Top-down environmental policies aim to mitigate environmental risks but inevitably lead to economic losses due to the market entry or exit of enterprises.This study developed a universal dynamic agent-based supply cha...Top-down environmental policies aim to mitigate environmental risks but inevitably lead to economic losses due to the market entry or exit of enterprises.This study developed a universal dynamic agent-based supply chain model to achieve tradeoffs between environmental risk reduction and economic sus-tainability.The model was used to conduct high-resolution daily simulations of the dynamic shifts in enterprise operations and their cascading effects on supply chain networks.It includes production,con-sumption,and transportation agents,attributing economic features to supply chain components and cap-turing their interactions.It also accounts for adaptive responses to daily external shocks and replicates realistic firm behaviors.By coupling high spatial-temporal resolution firm-level data from 18916 chemical enterprises,this study investigates the economic and environmental impacts of an environmen-tal policy resulting in the closure of 1800 chemical enterprises over three years.The results revealed a significant economic loss of 25.8 billion USD,ranging from 23.8 billion to 31.8 billion USD.Notably,over 80%of this loss was attributed to supply chain propagation.Counterfactual analyses indicated that imple-menting a staggered shutdown strategy prevented 18.8%of supply chain losses,highlighting the impor-tance of a gradual policy implementation to prevent abrupt supply chain disruptions.Furthermore,the study highlights the effectiveness of a multi-objective policy design in reducing economic losses(about 29%)and environmental risks(about 40%),substantially enhancing the efficiency of the environmental policy.The high-resolution simulations provide valuable insights for policy designers to formulate strategies with staggered implementation and multiple objectives to mitigate supply chain losses and environmental risks and ensure a sustainable future.展开更多
The wider consideration of environmental effects and alternatives in early stages of decision-making has been pointed as one of the major benefits of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). Adopted by virtually all ...The wider consideration of environmental effects and alternatives in early stages of decision-making has been pointed as one of the major benefits of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). Adopted by virtually all of developed countries and sprawling around emergent and developing ones, it is recognized that SEA effectiveness is attached to its systematic application in development plans and programmes. Brazil and many developing countries have different experiences with this instrument and lacks of definition of a procedural framework to promote the use of SEA in strategic levels of decision. As a consequence development projects are frequently “threatened” by impact assessment outcomes, especially when a mandatory project-EIA has to inform decisions. In order to contribute to the implementation of SEA in developing countries, the present paper discusses the potential benefits of using SEA in transport infrastructure plans and programmes, through a case study applied to transport plans in the state of Sao Paulo (south-eastern Brazil). The outcomes indicate that SEA could contribute to improve infrastructure impact assessments, minimizing social and environmental conflicts, augmenting the acceptability of projects and decisions, reinforcing the need for SEA to be systematically implemented in Brazil.展开更多
Understanding the process of the changing phytoplankton patterns can be particularly useful in water quality improvement and management decisions. However, it is generally not easy to illustrate the interactions betwe...Understanding the process of the changing phytoplankton patterns can be particularly useful in water quality improvement and management decisions. However, it is generally not easy to illustrate the interactions between phytoplankton biomass and related environmental variables given their high spatial and temporal heterogeneity. To elucidate relationships between them, in a eutrophic shallow lake, Taihu Lake, relative long-term data set of biotic and abiotic parameters of water quality in the lake were conducted using multivariate statistical analysis within seasonal periodicity. The results indicate that water temperature and total phosphorus （TP） played governing roles in phytoplankton dynamics in most seasons （i.e. temperature in winter, spring and summer; TP in spring, summer and autumn）; COD （chemical oxygen demand） and BOD （biological oxygen demand） presented significant positive relationships with phytoplankton biomass in spring, summer and autumn. However, a complex interplay was found between phytoplankton biomass and nitrogen considering significant positive relationships occurring between them in spring and autumn, and conversely negative ones in summer. As the predatory factor, zooplankton presented significant grazing-pressure on phytoplankton biomass during summer in view of negative relationship between them in the season. Significant feedback effects of phytoplankton development were identified in summer and autumn in view that significant relationships were obser,qed between phytoplankton biomass and pH, Trans （transparency of water） and DO. The results indicate that interactions between phyto：plankton biomass and related environmental variables are highly sensitive to seasonal periodicity, which improves understanding of different roles of biotic and abiotic variables upon phytoplankton variability, and hence, advances management methods for eutrophic lakes.展开更多
The vision of reaching a carbon peak and achieving carbon neutrality is guiding the low-carbon transition of China’s socioeconomic system.Currently,a research gap remains in the existing literature in terms of studie...The vision of reaching a carbon peak and achieving carbon neutrality is guiding the low-carbon transition of China’s socioeconomic system.Currently,a research gap remains in the existing literature in terms of studies that systematically identify opportunities to achieve carbon neutrality.To address this gap,this study comprehensively collates and investigates 1105 published research studies regarding carbon peaking and carbon neutrality.In doing so,the principles of development in this area are quantitively analyzed from a space–time perspective.At the same time,this study traces shifts and alterations in research hotspots.This systematic review summarizes the priorities and standpoints of key industries on carbon peaking and carbon neutrality.Furthermore,with an emphasis on five key management science topics,the scientific concerns and strategic demands for these two carbon emission-reduction goals are clarified.The paper ends with theoretical insights on and practical countermeasures for actions,priority tasks,and policy measures that will enable China to achieve a carbon-neutral future.This study provides a complete picture of the research status on carbon peaking and carbon neutrality,as well as the research directions worth investigating in this field,which are crucial to the formulation of carbon peak and carbon neutrality policies.展开更多
An emergy-based environmental accounting of Mongolia is presented based on the data from 1995 to 2012. By calculating natural and economic inputs and a series of emergy indicators, this paper discusses Mongolia＇s res...An emergy-based environmental accounting of Mongolia is presented based on the data from 1995 to 2012. By calculating natural and economic inputs and a series of emergy indicators, this paper discusses Mongolia＇s resource use structure, economic situation, trade status and societal sustainability. The results show that the total emergy use for Mongolia changed from 2.83×10^22 sej in 1995 to 4.96×10^22 sej in 2012, representing a 75% increase over the 18 years of this study, yet its emergy per capita remains one of the lowest in the world （1.74× 10^16 sej/capita）. The emergy money ratio （EMR） of Mongolia during 1995-2012 decreased from 1.99×10^13 sej/USD to 7.75×10^12 sej/USD, which indicates that the power of a dollar for purchasing real wealth in Mongolia was declining, while the relatively high absolute values compared to its trading partners and even the world average EMR suggests that Mongolia is continuing a trade disadvantage. Mongolia＇s emergy exchange ratio is increasingly less than one to the point that in 2012 the ratio was 0.3 suggesting that the exported emergy was over 3.3 times greater than the imported emergy. The growing dependence on imports and the dramatic increase in exports suggests that Mongolia＇s economy is increas- ingly vulnerable to downturns in the world economy.展开更多
China＇s 2007 Open Government Information Regulations is widely considered as a milestone in the country＇s information policy history and is praised as a ＂sunshine program＂. The Environmental Information Disclosure...China＇s 2007 Open Government Information Regulations is widely considered as a milestone in the country＇s information policy history and is praised as a ＂sunshine program＂. The Environmental Information Disclosure Decree was the first to operationalize these general regulations into a sectorai information disclosure system on environment. This study assessed the implementation of the environmental information disclosure system about six months after the Decree took effect on May 1, 2008. Through reviewing the websites of all 31 provincial Environmental Protection Bureaus and the Ministry of Environmental Protection, conducting an experiment with actual information disclosure request, and through interviews with all provincial Environmental Protection Bureaus, this article concluded that the implementation of the environmental information disclosure system still fails short. Future improvements should focus on further publicity of the regulations and decree to enhance public participation, the establishment of an independent evaluation and supervision system for information disclosure, the exchange of experiences and best practices among provincial Environmental Protection Bureaus, and on strengthening the legal status of environmental information disclosure.展开更多
Promoting agricultural modernisation through technological change is an important strategy for China.China's carbon neutrality strategy is leading to systemic socio-economic changes that could exacerbate the uncer...Promoting agricultural modernisation through technological change is an important strategy for China.China's carbon neutrality strategy is leading to systemic socio-economic changes that could exacerbate the uncertainty of agricultural development.Therefore,applying a computable general equilibrium(CGE)model,this study characterises the agricultural sector in detail,introducing endogenous technological change proxied by research and development(R&D)to assess the impact of different technological change scenarios on agricultural development under the carbon neutrality target.The results show that allocating carbon revenue for R&D inputs can mitigate the significant negative impact of achieving carbon neutrality on knowledge capital and production in agricultural sectors.Overall,using carbon revenue only for R&D input in crop sectors has the optimal effect on increasing the agricultural sectors'knowledge capital,improving crop production and profit,reducing crop external dependence and promoting the synergistic reduction of carbon and pollutant emissions.However,this scenario has the largest negative impact on macro-economics and household welfare.In contrast,allocating carbon revenue to promote technological change in broader non-energy sectors or both crops and non-energy sectors can effectively mitigate negative socio-economic impacts,but the positive impact on agricultural development is minimal.These findings provide practical insights for the rational use of carbon revenue to expand agricultural R&D investment and ensure balanced agricultural and economic development under the carbon neutrality target.展开更多
[Objeetive] We aimed to calculate the flow of controlling units in a small watershed based on GIS technology. [Method] Hydrologic analysis on Qingyi River was conducted by using ArcGIS9.0, and the controlling units wi...[Objeetive] We aimed to calculate the flow of controlling units in a small watershed based on GIS technology. [Method] Hydrologic analysis on Qingyi River was conducted by using ArcGIS9.0, and the controlling units with response of water-land were divided according to the riv- er monitoring sections of Xuchang City; considering the wastewater entering the river and the water from its upper reach, the runoff of controlling sections in the driest month （ with guarantee rate of 90% ） was calculated by means of isoline, runoff coefficient and hydrologic analogy method, and the calculated value of Gaocun Bridge section in Linying was contrasted with the measured value in 2010. [Result] The results showed that the cal- culated value and measured value of Gaecun Bridge section in Linying in the driest month of 2010 were 6.03 and 5.93 m^3/s respectively, with relative error of 1.69%, which revealed that the result of calculated runoff was reasonable. [ Conclusion] The way to divide controlling units was reason- able, and the calculation result of runoff was accurate and can meet the precision of water environment capacity calculation.展开更多
This paper focuses on the sustainable use of solid and gaseous biomass for electricity, heating and cooling. It provides updated findings of policy analyses and corporate strategy analyses performed in the frame of BI...This paper focuses on the sustainable use of solid and gaseous biomass for electricity, heating and cooling. It provides updated findings of policy analyses and corporate strategy analyses performed in the frame of BIOENERGY PROMOTION, one of the flagship projects under the EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region. In particular, the paper highlights policies and measures which have been adopted by the EU and EU Member States to address environmental and social sustainability risks of bioenergy. Taking into account the conclusions of BIOENERGY PROMOTION, the paper identifies promising policy developments, but also shortcomings. On the Member State level, the paper refers to the examples of Germany and Poland. It illustrates how problematic policy priorities and policy malfunctioning in two sub-sectors (biogas from energy crops in Germany, biomass co-firing in Poland) led to undesirable environmental and social developments and how policies have been re-adjusted to mitigate sustainability risks. The paper also portrays a number of voluntary corporate sustainability initiatives which emerged due to the lack of a binding European sustainability framework for solid and gaseous biomass. The authors conclude that without a binding sustainability framework at EU level there is a risk of having a patchwork of potentially diverging sustainability regimes and initiatives across Europe causing market intransparency and insecurity for investors.展开更多
The Great Green Wall(GGW)initiatives are among the most ambitious endeavors in addressing global ecological challenges.Currently two prominent examples have emerged across two transcontinental arid landscapes.One is C...The Great Green Wall(GGW)initiatives are among the most ambitious endeavors in addressing global ecological challenges.Currently two prominent examples have emerged across two transcontinental arid landscapes.One is China's“Three-North Shelterbelt Program”,which formally began in 1978.Spanning 13 provinces,it aims to combat desertification in the north and northwestern regions of the country,where8 major deserts and 4 sandy lands are located,by restoring forest and grass cover and establishing a protective shelterbelt system(Zhu and Song,2021).展开更多
The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus resulted in a health and economic crisis worldwide. Although everyone is susceptible to COVID-19, the elderly have compromised immune systems and often suffer from chronic underly...The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus resulted in a health and economic crisis worldwide. Although everyone is susceptible to COVID-19, the elderly have compromised immune systems and often suffer from chronic underlying diseases, which makes them more vulnerable. This study aims to assess variation in COVID-19 vaccine distribution patterns across different age groups in European countries and to understand the extent to which European countries have prioritized vulnerable age groups (age > 70) in their vaccination programs. The study utilized open data from the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and employed an observational, retrospective study design to examine the distribution of the COVID-19 vaccine among various age groups in several European countries from September 2021 to September 2023. Results reveal that vaccination rates increase with age, peaking at the 25 - 49 age group (1.34 × 10−4), after which there was a decline in vaccination rate. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to investigate the equality of vaccination rates across the 29 countries in Europe, which resulted in a p-value of 70) during the study period as no country achieved the 70% coverage aimed by WHO. Continuous efforts must be made to ensure larger coverage of COVID-19 vaccination among this vulnerable population in order to protect them from severe outcomes in this region.展开更多
Analyzing determinants that influence polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran（PCDD/F） emissions is helpful for decision-makers to find effective and efficient ways to mitigate PCDD/F emissi...Analyzing determinants that influence polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran（PCDD/F） emissions is helpful for decision-makers to find effective and efficient ways to mitigate PCDD/F emissions. The PCDD/F emissions and the contributions of the scale effect, structure effect and technology effect to emissions from eight main industrial sectors in2006, 2008 and 2010 in Shandong Province, were calculated in this article. Total PCDD/F emissions in Shandong increased by 52.8% in 2008（614.1 g I-TEQ） and 49.7% in 2010（601.8 g I-TEQ） based on 2006（401.9 g I-TEQ）. According to the decomposition method, the largest influencing factor on PCDD/F emission changes was the composition effect（contributed 43.4%in 2008 and 120.6% in 2010 based on 2006）, which was also an emission-increasing factor.In this case, the present industrial restructuring policy should be adjusted to control the proportion of production capacities with high emission factors, such as iron ore sintering and steelmaking and the secondary non-ferrous metal sector. The scale effect increased the emissions in 2008（contributed 21.9%） and decreased the emissions in 2010（contributed-28.0%）. However, as a source control measure, the excess capacity control policy indeed had a significant role in emission reduction. The main reason for the technology effect（contributed 34.7% in 2008 and 7.4% in 2010 based on 2006） having an emission-increasing role was the weakness in implementing policies for restricting industries with outdated facilities. Some specific suggestions were proposed on PCDD/F reduction for local administrators at the end.展开更多
Surface water bodies are progressively subjected to stress as a result of anthropogenic activities. This study assessed and examined the impact of human activities on spatial variation in the water quality of 19 river...Surface water bodies are progressively subjected to stress as a result of anthropogenic activities. This study assessed and examined the impact of human activities on spatial variation in the water quality of 19 rivers in the Taihu watershed. Concentrations of physicochemical parameters of surface water quality were determined at the mouth of each river during the period of 2000-2004. Multivariate statistical techniques were applied to identify characteristics of the water quality in the studied rivers. The results showed that rivers strongly influenced by household wastewater have the highest concentrations of nutrients （TN and TP）. Moreover, rivers in the vicinity of a metropolis presented low dissolved oxygen （DO） levels. However, organic-chemical pollution （petroleum and volatile phenolics） was identified with high localization. Two rivers influenced by sewage from industry and ships were distinguished from other rivers with high values of petroleum. The Taige channel, a river located in Changzhou City that is strongly influenced by wastewater from industry, was characterized with an extraordinarily high value of volatile phenolics. Rivers passing through countries, especially through hilly countries were characterized with high DO contents and low nutrient and organic-chemical pollution, suggesting that agriculture puts less pressure on water quality in adjacent rivers. Therefore, more effort should be made in controlling point pollution to restore water quality in rivers adjacent to cities.展开更多
Aquaculture ponds are dominant features of the landscape in the coastal zone of China.Generally,aquaculture ponds are drained during the non-culture period in winter.However,the effects of such drainage on the product...Aquaculture ponds are dominant features of the landscape in the coastal zone of China.Generally,aquaculture ponds are drained during the non-culture period in winter.However,the effects of such drainage on the production and flux of greenhouse gases（GHGs）from aquaculture ponds are largely unknown.In the present study,field-based research was performed to compare the GHG fluxes between one drained pond（DP,with a water depth of 0.05 m）and one undrained pond（UDP,with a water depth of 1.16 m）during one winter in the Min River estuary of southeast China.Over the entire study period,the mean CO2flux in the DP was（0.75±0.12）mmol/（m^2·hr）,which was significantly higher than that in the UDP of（-0.49±0.09）mmol/（m^2·hr）（p0.01）.This indicates that drainage drastically transforms aquaculture ponds from a net sink to a net source of CO2in winter.Mean CH4and N2O emissions were significantly higher in the DP compared to those in the UDP（CH4=（0.66±0.31）vs.（0.07±0.06）mmol/（m^2·hr）and N2O=（19.54±2.08）vs.（0.01±0.04）μmol/（m^2·hr））（p〈0.01）,suggesting that drainage would also significantly enhance CH4and N2O emissions.Changes in environmental variables（including sediment temperature,p H,salinity,redox status,and water depth）contributed significantly to the enhanced GHG emissions following pond drainage.Furthermore,analysis of the sustained-flux global warming and cooling potentials indicated that the combined global warming potentials of the GHG fluxes were significantly higher in the DP than in the UDP（p〈0.01）,with values of739.18 and 26.46 mg CO2-eq/（m^2·hr）,respectively.Our findings suggested that drainage of aquaculture ponds can increase the emissions of potent GHGs from the coastal zone of China to the atmosphere during winter,further aggravating the problem of global warming.展开更多
This research examined nitrogen mineralization in the top 10 cm of soils along a vegetation gradient in Hong Kong at sites where fire has been absent for 0, 1, 3, 6 and 17 years (at the time of the study), and the rel...This research examined nitrogen mineralization in the top 10 cm of soils along a vegetation gradient in Hong Kong at sites where fire has been absent for 0, 1, 3, 6 and 17 years (at the time of the study), and the relationships between N mineralization and successional development of vegetation in the absence of fire. The sites including a newly burnt area (S1), short grassland (S2), tall grassland (S3), mixed tall grassland and shrubland (S4), and woodland (S5) were selected,and the in situ core incubation method was used to estimate nitrogen mineralization. Throughout the 60-day incubation in four periods, more nitrogen was mineralized at the S3 and S4 sites, the predominantly grassland sites, which contained the highest levels of soil organic matter (SOM) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), than the S1 site, while immobilization occurred at the S2 and S5 sites. Leaching loss decreased with successional development of the vegetation, in the order of S1 ＞ S2 ＞ S3 ＞ S4 ＞ S5. The pattern of nitrogen uptake with ecological succession was less conspicuous, being complicated by the immediate effect of fire and possibly the ability of the woodland species to extract nitrogen from the deeper ground.In the absence of fire for 3 to 6 years, the build-up of SOM and TKN was accompanied by active mineralization, thus paving the way for the invasion of shrub and tree species. A close relationship existed between nitrogen mineralization and ecological succession with this vegetation gradient. Inherent mechanisms to preserve nitrogen in a fire-prone environment including immobilization and uptake and the practical relevance of nitrogen mineralization to reforestation are discussed.展开更多
Based on the China high resolution emission gridded data （I km spatial resolution）, this article is aimed to create a Chinese city carbon dioxide （CO2） emission data set using consolidated data sources as well as ...Based on the China high resolution emission gridded data （I km spatial resolution）, this article is aimed to create a Chinese city carbon dioxide （CO2） emission data set using consolidated data sources as well as normalized and standardized data processing methods. Standard methods were used to calculate city CO2 emissions, including scope I and scope 2. Cities with higher CO2 emissions are mostly in north, northeast, and eastern coastal areas. Cities with lower CO2 emissions are in the western region. Cites with higher CO2 emissions are clustered in the Jing-Jin-Ji Region （such as Beijing, Tianjin, and Tangshan）, and the Yangtze River Delta region （such as Shanghai and Suzhou）. The city per capita CO2 emission is larger in the north than the south. There are obvious aggregations of cities with high per capita CO2 emission in the north. Four cities among the top 10 per capita emissions （Erdos, Wuhai, Shizuishan, and Yinchuan） cluster in the main coal production areas of northern China. This indicates the significant impact of coal resources endowment on city industry and CO2 emissions. The majority （77%） of cities have annual CO2 emissions below 50 million tons. The mean annual emission, among all cities, is 37 million tons. Emissions from service-based cities, which include the smallest number of cities, are the highest. Industrial cities are the largest category and the emission distribution from these cities is close to the normal distribution. Emissions and degree of dispersion, in the other cities （excluding industrial cities and service-based cities）, are in the lowest level. Per capita CO2 emissions in these cities are generally below 20 t/person （89%） with a mean value of 11 t/person. The distribution interval of per capita CO2 emission within industrial cities is the largest among the three city categories. This indicates greater differences among per capita CO2 emissions of industrial cities. The distribution interval of per capita CO2 emission of other cities is the lowest, indicating smaller differences of per capita CO2 emissions among this city category. Three policy suggestions are proposed： first, city CO2 emission inventory data in China should be increased, especially for prefecture level cities. Second, city responsibility for emission reduction, and partition- ing the national goal should be established, using a bottom-up approach based on specific CO2 emission levels and potential for emission reductions in each city. Third, comparative and bench- marking research on city CO2 emissions should be conducted, and a Top Runner system of city CO2 emission reduction should be established.展开更多
This paper analyzes Chinese household CO_2 emissions in 1994-2012 based on the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index(LMDI) structure decomposition model, and discusses the relationship between household CO_2 emissions and ec...This paper analyzes Chinese household CO_2 emissions in 1994-2012 based on the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index(LMDI) structure decomposition model, and discusses the relationship between household CO_2 emissions and economic growth based on a decoupling indicator.The results show that in 1994-2012, household CO_2 emissions grew in general and displayed an accelerated growth trend during the early 21 st century. Economic growth leading to an increase in energy consumption is the main driving factor of CO_2 emission growth(an increase of 1.078 Gt CO_2) with cumulative contribution rate of 55.92%, while the decline in energy intensity is the main cause of CO_2 emission growth inhibition(0.723 Gt CO_2 emission reduction) with cumulative contribution rate of 38.27%. Meanwhile, household CO_2 emissions are in a weak state of decoupling in general. The change in CO_2 emissions caused by population and economic growth shows a weak decoupling and expansive decoupling state, respectively. The CO_2 emission change caused by energy intensity is in a state of strong decoupling, and the change caused by energy consumption structure ?uctuates between a weak and a strong decoupling state.展开更多
Addressing climate change demands a significant shift away from fossil fuels,with sectors like electricity and transportation relying heavily on renewable energy.Integral to this transition are energy storage systems,...Addressing climate change demands a significant shift away from fossil fuels,with sectors like electricity and transportation relying heavily on renewable energy.Integral to this transition are energy storage systems,notably lithium-ion batteries.Over time,these batteries degrade,affecting their efficiency and posing safety risks.Monitoring and predicting battery aging is essential,especially estimating its state of health(SOH).Various SOH estimation methods exist,from traditional model-based approaches to machine learning approaches.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52200228 and 72022004)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M721817)the National Key Scientific Research Project(2021YFC3200200).
文摘Top-down environmental policies aim to mitigate environmental risks but inevitably lead to economic losses due to the market entry or exit of enterprises.This study developed a universal dynamic agent-based supply chain model to achieve tradeoffs between environmental risk reduction and economic sus-tainability.The model was used to conduct high-resolution daily simulations of the dynamic shifts in enterprise operations and their cascading effects on supply chain networks.It includes production,con-sumption,and transportation agents,attributing economic features to supply chain components and cap-turing their interactions.It also accounts for adaptive responses to daily external shocks and replicates realistic firm behaviors.By coupling high spatial-temporal resolution firm-level data from 18916 chemical enterprises,this study investigates the economic and environmental impacts of an environmen-tal policy resulting in the closure of 1800 chemical enterprises over three years.The results revealed a significant economic loss of 25.8 billion USD,ranging from 23.8 billion to 31.8 billion USD.Notably,over 80%of this loss was attributed to supply chain propagation.Counterfactual analyses indicated that imple-menting a staggered shutdown strategy prevented 18.8%of supply chain losses,highlighting the impor-tance of a gradual policy implementation to prevent abrupt supply chain disruptions.Furthermore,the study highlights the effectiveness of a multi-objective policy design in reducing economic losses(about 29%)and environmental risks(about 40%),substantially enhancing the efficiency of the environmental policy.The high-resolution simulations provide valuable insights for policy designers to formulate strategies with staggered implementation and multiple objectives to mitigate supply chain losses and environmental risks and ensure a sustainable future.
文摘The wider consideration of environmental effects and alternatives in early stages of decision-making has been pointed as one of the major benefits of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). Adopted by virtually all of developed countries and sprawling around emergent and developing ones, it is recognized that SEA effectiveness is attached to its systematic application in development plans and programmes. Brazil and many developing countries have different experiences with this instrument and lacks of definition of a procedural framework to promote the use of SEA in strategic levels of decision. As a consequence development projects are frequently “threatened” by impact assessment outcomes, especially when a mandatory project-EIA has to inform decisions. In order to contribute to the implementation of SEA in developing countries, the present paper discusses the potential benefits of using SEA in transport infrastructure plans and programmes, through a case study applied to transport plans in the state of Sao Paulo (south-eastern Brazil). The outcomes indicate that SEA could contribute to improve infrastructure impact assessments, minimizing social and environmental conflicts, augmenting the acceptability of projects and decisions, reinforcing the need for SEA to be systematically implemented in Brazil.
基金Project supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese National Audit Office(No.KSH1-01)the Dutch Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences and Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.04CDP014).
文摘Understanding the process of the changing phytoplankton patterns can be particularly useful in water quality improvement and management decisions. However, it is generally not easy to illustrate the interactions between phytoplankton biomass and related environmental variables given their high spatial and temporal heterogeneity. To elucidate relationships between them, in a eutrophic shallow lake, Taihu Lake, relative long-term data set of biotic and abiotic parameters of water quality in the lake were conducted using multivariate statistical analysis within seasonal periodicity. The results indicate that water temperature and total phosphorus （TP） played governing roles in phytoplankton dynamics in most seasons （i.e. temperature in winter, spring and summer; TP in spring, summer and autumn）; COD （chemical oxygen demand） and BOD （biological oxygen demand） presented significant positive relationships with phytoplankton biomass in spring, summer and autumn. However, a complex interplay was found between phytoplankton biomass and nitrogen considering significant positive relationships occurring between them in spring and autumn, and conversely negative ones in summer. As the predatory factor, zooplankton presented significant grazing-pressure on phytoplankton biomass during summer in view of negative relationship between them in the season. Significant feedback effects of phytoplankton development were identified in summer and autumn in view that significant relationships were obser,qed between phytoplankton biomass and pH, Trans （transparency of water） and DO. The results indicate that interactions between phyto：plankton biomass and related environmental variables are highly sensitive to seasonal periodicity, which improves understanding of different roles of biotic and abiotic variables upon phytoplankton variability, and hence, advances management methods for eutrophic lakes.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71521002,72104025,and 72004011)China’s National Key Research and Development(R&D)Program(2016YFA0602603)China Post-doctoral Science Foundation(2021M690014)。
文摘The vision of reaching a carbon peak and achieving carbon neutrality is guiding the low-carbon transition of China’s socioeconomic system.Currently,a research gap remains in the existing literature in terms of studies that systematically identify opportunities to achieve carbon neutrality.To address this gap,this study comprehensively collates and investigates 1105 published research studies regarding carbon peaking and carbon neutrality.In doing so,the principles of development in this area are quantitively analyzed from a space–time perspective.At the same time,this study traces shifts and alterations in research hotspots.This systematic review summarizes the priorities and standpoints of key industries on carbon peaking and carbon neutrality.Furthermore,with an emphasis on five key management science topics,the scientific concerns and strategic demands for these two carbon emission-reduction goals are clarified.The paper ends with theoretical insights on and practical countermeasures for actions,priority tasks,and policy measures that will enable China to achieve a carbon-neutral future.This study provides a complete picture of the research status on carbon peaking and carbon neutrality,as well as the research directions worth investigating in this field,which are crucial to the formulation of carbon peak and carbon neutrality policies.
基金Chinese Academy of Sciences President’s International Fellowship Initiative,No.2016VBA043(BM)China Scholarship Council and Michigan State University,No.NN-X-09-AM-55G(LH)
文摘An emergy-based environmental accounting of Mongolia is presented based on the data from 1995 to 2012. By calculating natural and economic inputs and a series of emergy indicators, this paper discusses Mongolia＇s resource use structure, economic situation, trade status and societal sustainability. The results show that the total emergy use for Mongolia changed from 2.83×10^22 sej in 1995 to 4.96×10^22 sej in 2012, representing a 75% increase over the 18 years of this study, yet its emergy per capita remains one of the lowest in the world （1.74× 10^16 sej/capita）. The emergy money ratio （EMR） of Mongolia during 1995-2012 decreased from 1.99×10^13 sej/USD to 7.75×10^12 sej/USD, which indicates that the power of a dollar for purchasing real wealth in Mongolia was declining, while the relatively high absolute values compared to its trading partners and even the world average EMR suggests that Mongolia is continuing a trade disadvantage. Mongolia＇s emergy exchange ratio is increasingly less than one to the point that in 2012 the ratio was 0.3 suggesting that the exported emergy was over 3.3 times greater than the imported emergy. The growing dependence on imports and the dramatic increase in exports suggests that Mongolia＇s economy is increas- ingly vulnerable to downturns in the world economy.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program(973) of China(No.2007CB407307)the National Key Project of Scientific and Technical Supporting Program(No.2008BAC32B07)the Netherlands Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.10CDP030)
文摘China＇s 2007 Open Government Information Regulations is widely considered as a milestone in the country＇s information policy history and is praised as a ＂sunshine program＂. The Environmental Information Disclosure Decree was the first to operationalize these general regulations into a sectorai information disclosure system on environment. This study assessed the implementation of the environmental information disclosure system about six months after the Decree took effect on May 1, 2008. Through reviewing the websites of all 31 provincial Environmental Protection Bureaus and the Ministry of Environmental Protection, conducting an experiment with actual information disclosure request, and through interviews with all provincial Environmental Protection Bureaus, this article concluded that the implementation of the environmental information disclosure system still fails short. Future improvements should focus on further publicity of the regulations and decree to enhance public participation, the establishment of an independent evaluation and supervision system for information disclosure, the exchange of experiences and best practices among provincial Environmental Protection Bureaus, and on strengthening the legal status of environmental information disclosure.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant No.72204234,72074022]the National Social Science Foundation of China[Grant No.22AZD094]the project for Carbon Neutral General Knowledge Course Construction of China University of Geosciences.
文摘Promoting agricultural modernisation through technological change is an important strategy for China.China's carbon neutrality strategy is leading to systemic socio-economic changes that could exacerbate the uncertainty of agricultural development.Therefore,applying a computable general equilibrium(CGE)model,this study characterises the agricultural sector in detail,introducing endogenous technological change proxied by research and development(R&D)to assess the impact of different technological change scenarios on agricultural development under the carbon neutrality target.The results show that allocating carbon revenue for R&D inputs can mitigate the significant negative impact of achieving carbon neutrality on knowledge capital and production in agricultural sectors.Overall,using carbon revenue only for R&D input in crop sectors has the optimal effect on increasing the agricultural sectors'knowledge capital,improving crop production and profit,reducing crop external dependence and promoting the synergistic reduction of carbon and pollutant emissions.However,this scenario has the largest negative impact on macro-economics and household welfare.In contrast,allocating carbon revenue to promote technological change in broader non-energy sectors or both crops and non-energy sectors can effectively mitigate negative socio-economic impacts,but the positive impact on agricultural development is minimal.These findings provide practical insights for the rational use of carbon revenue to expand agricultural R&D investment and ensure balanced agricultural and economic development under the carbon neutrality target.
文摘[Objeetive] We aimed to calculate the flow of controlling units in a small watershed based on GIS technology. [Method] Hydrologic analysis on Qingyi River was conducted by using ArcGIS9.0, and the controlling units with response of water-land were divided according to the riv- er monitoring sections of Xuchang City; considering the wastewater entering the river and the water from its upper reach, the runoff of controlling sections in the driest month （ with guarantee rate of 90% ） was calculated by means of isoline, runoff coefficient and hydrologic analogy method, and the calculated value of Gaocun Bridge section in Linying was contrasted with the measured value in 2010. [Result] The results showed that the cal- culated value and measured value of Gaecun Bridge section in Linying in the driest month of 2010 were 6.03 and 5.93 m^3/s respectively, with relative error of 1.69%, which revealed that the result of calculated runoff was reasonable. [ Conclusion] The way to divide controlling units was reason- able, and the calculation result of runoff was accurate and can meet the precision of water environment capacity calculation.
基金Research leading to this paper was conducted in the frame of the projects BIOENERGY PROMOTION and BIOENERGY PROMOTION 2.Both operations received funding from the European Commission under the Baltic Sea Region Programmethe German Federal Ministry of Food,Agriculture,and Consumer Protection through its funding programme Renewable Resources.
文摘This paper focuses on the sustainable use of solid and gaseous biomass for electricity, heating and cooling. It provides updated findings of policy analyses and corporate strategy analyses performed in the frame of BIOENERGY PROMOTION, one of the flagship projects under the EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region. In particular, the paper highlights policies and measures which have been adopted by the EU and EU Member States to address environmental and social sustainability risks of bioenergy. Taking into account the conclusions of BIOENERGY PROMOTION, the paper identifies promising policy developments, but also shortcomings. On the Member State level, the paper refers to the examples of Germany and Poland. It illustrates how problematic policy priorities and policy malfunctioning in two sub-sectors (biogas from energy crops in Germany, biomass co-firing in Poland) led to undesirable environmental and social developments and how policies have been re-adjusted to mitigate sustainability risks. The paper also portrays a number of voluntary corporate sustainability initiatives which emerged due to the lack of a binding European sustainability framework for solid and gaseous biomass. The authors conclude that without a binding sustainability framework at EU level there is a risk of having a patchwork of potentially diverging sustainability regimes and initiatives across Europe causing market intransparency and insecurity for investors.
基金supported by the Science&Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program(Grant No.2022FY202300)the Innovative Research Program of the International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals(Grant No.CBAS2022IRP07)。
文摘The Great Green Wall(GGW)initiatives are among the most ambitious endeavors in addressing global ecological challenges.Currently two prominent examples have emerged across two transcontinental arid landscapes.One is China's“Three-North Shelterbelt Program”,which formally began in 1978.Spanning 13 provinces,it aims to combat desertification in the north and northwestern regions of the country,where8 major deserts and 4 sandy lands are located,by restoring forest and grass cover and establishing a protective shelterbelt system(Zhu and Song,2021).
文摘The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus resulted in a health and economic crisis worldwide. Although everyone is susceptible to COVID-19, the elderly have compromised immune systems and often suffer from chronic underlying diseases, which makes them more vulnerable. This study aims to assess variation in COVID-19 vaccine distribution patterns across different age groups in European countries and to understand the extent to which European countries have prioritized vulnerable age groups (age > 70) in their vaccination programs. The study utilized open data from the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and employed an observational, retrospective study design to examine the distribution of the COVID-19 vaccine among various age groups in several European countries from September 2021 to September 2023. Results reveal that vaccination rates increase with age, peaking at the 25 - 49 age group (1.34 × 10−4), after which there was a decline in vaccination rate. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to investigate the equality of vaccination rates across the 29 countries in Europe, which resulted in a p-value of 70) during the study period as no country achieved the 70% coverage aimed by WHO. Continuous efforts must be made to ensure larger coverage of COVID-19 vaccination among this vulnerable population in order to protect them from severe outcomes in this region.
基金financed primarily by the International Science & Technology Cooperation Program of China (No. 2012DFA91150)the Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant No. KZZD-EW-TZ-12the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41371488, 41171394)
文摘Analyzing determinants that influence polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran（PCDD/F） emissions is helpful for decision-makers to find effective and efficient ways to mitigate PCDD/F emissions. The PCDD/F emissions and the contributions of the scale effect, structure effect and technology effect to emissions from eight main industrial sectors in2006, 2008 and 2010 in Shandong Province, were calculated in this article. Total PCDD/F emissions in Shandong increased by 52.8% in 2008（614.1 g I-TEQ） and 49.7% in 2010（601.8 g I-TEQ） based on 2006（401.9 g I-TEQ）. According to the decomposition method, the largest influencing factor on PCDD/F emission changes was the composition effect（contributed 43.4%in 2008 and 120.6% in 2010 based on 2006）, which was also an emission-increasing factor.In this case, the present industrial restructuring policy should be adjusted to control the proportion of production capacities with high emission factors, such as iron ore sintering and steelmaking and the secondary non-ferrous metal sector. The scale effect increased the emissions in 2008（contributed 21.9%） and decreased the emissions in 2010（contributed-28.0%）. However, as a source control measure, the excess capacity control policy indeed had a significant role in emission reduction. The main reason for the technology effect（contributed 34.7% in 2008 and 7.4% in 2010 based on 2006） having an emission-increasing role was the weakness in implementing policies for restricting industries with outdated facilities. Some specific suggestions were proposed on PCDD/F reduction for local administrators at the end.
基金Project supported by the International Project between The Netherlands Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences and Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. 04CDP014) the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40471130).
文摘Surface water bodies are progressively subjected to stress as a result of anthropogenic activities. This study assessed and examined the impact of human activities on spatial variation in the water quality of 19 rivers in the Taihu watershed. Concentrations of physicochemical parameters of surface water quality were determined at the mouth of each river during the period of 2000-2004. Multivariate statistical techniques were applied to identify characteristics of the water quality in the studied rivers. The results showed that rivers strongly influenced by household wastewater have the highest concentrations of nutrients （TN and TP）. Moreover, rivers in the vicinity of a metropolis presented low dissolved oxygen （DO） levels. However, organic-chemical pollution （petroleum and volatile phenolics） was identified with high localization. Two rivers influenced by sewage from industry and ships were distinguished from other rivers with high values of petroleum. The Taige channel, a river located in Changzhou City that is strongly influenced by wastewater from industry, was characterized with an extraordinarily high value of volatile phenolics. Rivers passing through countries, especially through hilly countries were characterized with high DO contents and low nutrient and organic-chemical pollution, suggesting that agriculture puts less pressure on water quality in adjacent rivers. Therefore, more effort should be made in controlling point pollution to restore water quality in rivers adjacent to cities.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41671088 and 41371127)the Program for Innovative Research Team of Fujian Normal University (No. IRTL1205)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province, China (No. 2014J05046)the Study-Abroad Grant Project for Graduates of the School of Geographical Sciences, (No. GY201601)the Graduated Student Science and Technology Innovation Project of the School of Geographical Science,Fujian Normal University (No. GY201601)
文摘Aquaculture ponds are dominant features of the landscape in the coastal zone of China.Generally,aquaculture ponds are drained during the non-culture period in winter.However,the effects of such drainage on the production and flux of greenhouse gases（GHGs）from aquaculture ponds are largely unknown.In the present study,field-based research was performed to compare the GHG fluxes between one drained pond（DP,with a water depth of 0.05 m）and one undrained pond（UDP,with a water depth of 1.16 m）during one winter in the Min River estuary of southeast China.Over the entire study period,the mean CO2flux in the DP was（0.75±0.12）mmol/（m^2·hr）,which was significantly higher than that in the UDP of（-0.49±0.09）mmol/（m^2·hr）（p0.01）.This indicates that drainage drastically transforms aquaculture ponds from a net sink to a net source of CO2in winter.Mean CH4and N2O emissions were significantly higher in the DP compared to those in the UDP（CH4=（0.66±0.31）vs.（0.07±0.06）mmol/（m^2·hr）and N2O=（19.54±2.08）vs.（0.01±0.04）μmol/（m^2·hr））（p〈0.01）,suggesting that drainage would also significantly enhance CH4and N2O emissions.Changes in environmental variables（including sediment temperature,p H,salinity,redox status,and water depth）contributed significantly to the enhanced GHG emissions following pond drainage.Furthermore,analysis of the sustained-flux global warming and cooling potentials indicated that the combined global warming potentials of the GHG fluxes were significantly higher in the DP than in the UDP（p〈0.01）,with values of739.18 and 26.46 mg CO2-eq/（m^2·hr）,respectively.Our findings suggested that drainage of aquaculture ponds can increase the emissions of potent GHGs from the coastal zone of China to the atmosphere during winter,further aggravating the problem of global warming.
基金Project supported by the Commonwealth Fellowship Scheme and the United College Endowment Fund of the Chinese University of Hong Kong
文摘This research examined nitrogen mineralization in the top 10 cm of soils along a vegetation gradient in Hong Kong at sites where fire has been absent for 0, 1, 3, 6 and 17 years (at the time of the study), and the relationships between N mineralization and successional development of vegetation in the absence of fire. The sites including a newly burnt area (S1), short grassland (S2), tall grassland (S3), mixed tall grassland and shrubland (S4), and woodland (S5) were selected,and the in situ core incubation method was used to estimate nitrogen mineralization. Throughout the 60-day incubation in four periods, more nitrogen was mineralized at the S3 and S4 sites, the predominantly grassland sites, which contained the highest levels of soil organic matter (SOM) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), than the S1 site, while immobilization occurred at the S2 and S5 sites. Leaching loss decreased with successional development of the vegetation, in the order of S1 ＞ S2 ＞ S3 ＞ S4 ＞ S5. The pattern of nitrogen uptake with ecological succession was less conspicuous, being complicated by the immediate effect of fire and possibly the ability of the woodland species to extract nitrogen from the deeper ground.In the absence of fire for 3 to 6 years, the build-up of SOM and TKN was accompanied by active mineralization, thus paving the way for the invasion of shrub and tree species. A close relationship existed between nitrogen mineralization and ecological succession with this vegetation gradient. Inherent mechanisms to preserve nitrogen in a fire-prone environment including immobilization and uptake and the practical relevance of nitrogen mineralization to reforestation are discussed.
基金funded by the project entitled"An Emission-Transport-Exposure Model Based Study on the Evaluation of the Environmental Impact of Carbon Market"[grant number:71673107]supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Based on the China high resolution emission gridded data （I km spatial resolution）, this article is aimed to create a Chinese city carbon dioxide （CO2） emission data set using consolidated data sources as well as normalized and standardized data processing methods. Standard methods were used to calculate city CO2 emissions, including scope I and scope 2. Cities with higher CO2 emissions are mostly in north, northeast, and eastern coastal areas. Cities with lower CO2 emissions are in the western region. Cites with higher CO2 emissions are clustered in the Jing-Jin-Ji Region （such as Beijing, Tianjin, and Tangshan）, and the Yangtze River Delta region （such as Shanghai and Suzhou）. The city per capita CO2 emission is larger in the north than the south. There are obvious aggregations of cities with high per capita CO2 emission in the north. Four cities among the top 10 per capita emissions （Erdos, Wuhai, Shizuishan, and Yinchuan） cluster in the main coal production areas of northern China. This indicates the significant impact of coal resources endowment on city industry and CO2 emissions. The majority （77%） of cities have annual CO2 emissions below 50 million tons. The mean annual emission, among all cities, is 37 million tons. Emissions from service-based cities, which include the smallest number of cities, are the highest. Industrial cities are the largest category and the emission distribution from these cities is close to the normal distribution. Emissions and degree of dispersion, in the other cities （excluding industrial cities and service-based cities）, are in the lowest level. Per capita CO2 emissions in these cities are generally below 20 t/person （89%） with a mean value of 11 t/person. The distribution interval of per capita CO2 emission within industrial cities is the largest among the three city categories. This indicates greater differences among per capita CO2 emissions of industrial cities. The distribution interval of per capita CO2 emission of other cities is the lowest, indicating smaller differences of per capita CO2 emissions among this city category. Three policy suggestions are proposed： first, city CO2 emission inventory data in China should be increased, especially for prefecture level cities. Second, city responsibility for emission reduction, and partition- ing the national goal should be established, using a bottom-up approach based on specific CO2 emission levels and potential for emission reductions in each city. Third, comparative and bench- marking research on city CO2 emissions should be conducted, and a Top Runner system of city CO2 emission reduction should be established.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant No. 71573015, 71303019, 71173206, and 71521002
文摘This paper analyzes Chinese household CO_2 emissions in 1994-2012 based on the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index(LMDI) structure decomposition model, and discusses the relationship between household CO_2 emissions and economic growth based on a decoupling indicator.The results show that in 1994-2012, household CO_2 emissions grew in general and displayed an accelerated growth trend during the early 21 st century. Economic growth leading to an increase in energy consumption is the main driving factor of CO_2 emission growth(an increase of 1.078 Gt CO_2) with cumulative contribution rate of 55.92%, while the decline in energy intensity is the main cause of CO_2 emission growth inhibition(0.723 Gt CO_2 emission reduction) with cumulative contribution rate of 38.27%. Meanwhile, household CO_2 emissions are in a weak state of decoupling in general. The change in CO_2 emissions caused by population and economic growth shows a weak decoupling and expansive decoupling state, respectively. The CO_2 emission change caused by energy intensity is in a state of strong decoupling, and the change caused by energy consumption structure ?uctuates between a weak and a strong decoupling state.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72201152 and 52207229)。
文摘Addressing climate change demands a significant shift away from fossil fuels,with sectors like electricity and transportation relying heavily on renewable energy.Integral to this transition are energy storage systems,notably lithium-ion batteries.Over time,these batteries degrade,affecting their efficiency and posing safety risks.Monitoring and predicting battery aging is essential,especially estimating its state of health(SOH).Various SOH estimation methods exist,from traditional model-based approaches to machine learning approaches.
