Deep learning methods are increasingly employed to forecast air quality from an everincreasing stream of data and algorithms.However,the efficacy of current approaches may be questionable when evaluated not solely in ...Deep learning methods are increasingly employed to forecast air quality from an everincreasing stream of data and algorithms.However,the efficacy of current approaches may be questionable when evaluated not solely in terms of greater forecasting fidelity,but also concerning the decision-making process in pollution early warning.Here,rather than amending classical machine learning algorithms,we argue that now is the time to push the frontiers of air pollutant forecasting beyond state-of-the-art approaches.This can be achieved through near real-time assimilation of multiscale observations for laying the foundation of training data,enhanced attribution methods for impending heavy pollution,diagnostics for forecasting uncertainty,and advanced climate-chemistry emulators for improving seasonal forecasting.To harness this potential,it is essential to address several key challenges in deep learning methods,particularly generalization ability in extreme events,physics-informed interpretable approaches,and the mitigation technology of cumulative errors in multi-process coupled systems.This interdisciplinary endeavor will remain a central pursuit in the quest to anticipate and manage environmental change.展开更多
Climate change presents a critical global challenge,threatening human well-being,ecosystems,economies,and societies.While mitigation efforts remain essential and critically important,the growing urgency of climate imp...Climate change presents a critical global challenge,threatening human well-being,ecosystems,economies,and societies.While mitigation efforts remain essential and critically important,the growing urgency of climate impacts necessitates immediate and effective adaptation measures.Effective adaptation strategies require advanced modeling tools with higher resolution,integration of ecosystem and social dynamics,and the ability to assess diverse adaptation scenarios.Local-scale models,which are performed at the scale of an administrative region,a country,or a specified region,are particularly valuable as they can incorporate specific adaptation measures and generate precise,contextspecific insights.These models play a key role in formulating tailored climate adaptation strategies and action plans.This paper explores the significance and challenges in developing such models,emphasizing the pressing need to accelerate their advancement.We call on the scientific community and policymakers to prioritize the development of tailored local-scale modeling tools and services to enhance resilience and better support adaptive responses to the complex and evolving challenges posed by climate change and rapid urbanization at the local level.展开更多
Lake ecosystems are extremely sensitive to nitrogen growth,which leads to water quality degradation and ecosystem health decline.Nitrogen depositions,as one of the main sources of nitrogen in water,are expected to cha...Lake ecosystems are extremely sensitive to nitrogen growth,which leads to water quality degradation and ecosystem health decline.Nitrogen depositions,as one of the main sources of nitrogen in water,are expected to change under future climate change scenarios.However,it remains not clear how nitrogen deposition to lakes respond to future meteorological conditions.In this study,a source-oriented version of Community Multiscale Air Quality(CMAQ)Model was used to estimate nitrogen deposition to 263 lakes in 2013 and under three RCP scenarios(4.5,6.0 and 8.5)in 2046.Annual total deposition of 58.2 Gg nitrogen was predicted for all lakes,with 23.3 Gg N by wet deposition and 34.9 Gg N by dry deposition.Nitrate and ammonium in aerosol phase are the major forms of wet deposition,while NH3 and HNO_(3)in gas phase are the major forms of dry deposition.Agriculture emissions contribute to 57%of wet deposition and 44%of dry deposition.Under future meteorological conditions,wet deposition is predicted to increase by 5.5%to 16.4%,while dry deposition would decrease by 0.3%to 13.0%.Changes in wind speed,temperature,relative humidity(RH),and precipitation rates are correlated with dry and wet deposition changes.The predicted changes in deposition to lakes driven by meteorological changes can lead to significant changes in aquatic chemistry and ecosystem functions.Apart from future emission scenarios,different climate scenarios should be considered in future ecosystem health evaluation in response to nitrogen deposition.展开更多
Suicide is defined as the act of a person attempting to take their own life by causing death.Suicide is a complex phenomenon that is influenced by a multitude of factors,including psychosocial,cultural,and religious a...Suicide is defined as the act of a person attempting to take their own life by causing death.Suicide is a complex phenomenon that is influenced by a multitude of factors,including psychosocial,cultural,and religious aspects,as well as genetic,biochemical,and environmental factors.From a biochemical perspective,it is crucial to consider the communication between the endocrine,immune,and nervous systems when studying the etiology of suicide.Several pathologies involve the bidirectional communication between the peripheral activity and the central nervous system by the action of molecules such as cytokines,hormones,and neurotransmitters.These humoral signals,when present in optimal quantities,are responsible for maintaining physiological homeostasis,including mood states.Stress elevates the cortisol and proinflammatory cytokines levels and alter neurotransmitters balance,thereby increasing the risk of developing a psychiatric disorder and subsequently the risk of suicidal behavior.This review provides an integrative perspective about the neurochemical,immunological,and endocrinological disturbances associated with suicidal behavior,with a particular focus on those alterations that may serve as potential risk markers and/or indicators of the state preceding such a tragic act.展开更多
Dear Colleagues,The International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO) is deeply committed to the health and safety of our communities during the COVID-19 pandemic.Unfortunately,due to escalating risks,a physical meeting of...Dear Colleagues,The International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO) is deeply committed to the health and safety of our communities during the COVID-19 pandemic.Unfortunately,due to escalating risks,a physical meeting of our international colleagues and partners at the World Ophthalmology Congress (WOC2020) in Cape Town 26-29 June,is no longer possible.While we are all disappointed that our face-to-face meeting is cancelled,the ICO remains devoted to bringing together the world’s ophthalmologists to learn the latest from one another,and to advance eye care during these extraordinarily challenging times.展开更多
Rill formation is the predominant erosion process in slope land in the Loess Plateau,China.This study was conducted to investigate rill erosion characteristics and their effects on runoff and sediment yielding process...Rill formation is the predominant erosion process in slope land in the Loess Plateau,China.This study was conducted to investigate rill erosion characteristics and their effects on runoff and sediment yielding processes under different slope gradients at a rate of 10°,15°,20°and 25°with rainfall intensity of 1.5 mm min-1 in a laboratory setting.Results revealed that mean rill depth and rill density has a positive interrelation to the slope gradient.To the contrary,width-depth ratio and distance of the longest rill to the top of the slope negatively related to slope gradient.All these suggested that increasing slope steepness could enhance rill headward erosion,vertical erosion and the fragmentation of the slope surface.Furthermore,total erosion tended to approach a stable maximum value with increasing slope,which implied that there is probably a threshold slope gradient where soil erosion begins to weaken.At the same time,the correlation analysis showed that there was a close connection between slope gradient and the variousindices of soil erosion:the correlation coefficients of slope gradient with maximal rill depth,number of rills and the distance of the longest rill from the top of the slope were 0.98,0.97 and-0.98,respectively,indicating that slope gradient is the major factor of affecting the development of rills.Furthermore,runoff was not sensitive to slope gradient and rill formation in this study.Sediment concentration,however,is positively related to slope gradient and rill formation,the sediment concentrations increased rapidly after rill initiation,especially.These results may be essential for soil loss prediction.展开更多
AIM： To shed some light on the relationship between anti-apoptotic serum Bcl-2 concentrations and metabolic status, anthropometric parameters, inflammation indi- ces, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease severity we...AIM： To shed some light on the relationship between anti-apoptotic serum Bcl-2 concentrations and metabolic status, anthropometric parameters, inflammation indi- ces, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease severity were investigated in 43 young individuals with fatty liver （FL） and 41 with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis （NASH）. METHODS： Circulating levels of Bcl-2 were detected in 84 patients with ultrasonographic findings of ＂bright liver＂ and/or hyper-transaminasemia of unknown origin and/or increase in T-glutamyl-transpeptidase （T-GT） strictly in the absence of other acute or chronic liver disease, whose age was not advanced, who gave consent to liver biopsy and were then divided on the basis of the histological results into two groups （43 with FL and 41 with NASH）. Twenty lean subjects, apparently healthy and young, were chosen as controls.RESULTS： Serum Bcl-2 concentrations were significantly higher in the FL group than in the NASH group. Insulin resistance and γ-GT activity were significantly higher in NASH subjects. Apoptotic hepatocytes were significantly more numerous in NASH patients. NASH patients presented with larger spleens and augmented C-reactive protein （CRP） concentrations than healthy subjects. Steatosis grade at histology was similar in both NASH and FL populations. The number of apoptotic cells was significantly related to anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein values in FL patients. Bcl-2 serum levels positively correlated to body mass index （BMI） values （P ~ 0.0001） but not to age of the population. Triglycerides/HDL ratio correlated well to waist circumference in males （P = 0.0008）. γ-GT activity was associated with homeostatic metabolic assessment （HOMA） （P = 0.0003） and with serum ferritin （P = 0.02）. Bcl-2 concentrations were not related to either spleen size or CRP values. NASH patients pre- sented a weak negative correlation between Iobular inflammation and Bcl-2 levels. A prediction by low values of serum Bcl-2 towards a greater presence of metabolically unhealthy overweight/obese patients （MUOs） was evidenced. HOMA, BMI and uric acid, in that sequence, best predicted serum Bcl-2 concentrations. CONCLUSION： IvlUOs could be detected by Bcl-2 levels. By favoring the life span of hepatocytes, and enhancing triglyceride formation, the anti-apoptotic process inhibits free fatty acids toxicity in FL.展开更多
The coronavirus(COVID-19)pandemic is disrupting the world from many aspects.In this study,the impact of emission variations on PM_(2.5)-bound elemental species and health risks associated to inhalation exposure has be...The coronavirus(COVID-19)pandemic is disrupting the world from many aspects.In this study,the impact of emission variations on PM_(2.5)-bound elemental species and health risks associated to inhalation exposure has been analyzed based on real-time measurements at a remote coastal site in Shanghai during the pandemic.Most trace elemental species decreased significantly and displayed almost no diel peaks during the lockdown.After the lockdown,they rebounded rapidly,of which V and Ni even exceeded the levels before the lockdown,suggesting the recovery of both inland and shipping activities.Five sources were identified based on receptor modeling.Coal combustion accounted for more than 70%of the measured elemental concentrations before and during the lockdown.Shipping emissions,fugitive/mineral dust,and waste incineration all showed elevated contributions after the lockdown.The total non-carcinogenic risk(HQ)for the target elements exceeded the risk threshold for both children and adults with chloride as the predominant species contributing to HQ.Whereas,the total carcinogenic risk(TR)for adults was above the acceptable level and much higher than that for children.Waste incineration was the largest contributor to HQ,while manufacture processing and coal combustion were the main sources of TR.Lockdown control measures were beneficial for lowering the carcinogenic risk while unexpectedly increased the non-carcinogenic risk.From the perspective of health effects,priorities of control measures should be given to waste incineration,manufacture processing,and coal combustion.A balanced way should be reached between both lowering the levels of air pollutants and their health risks.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42377098)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFC3701100).
文摘Deep learning methods are increasingly employed to forecast air quality from an everincreasing stream of data and algorithms.However,the efficacy of current approaches may be questionable when evaluated not solely in terms of greater forecasting fidelity,but also concerning the decision-making process in pollution early warning.Here,rather than amending classical machine learning algorithms,we argue that now is the time to push the frontiers of air pollutant forecasting beyond state-of-the-art approaches.This can be achieved through near real-time assimilation of multiscale observations for laying the foundation of training data,enhanced attribution methods for impending heavy pollution,diagnostics for forecasting uncertainty,and advanced climate-chemistry emulators for improving seasonal forecasting.To harness this potential,it is essential to address several key challenges in deep learning methods,particularly generalization ability in extreme events,physics-informed interpretable approaches,and the mitigation technology of cumulative errors in multi-process coupled systems.This interdisciplinary endeavor will remain a central pursuit in the quest to anticipate and manage environmental change.
基金support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42288101&42375183)Shanghai International Science and Technology Partnership Project(No.21230780200)+1 种基金Shanghai B&R Joint Laboratory Project(No.22230750300)EU HORIZON Project FOCI(No.101056783).
文摘Climate change presents a critical global challenge,threatening human well-being,ecosystems,economies,and societies.While mitigation efforts remain essential and critically important,the growing urgency of climate impacts necessitates immediate and effective adaptation measures.Effective adaptation strategies require advanced modeling tools with higher resolution,integration of ecosystem and social dynamics,and the ability to assess diverse adaptation scenarios.Local-scale models,which are performed at the scale of an administrative region,a country,or a specified region,are particularly valuable as they can incorporate specific adaptation measures and generate precise,contextspecific insights.These models play a key role in formulating tailored climate adaptation strategies and action plans.This paper explores the significance and challenges in developing such models,emphasizing the pressing need to accelerate their advancement.We call on the scientific community and policymakers to prioritize the development of tailored local-scale modeling tools and services to enhance resilience and better support adaptive responses to the complex and evolving challenges posed by climate change and rapid urbanization at the local level.
基金supported by the project of Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.51TGC202209)Shenzhen Science and Technology Plan(Nos.KJYY20180206180737010 and 6020320003K)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFC3701105).
文摘Lake ecosystems are extremely sensitive to nitrogen growth,which leads to water quality degradation and ecosystem health decline.Nitrogen depositions,as one of the main sources of nitrogen in water,are expected to change under future climate change scenarios.However,it remains not clear how nitrogen deposition to lakes respond to future meteorological conditions.In this study,a source-oriented version of Community Multiscale Air Quality(CMAQ)Model was used to estimate nitrogen deposition to 263 lakes in 2013 and under three RCP scenarios(4.5,6.0 and 8.5)in 2046.Annual total deposition of 58.2 Gg nitrogen was predicted for all lakes,with 23.3 Gg N by wet deposition and 34.9 Gg N by dry deposition.Nitrate and ammonium in aerosol phase are the major forms of wet deposition,while NH3 and HNO_(3)in gas phase are the major forms of dry deposition.Agriculture emissions contribute to 57%of wet deposition and 44%of dry deposition.Under future meteorological conditions,wet deposition is predicted to increase by 5.5%to 16.4%,while dry deposition would decrease by 0.3%to 13.0%.Changes in wind speed,temperature,relative humidity(RH),and precipitation rates are correlated with dry and wet deposition changes.The predicted changes in deposition to lakes driven by meteorological changes can lead to significant changes in aquatic chemistry and ecosystem functions.Apart from future emission scenarios,different climate scenarios should be considered in future ecosystem health evaluation in response to nitrogen deposition.
基金Supported by CONAHCYT Project,No.CF-2023-I-2663Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Project,No.NC24208.0(to Pérez-Sánchez G,Pavón L,Sánchez-Huerta K,Maldonado-García JL,Chin-Chan JM,Ponce-Regalado MD,Arreola R,Contis-Montes de Oca A,and Moreno-Lafont MC).
文摘Suicide is defined as the act of a person attempting to take their own life by causing death.Suicide is a complex phenomenon that is influenced by a multitude of factors,including psychosocial,cultural,and religious aspects,as well as genetic,biochemical,and environmental factors.From a biochemical perspective,it is crucial to consider the communication between the endocrine,immune,and nervous systems when studying the etiology of suicide.Several pathologies involve the bidirectional communication between the peripheral activity and the central nervous system by the action of molecules such as cytokines,hormones,and neurotransmitters.These humoral signals,when present in optimal quantities,are responsible for maintaining physiological homeostasis,including mood states.Stress elevates the cortisol and proinflammatory cytokines levels and alter neurotransmitters balance,thereby increasing the risk of developing a psychiatric disorder and subsequently the risk of suicidal behavior.This review provides an integrative perspective about the neurochemical,immunological,and endocrinological disturbances associated with suicidal behavior,with a particular focus on those alterations that may serve as potential risk markers and/or indicators of the state preceding such a tragic act.
文摘Dear Colleagues,The International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO) is deeply committed to the health and safety of our communities during the COVID-19 pandemic.Unfortunately,due to escalating risks,a physical meeting of our international colleagues and partners at the World Ophthalmology Congress (WOC2020) in Cape Town 26-29 June,is no longer possible.While we are all disappointed that our face-to-face meeting is cancelled,the ICO remains devoted to bringing together the world’s ophthalmologists to learn the latest from one another,and to advance eye care during these extraordinarily challenging times.
基金Financial support for this research was provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41401302)the Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(41130744)+4 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(41271304),National Natural Science Foundation of China(41471229)Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipal of Education(025135303700/048)Beijing Youth Elite Project(043135336000/002)the Project of Research Base Construction of Beijing Municipal Education CommissionKey laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes Foundation(201204)
文摘Rill formation is the predominant erosion process in slope land in the Loess Plateau,China.This study was conducted to investigate rill erosion characteristics and their effects on runoff and sediment yielding processes under different slope gradients at a rate of 10°,15°,20°and 25°with rainfall intensity of 1.5 mm min-1 in a laboratory setting.Results revealed that mean rill depth and rill density has a positive interrelation to the slope gradient.To the contrary,width-depth ratio and distance of the longest rill to the top of the slope negatively related to slope gradient.All these suggested that increasing slope steepness could enhance rill headward erosion,vertical erosion and the fragmentation of the slope surface.Furthermore,total erosion tended to approach a stable maximum value with increasing slope,which implied that there is probably a threshold slope gradient where soil erosion begins to weaken.At the same time,the correlation analysis showed that there was a close connection between slope gradient and the variousindices of soil erosion:the correlation coefficients of slope gradient with maximal rill depth,number of rills and the distance of the longest rill from the top of the slope were 0.98,0.97 and-0.98,respectively,indicating that slope gradient is the major factor of affecting the development of rills.Furthermore,runoff was not sensitive to slope gradient and rill formation in this study.Sediment concentration,however,is positively related to slope gradient and rill formation,the sediment concentrations increased rapidly after rill initiation,especially.These results may be essential for soil loss prediction.
文摘AIM： To shed some light on the relationship between anti-apoptotic serum Bcl-2 concentrations and metabolic status, anthropometric parameters, inflammation indi- ces, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease severity were investigated in 43 young individuals with fatty liver （FL） and 41 with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis （NASH）. METHODS： Circulating levels of Bcl-2 were detected in 84 patients with ultrasonographic findings of ＂bright liver＂ and/or hyper-transaminasemia of unknown origin and/or increase in T-glutamyl-transpeptidase （T-GT） strictly in the absence of other acute or chronic liver disease, whose age was not advanced, who gave consent to liver biopsy and were then divided on the basis of the histological results into two groups （43 with FL and 41 with NASH）. Twenty lean subjects, apparently healthy and young, were chosen as controls.RESULTS： Serum Bcl-2 concentrations were significantly higher in the FL group than in the NASH group. Insulin resistance and γ-GT activity were significantly higher in NASH subjects. Apoptotic hepatocytes were significantly more numerous in NASH patients. NASH patients presented with larger spleens and augmented C-reactive protein （CRP） concentrations than healthy subjects. Steatosis grade at histology was similar in both NASH and FL populations. The number of apoptotic cells was significantly related to anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein values in FL patients. Bcl-2 serum levels positively correlated to body mass index （BMI） values （P ~ 0.0001） but not to age of the population. Triglycerides/HDL ratio correlated well to waist circumference in males （P = 0.0008）. γ-GT activity was associated with homeostatic metabolic assessment （HOMA） （P = 0.0003） and with serum ferritin （P = 0.02）. Bcl-2 concentrations were not related to either spleen size or CRP values. NASH patients pre- sented a weak negative correlation between Iobular inflammation and Bcl-2 levels. A prediction by low values of serum Bcl-2 towards a greater presence of metabolically unhealthy overweight/obese patients （MUOs） was evidenced. HOMA, BMI and uric acid, in that sequence, best predicted serum Bcl-2 concentrations. CONCLUSION： IvlUOs could be detected by Bcl-2 levels. By favoring the life span of hepatocytes, and enhancing triglyceride formation, the anti-apoptotic process inhibits free fatty acids toxicity in FL.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFC0213105)the National Science Foundation of China(No.91644105)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(18230722600,19ZR1421100,20ZR1422000)。
文摘The coronavirus(COVID-19)pandemic is disrupting the world from many aspects.In this study,the impact of emission variations on PM_(2.5)-bound elemental species and health risks associated to inhalation exposure has been analyzed based on real-time measurements at a remote coastal site in Shanghai during the pandemic.Most trace elemental species decreased significantly and displayed almost no diel peaks during the lockdown.After the lockdown,they rebounded rapidly,of which V and Ni even exceeded the levels before the lockdown,suggesting the recovery of both inland and shipping activities.Five sources were identified based on receptor modeling.Coal combustion accounted for more than 70%of the measured elemental concentrations before and during the lockdown.Shipping emissions,fugitive/mineral dust,and waste incineration all showed elevated contributions after the lockdown.The total non-carcinogenic risk(HQ)for the target elements exceeded the risk threshold for both children and adults with chloride as the predominant species contributing to HQ.Whereas,the total carcinogenic risk(TR)for adults was above the acceptable level and much higher than that for children.Waste incineration was the largest contributor to HQ,while manufacture processing and coal combustion were the main sources of TR.Lockdown control measures were beneficial for lowering the carcinogenic risk while unexpectedly increased the non-carcinogenic risk.From the perspective of health effects,priorities of control measures should be given to waste incineration,manufacture processing,and coal combustion.A balanced way should be reached between both lowering the levels of air pollutants and their health risks.
