Interest in renewable energy sources has increased in recent years due to environmental concerns about global warming and air pollution,reduced costs and improved efficiency of technologies.Under the European Union（E...Interest in renewable energy sources has increased in recent years due to environmental concerns about global warming and air pollution,reduced costs and improved efficiency of technologies.Under the European Union（EU）energy directive,biomass is a suitable renewable source.The aim of this study was to experimentally quantify and characterize the emission of particulate matter（PM（2.5））resulting from the combustion of two biomass fuels（chipped residual biomass from pine and eucalypt）,in a pilot-scale bubbling fluidized bed（BFB）combustor under distinct operating conditions.The variables evaluated were the stoichiometry and,in the case of eucalypt,the leaching of the fuel.The CO and PM（2.5）emission factors were lower when the stoichiometry used in the experiments was higher（0.33±0.1 g CO/kg and 16.8±1.0 mg PM（2.5）/kg,dry gases）.The treatment of the fuel by leaching before its combustion has shown to promote higher PM（2.5）emissions（55.2±2.5 mg/kg,as burned）.Organic and elemental carbon represented 3.1 to 30 wt.% of the particle mass,while carbonate（CO3^（2-））accounted for between 2.3 and 8.5 wt.%.The particulate mass was mainly composed of inorganic matter（71% to 86% of the PM（2.5）mass）.Compared to residential stoves,BFB combustion generated very high mass fractions of inorganic elements.Chloride was the water soluble ion in higher concentration in the PM（2.5）emitted by the combustion of eucalypt,while calcium was the dominant water soluble ion in the case of pine.展开更多
Particulate matter emissions(PM10)from the combustion,in a residential stove,of two com-mercial brands of certified(ENplus A1)pellets,a non-certified brand and laboratory made pellets of acacia were tested for their a...Particulate matter emissions(PM10)from the combustion,in a residential stove,of two com-mercial brands of certified(ENplus A1)pellets,a non-certified brand and laboratory made pellets of acacia were tested for their ability to induce ecotoxic,cytotoxic,and mutagenic re-sponses in unicellular organisms and a human cell line.Ecotoxicity was evaluated through the Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition assay.Moreover,cytotoxicity was assessed at two time points(24-and 48-hr)through two complementary techniques in order to evaluate the cellular metabolic activity and membrane integrity of human lung epithelial cells A549.The Ames test using two Salmonella typhimurium strains(TA100 and TA98)was employed to assess the mutagenic potential of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction extracted from the PM10 samples.Results obtained with the bioluminescent bacteria indicated that only particles from the combustion of acacia pellets were toxic.All samples induced im-pairment on the A549 cells metabolic activity,while no significant release of lactate dehy-drogenase was recorded.PM10 emissions from acacia pellets were the most cytotoxic,while samples from both certified pellets evoked significant cytotoxicity at lower doses.Cytotox-icity time-dependency was only observed for PM10 from the combustion of acacia pellets and one of the brands of certified pellets.Mutagenic activity was not detected in both S.typhi murium strains.This study emphasises the role of the raw material for pellet manu-facturing on the toxicological profile of PM emissions.Alternative raw materials should be deeply investigated before their use in pelletisation and combustion in residential appli-ances.展开更多
Water scarcity poses a significant challenge globally,with South Africa exemplifying the severe socio-economic and environmental impacts of limited water access.Despite advances in modern water management systems,the ...Water scarcity poses a significant challenge globally,with South Africa exemplifying the severe socio-economic and environmental impacts of limited water access.Despite advances in modern water management systems,the integration of indigenous knowledge(IK)into formal frameworks remains underutilized.This study systematically reviews the role of indigenous water conservation practices in South Africa,analyzing over 50 high-quality sources using the PRISMA methodology.The findings highlight the effectiveness of IK in addressing water scarcity through techniques such as rainwater harvesting,terracing,and wetland management,which are low-cost,environmentally sustainable,and deeply rooted in cultural practices.Indigenous methods also enhance climate resilience by enabling communities to adapt to droughts and floods through practices such as weather prediction and adaptive farming techniques.Furthermore,these practices foster social inclusivity and community empowerment,ensuring equitable water access and intergenerational knowledge transfer.The study underscores the potential of integrating IK with modern water technologies to create holistic solutions that are scalable,sustainable,and aligned with South Africa’s goal of achieving water security by 2030.Policy recommendations emphasize the need for institutional support,data collection,and financial incentives to sustain and mainstream indigenous approaches.By bridging the gap between traditional and contemporary systems,this research provides a roadmap for leveraging diverse knowledge systems to address water scarcity and build resilient communities.展开更多
Glaciers in the upstream Mania Reservoir in the Nianchu River Basin are crucial for agriculture and hydropower in the ＂One River and Two Streams＂ area. Rising temperature has caused widespread retreat of glaciers on...Glaciers in the upstream Mania Reservoir in the Nianchu River Basin are crucial for agriculture and hydropower in the ＂One River and Two Streams＂ area. Rising temperature has caused widespread retreat of glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau during the last few decades. In this study, glacier variations under climate change in the Nianchu River Basin are quantified and their influence are evaluated by analyzing 1980 aerial topographic maps, 1990 Landsat TM, 2000 Landsat ETM＋, and 2005 CBERS remotely sensed images. It is found that from 1980 to 2005, the debris-free glacier area shrank by 7.3% （13.42 kin2）. Glacier shrinkage will have a positive effect on agriculture, hydropower and eco-environment in the near future. However, because the large number of small glaciers （〈2 km2） will rapidly retreat and disappear in future years, melt water will decrease, ultimately resulting in a long term water shortage. Glacial lakes exhibited rapid expansion due to accelerating glacier retreat during 19802005, increasing the possibility of glacial lake outbtwst floods.展开更多
Worldwide,forests are vital in the regulation of the water cycle regulation and in water balance allocation.Knowledge of ecohydrological responses of production forests is essential to support management strategies,es...Worldwide,forests are vital in the regulation of the water cycle regulation and in water balance allocation.Knowledge of ecohydrological responses of production forests is essential to support management strategies,especially where water is already scarce.Shifting climatological patterns are expected to impact thermopluviometric regimes,water cycle components,hydrological responses,and plant physiology,evapotranspiration rates,crop productivity and land management operations.This work(1)assessed the impacts of different predicted climate conditions on water yield;(2)inferred the impacts of climate change on biomass production on eucalypt-to-eucalypt succes sion.To this end,the widely accepted Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT)was run with the RCA,HIRHAM5 and RACMO climate models for two emission scenarios(RCP 4.5 and8.5).Three 12-year periods were considered to simulate tree growth under coppice regime.The results revealed an overall reduction in streamflow and water yield in the catchment in line with the projected reduction in total annual precipitation.Moreover,HIRHAM5 and RACMO models forecast a slight shift in seasonal streamflow of up to 2 months(for2024-2048)in line with the projected increase in precipitation from May to September.For biomass production,the extreme climate model(RCA)and severe emis sion scenario(RCP 8.5)predicted a decrease up to 46%.However,in the less extreme and more-correlated(with actual catchment climate conditions)climate models(RACMO and HIRHAM5)and in the less extreme emission scenario(RCP 4.5),biomass production increased(up to 20%),and the growth cycle was slightly reduced.SWAT was proven to be a valuable tool to assess climate change impacts on a eucalypt-dominated catchment and is a suitable decision-support tool for forest managers.展开更多
The simulating exactly compared with realty of ground surface to run a model is more and more highly required. In the real, terrain of the earth surface is always complicated by the natural and human made ground objec...The simulating exactly compared with realty of ground surface to run a model is more and more highly required. In the real, terrain of the earth surface is always complicated by the natural and human made ground objects. Because of limitation of collecting and storing technologies in the past time, data are usually not detailed so that the data can not be full for the simulation. Besides computing power and simulation increase more day by day, the increasing requirements more detailed of topography surface simulation is a demand. In simulated flooding phenomenon or phenomena related to energy and momentum of water flow, the linear objects of ground surface such as roads, dikes, dams, etc. need to have their vertical dimension along continuously. However, these datas have often no height information alternately, there are only discrete elevation points that are extracted from topographic maps. Consequently, the demand of a suitable method for linear objects height interpolation is necessary. This paper aims to provide a method and evaluate its accuracy to meet this requirement.展开更多
Soil erosion by water poses major environmental challenges to the European viticulture sector.Biochar is recognised as a sustainable tool for combating land degradation,but few studies on the effect of biochar on soil...Soil erosion by water poses major environmental challenges to the European viticulture sector.Biochar is recognised as a sustainable tool for combating land degradation,but few studies on the effect of biochar on soil erosion have been conducted in Mediterranean vineyards with hilly terrain and heavy rainfall.This study assesses the potential of biochar to support soil conservation by enhancing sponge function,i.e.water retention and infiltration,and reducing erodibility in sloping sandy loam soil under natural rainfall conditions.An 18-month outdoor box lysimeter experiment was conducted using bare soil,including soil amended with 4%(w/w)biochar from a Portuguese vineyard.Over the monitoring period,biochar application significantly(p<0.001)reduced the runoff coefficient by an average of 45%.Biochar reduced coarse fragment erosion by 67%,fine-earth erosion by 43%,and splash erosion by 34%,all affected(p<0.05)by rainfall intensity.The erosion rate in vineyard soil was 3 times lower(p<0.001)in biocharamended soil than in the control(3.7 vs.11.1 t ha^(-1)yr^(-1)).Improved soil structure led to a 7%reduction in bulk density,an average increase of 73%in stored water,and a 28%increase in infiltration.During drier periods,the biocharamended soil stored 171–303%more water than the control soil.We recommend a minimum monitoring period of a full hydrological cycle under natural rainfall to comprehensively capture the effect of biochar on the soil sponge function.Observed seasonal trends and atmospheric river(AR)events suggest that studies using rainfall simulations without considering antecedent soil moisture and AR variations will yield skewed data on effects.From a practical standpoint,this study showed that biochar could be a sustainable soil management solution to enhancing long-term vineyard resilience and productivity in the Mediterranean.展开更多
基金supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology through the projects Biom Ash Tech-Ash impacts during thermo-chemical conversion of biomass(No.PTDC/AAC-AMB/116568/2010-FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-019346) and BIOEMI-Contribution of biomass combustion to air pollutant emissions(No.PTDC/AMB/65706/2006)European Commission through the project AIRUSE-Testing and development of air quality mitigation measures in Southern Europe(No.LIFE 11 ENV/ES/000584)
文摘Interest in renewable energy sources has increased in recent years due to environmental concerns about global warming and air pollution,reduced costs and improved efficiency of technologies.Under the European Union（EU）energy directive,biomass is a suitable renewable source.The aim of this study was to experimentally quantify and characterize the emission of particulate matter（PM（2.5））resulting from the combustion of two biomass fuels（chipped residual biomass from pine and eucalypt）,in a pilot-scale bubbling fluidized bed（BFB）combustor under distinct operating conditions.The variables evaluated were the stoichiometry and,in the case of eucalypt,the leaching of the fuel.The CO and PM（2.5）emission factors were lower when the stoichiometry used in the experiments was higher（0.33±0.1 g CO/kg and 16.8±1.0 mg PM（2.5）/kg,dry gases）.The treatment of the fuel by leaching before its combustion has shown to promote higher PM（2.5）emissions（55.2±2.5 mg/kg,as burned）.Organic and elemental carbon represented 3.1 to 30 wt.% of the particle mass,while carbonate（CO3^（2-））accounted for between 2.3 and 8.5 wt.%.The particulate mass was mainly composed of inorganic matter（71% to 86% of the PM（2.5）mass）.Compared to residential stoves,BFB combustion generated very high mass fractions of inorganic elements.Chloride was the water soluble ion in higher concentration in the PM（2.5）emitted by the combustion of eucalypt,while calcium was the dominant water soluble ion in the case of pine.
基金We are also grateful for the support to CESAM(UIDB/50017/2020+UIDP/50017/2020)to FCT/MCTES through national funds,and co-funding by FEDER,within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and Compete 2020+2 种基金This study was financially supported by the project“Chemical and toxicological SOurce PROfiling of particulate matter in urban air(SOPRO)”,POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029574,funded by FEDER,through COMPETE2020-Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizacao(POCI)by national funds(OE),through FCT/MCTES and Programa Operacional Regional de Lisboa 2020(Project N.007317).FCT is also acknowledged for the research contract under Scientific Employment Stimulus to H.Oliveira(CEECIND/04050/2017)The Vibrio fischeri bioluminescent inhibition tests were supported by the BIONANO_GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00017 project.
文摘Particulate matter emissions(PM10)from the combustion,in a residential stove,of two com-mercial brands of certified(ENplus A1)pellets,a non-certified brand and laboratory made pellets of acacia were tested for their ability to induce ecotoxic,cytotoxic,and mutagenic re-sponses in unicellular organisms and a human cell line.Ecotoxicity was evaluated through the Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition assay.Moreover,cytotoxicity was assessed at two time points(24-and 48-hr)through two complementary techniques in order to evaluate the cellular metabolic activity and membrane integrity of human lung epithelial cells A549.The Ames test using two Salmonella typhimurium strains(TA100 and TA98)was employed to assess the mutagenic potential of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction extracted from the PM10 samples.Results obtained with the bioluminescent bacteria indicated that only particles from the combustion of acacia pellets were toxic.All samples induced im-pairment on the A549 cells metabolic activity,while no significant release of lactate dehy-drogenase was recorded.PM10 emissions from acacia pellets were the most cytotoxic,while samples from both certified pellets evoked significant cytotoxicity at lower doses.Cytotox-icity time-dependency was only observed for PM10 from the combustion of acacia pellets and one of the brands of certified pellets.Mutagenic activity was not detected in both S.typhi murium strains.This study emphasises the role of the raw material for pellet manu-facturing on the toxicological profile of PM emissions.Alternative raw materials should be deeply investigated before their use in pelletisation and combustion in residential appli-ances.
文摘Water scarcity poses a significant challenge globally,with South Africa exemplifying the severe socio-economic and environmental impacts of limited water access.Despite advances in modern water management systems,the integration of indigenous knowledge(IK)into formal frameworks remains underutilized.This study systematically reviews the role of indigenous water conservation practices in South Africa,analyzing over 50 high-quality sources using the PRISMA methodology.The findings highlight the effectiveness of IK in addressing water scarcity through techniques such as rainwater harvesting,terracing,and wetland management,which are low-cost,environmentally sustainable,and deeply rooted in cultural practices.Indigenous methods also enhance climate resilience by enabling communities to adapt to droughts and floods through practices such as weather prediction and adaptive farming techniques.Furthermore,these practices foster social inclusivity and community empowerment,ensuring equitable water access and intergenerational knowledge transfer.The study underscores the potential of integrating IK with modern water technologies to create holistic solutions that are scalable,sustainable,and aligned with South Africa’s goal of achieving water security by 2030.Policy recommendations emphasize the need for institutional support,data collection,and financial incentives to sustain and mainstream indigenous approaches.By bridging the gap between traditional and contemporary systems,this research provides a roadmap for leveraging diverse knowledge systems to address water scarcity and build resilient communities.
基金supported by the CAS/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teamsthe External Cooperation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. GJHZ0960)
文摘Glaciers in the upstream Mania Reservoir in the Nianchu River Basin are crucial for agriculture and hydropower in the ＂One River and Two Streams＂ area. Rising temperature has caused widespread retreat of glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau during the last few decades. In this study, glacier variations under climate change in the Nianchu River Basin are quantified and their influence are evaluated by analyzing 1980 aerial topographic maps, 1990 Landsat TM, 2000 Landsat ETM＋, and 2005 CBERS remotely sensed images. It is found that from 1980 to 2005, the debris-free glacier area shrank by 7.3% （13.42 kin2）. Glacier shrinkage will have a positive effect on agriculture, hydropower and eco-environment in the near future. However, because the large number of small glaciers （〈2 km2） will rapidly retreat and disappear in future years, melt water will decrease, ultimately resulting in a long term water shortage. Glacial lakes exhibited rapid expansion due to accelerating glacier retreat during 19802005, increasing the possibility of glacial lake outbtwst floods.
基金particilly (Dalila Serpa,Jan Jacob Keizer)supported by CESAM (UIDP/50017/2020+UIDB/50017/2020+LA/P/0094/2020)by FCT/MCTES,through national fundsthe project WAFLE (PTDC/ASP-SIL/31573/2017)funded by FEDER,through COMPETE2020–Programa OperacionalCompetitividade e Internacionalizacao (POCI)by national funds (OE),through FCT/MCTES。
文摘Worldwide,forests are vital in the regulation of the water cycle regulation and in water balance allocation.Knowledge of ecohydrological responses of production forests is essential to support management strategies,especially where water is already scarce.Shifting climatological patterns are expected to impact thermopluviometric regimes,water cycle components,hydrological responses,and plant physiology,evapotranspiration rates,crop productivity and land management operations.This work(1)assessed the impacts of different predicted climate conditions on water yield;(2)inferred the impacts of climate change on biomass production on eucalypt-to-eucalypt succes sion.To this end,the widely accepted Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT)was run with the RCA,HIRHAM5 and RACMO climate models for two emission scenarios(RCP 4.5 and8.5).Three 12-year periods were considered to simulate tree growth under coppice regime.The results revealed an overall reduction in streamflow and water yield in the catchment in line with the projected reduction in total annual precipitation.Moreover,HIRHAM5 and RACMO models forecast a slight shift in seasonal streamflow of up to 2 months(for2024-2048)in line with the projected increase in precipitation from May to September.For biomass production,the extreme climate model(RCA)and severe emis sion scenario(RCP 8.5)predicted a decrease up to 46%.However,in the less extreme and more-correlated(with actual catchment climate conditions)climate models(RACMO and HIRHAM5)and in the less extreme emission scenario(RCP 4.5),biomass production increased(up to 20%),and the growth cycle was slightly reduced.SWAT was proven to be a valuable tool to assess climate change impacts on a eucalypt-dominated catchment and is a suitable decision-support tool for forest managers.
文摘The simulating exactly compared with realty of ground surface to run a model is more and more highly required. In the real, terrain of the earth surface is always complicated by the natural and human made ground objects. Because of limitation of collecting and storing technologies in the past time, data are usually not detailed so that the data can not be full for the simulation. Besides computing power and simulation increase more day by day, the increasing requirements more detailed of topography surface simulation is a demand. In simulated flooding phenomenon or phenomena related to energy and momentum of water flow, the linear objects of ground surface such as roads, dikes, dams, etc. need to have their vertical dimension along continuously. However, these datas have often no height information alternately, there are only discrete elevation points that are extracted from topographic maps. Consequently, the demand of a suitable method for linear objects height interpolation is necessary. This paper aims to provide a method and evaluate its accuracy to meet this requirement.
基金support to UID Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e Mar(CESAM)+LA/P/0094/2020,through national funds.We further acknowledge FCT for the funding of projects SOILCOMBAT,TRUESOIL(https://doi.org/10.54499/PTDC/EAM-AMB/0474/2020https://doi.org/10.54499/EJPSo ils/0001/2021),and SOILSPONGE project no 16808(COMPETE2030-FEDER-00799200)as well as of authors B.Gholamahmadi(https://doi.org/10.54499/2020.04610.BD)(WATERDESERT,PhD thesis),F.Verheijen(https://doi.org/10.54499/2023.06689.CEECI ND/CP2840/CT0011),A.C.Bastos(https://doi.org/10.54499/DL57/2016/CP1482/CT0006)and C.Ferreira。
文摘Soil erosion by water poses major environmental challenges to the European viticulture sector.Biochar is recognised as a sustainable tool for combating land degradation,but few studies on the effect of biochar on soil erosion have been conducted in Mediterranean vineyards with hilly terrain and heavy rainfall.This study assesses the potential of biochar to support soil conservation by enhancing sponge function,i.e.water retention and infiltration,and reducing erodibility in sloping sandy loam soil under natural rainfall conditions.An 18-month outdoor box lysimeter experiment was conducted using bare soil,including soil amended with 4%(w/w)biochar from a Portuguese vineyard.Over the monitoring period,biochar application significantly(p<0.001)reduced the runoff coefficient by an average of 45%.Biochar reduced coarse fragment erosion by 67%,fine-earth erosion by 43%,and splash erosion by 34%,all affected(p<0.05)by rainfall intensity.The erosion rate in vineyard soil was 3 times lower(p<0.001)in biocharamended soil than in the control(3.7 vs.11.1 t ha^(-1)yr^(-1)).Improved soil structure led to a 7%reduction in bulk density,an average increase of 73%in stored water,and a 28%increase in infiltration.During drier periods,the biocharamended soil stored 171–303%more water than the control soil.We recommend a minimum monitoring period of a full hydrological cycle under natural rainfall to comprehensively capture the effect of biochar on the soil sponge function.Observed seasonal trends and atmospheric river(AR)events suggest that studies using rainfall simulations without considering antecedent soil moisture and AR variations will yield skewed data on effects.From a practical standpoint,this study showed that biochar could be a sustainable soil management solution to enhancing long-term vineyard resilience and productivity in the Mediterranean.
