrae-penumbrae region boundary. The long 7 minute oscillations were transparent in the Hα blue wing, as well as the 10 and 15 minute oscillations. They were concentrated in the inner-penumbrae, as seen in the Hα line center. From these findings we propose that the fibril acts as a fabric for interaction between the layers,as well as related activities around the active region under investigation.
文摘Hydrophobic acid organic matter （HpoA） extracted from treated effluent has been known to improve the rejection of steroid hormone estrone by reverse osmosis （RO） and nanofiltration （NF） membranes. In this study, the effects of solution chemistry （solution pH and ionic strength） on the estrone rejection by NF membrane with the presence of HpoA were systematically investigated. Crossflow nanofiltration experiments show that the presence of HpoA significantly improved estrone rejection at all pH and ionic strength levels investigated. It is consistently shown that the ＂enhancement effect＂ of HpoA on estrone rejection at neutral and alkaline pH is attributed to the binding of estrone by HpoA macromolecules via hydrogen bonding between phenolic functional groups in feed solutions, which leads to an increase in molecular weight and appearance of negative charge. The membrane exhibited the best performance in terms ofestrone rejection at pH 10.4 （compared to pH 4 and pH 7） as a result of strengthening the electrostatic repulsion between estrone and membrane with the presence of HpoA. At neutral pH level, the ability of HpoA macromolecules to promote estrone rejection became stronger with increasing ionic strength due to their more extended conformation, which created more chances for the association between estrone and HpoA. The important conclusion of this study is that increasing solution pH and salinity can greatly intensify the ＂enhancement effect＂ of HpoA. These results can be important for NF application in direct/indirect potable water reuse.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)under grants 2014CB340004,2014CB340001 and 2014CB340003the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)under grants 11690031,61761130082,11574001,11774116,11274131,61222502,61575224 and 61622510+4 种基金the Royal Society-Newton Advanced Fellowshipthe National Program for Support of Top-notch Young Professionalsthe Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University(NCET-11-0182)the Program for HUST Academic Frontier Youth Team,the Project ROAM(H2020-ICT-2014-1—Contract Number:645361)the Project Cornerstone(EPSRC-EP/L021129/1)。
文摘Spatial modes have received substantial attention over the last decades and are used in optical communication applications.In fiber-optic communications,the employed linearly polarized modes and phase vortex modes carrying orbital angular momentum can be synthesized by fiber vector eigenmodes.To improve the transmission capacity and miniaturize the communication system,straightforward fiber vector eigenmode multiplexing and generation of fiber-eigenmode-like polarization vortices(vector vortex modes)using photonic integrated devices are of substantial interest.Here,we propose and demonstrate direct fiber vector eigenmode multiplexing transmission seeded by integrated optical vortex emitters.By exploiting vector vortex modes(radially and azimuthally polarized beams)generated from silicon microring resonators etched with angular gratings,we report data-carrying fiber vector eigenmode multiplexing transmission through a 2-km large-core fiber,showing low-level mode crosstalk and favorable link performance.These demonstrations may open up added capacity scaling opportunities by directly accessing multiple vector eigenmodes in the fiber and provide compact solutions to replace bulky diffractive optical elements for generating various optical vector beams.
基金Y.Guo's research was supported in part by NSF grant 1810868supported in part by NSF DMS-1501031,DMS-1900923+1 种基金the University of WisconsinMadison Graduate School with funding from the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundationpartially supported by MIUR-Prin。
文摘The goal of this paper is to study the important diffusive expansion via an alternative mathematical approach other than that in [21].
基金the James Watt Nanofabrication Centre for help with device fabrication and Dr Xiaofei Yuan for help with surface chemistry.The work was supported by EPSRC(EP/I017887/1 and EP/K027611/1)ERC 340117JR acknowledges a University of Glasgow Fellowship and GX a College Scholarship(UG).
文摘The specific and multiplexed detection of DNA underpins many analytical methods,including the detection of microorganisms that are important in the medical,veterinary,and environmental sciences.To achieve such measurements generally requires enzyme-mediated amplification of the low concentrations of the target nucleic acid sequences present,together with the precise control of temperature,as well as the use of enzyme-compatible reagents.This inevitably leads to compromises between analytical performance and the complexity of the assay.The hybridization chain reaction(HCR)provides an attractive alternative,as a route to enzyme-free DNA amplification.To date,the linear nucleic acid products,produced during amplification,have not enabled the development of efficient multiplexing strategies,nor the use of label-free analysis.Here,we show that by designing new DNA nanoconstructs,we are able,for the first time,to increase the molecular dimensionality of HCR products,creating highly branched amplification products,which can be readily detected on label-free sensors.To show that this new,branching HCR system offers a route for enzyme-free,label-free DNA detection,we demonstrate the multiplexed detection of a target sequence(as the initiator)in whole blood.In the future,this technology will enable rapid point-of-care multiplexed clinical analysis or in-the-field environmental monitoring.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52071009,52130103,51701202,and 12011530067)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.ZY2211).
文摘The morphology manipulation of nanomaterials by ion irradiation builds a way to precisely control physicochemical properties.Under the continuous irradiation of low energy Ga+,Ne+,and He+ions,an ion compaction effect has been found in hollow FePt nanochains with ultrathin shell that the volumes of the nanochains are gradually compacted by ions.The deep learning algorithm has been successfully applied to automatically and precisely measure average sizes of spheres in hollow FePt nanochains.The compaction under ion irradiation is very fast in the very early period and then proceeds to a slow region.The compaction rates in both regions are linearly fitted and all the values are in the order of 10^(–17) to 10^(–14) cm^(2)/ion.Ion species and ion current have effect on the compaction rate.For example,the compaction rate of Ga+ions is larger than those of Ne+and He+ions under an identical current,while irradiation with larger current can compact nanochains faster.The ion compaction effect originates from the local shear deformation caused by the interaction between incident ions and the electrons of Fe and Pt atoms in the ultrathin shell.With continuous irradiation,the crystalline clusters of FePt nanchains firstly grow larger and then become amorphous.The ion compaction effect can be applied to tune the size and crystal structure of hollow structures with a precise rate by choosing appropriate ion species and current.
