Seasonal changes in enzyme activities and citrate concentration during the development of citrus fruits were investigated. The result showed that the organic acid concentrations reached a peak in the 100 -130 days aft...Seasonal changes in enzyme activities and citrate concentration during the development of citrus fruits were investigated. The result showed that the organic acid concentrations reached a peak in the 100 -130 days after anthesis and gradually declined during later stages of fruit maturation in most varieties of citrus, but declined only slightly thereafter in lemon [Citrus limon(L.)Burm]; there is no relation between the activity of citrate synthetase(CS)and the different acid concentration in different citrus fruits; the increase of the activity of the cytosolic aconitase in the late period of the development of citrus fruits accelerated the degradation of citric acid in citrus fruits; the higher the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase(PEPC)and the ratio of NAD-dependent isocitrate hydrogenase(PEPC /NAD-IDH),the more the concentrations of organic acids in citrus fruit.展开更多
The first-order revision and the approximation analytical formula of the energy levels for hydrogen-like atoms under the condition of Debye shielding potential are achieved by means of the Rayleigh–Schr?dinger pertur...The first-order revision and the approximation analytical formula of the energy levels for hydrogen-like atoms under the condition of Debye shielding potential are achieved by means of the Rayleigh–Schr?dinger perturbation theory; meanwhile, the corresponding recurrence relations are obtained from the use of the solution of power series. Based on the above solutions and with the use of energy consistent method the equivalent value of second-order reversion under the condition of Debye shielding potential is produced as well and the result is compared with the data obtained by the numerical method. Besides, the critical bond-state and corresponding cut-off conditions are discussed.展开更多
It has been shown in recent economic and statistical studies that combining forecasts may produce more accurate forecasts than individual ones. However, the literature on combining forecasts has almost exclusively foc...It has been shown in recent economic and statistical studies that combining forecasts may produce more accurate forecasts than individual ones. However, the literature on combining forecasts has almost exclusively focused on linear combining forecasts. In this paper, a new nonlinear combination forecasting method based on fuzzy inference system is present to overcome the difficulties and drawbacks in linear combination modeling of non-stationary time series. Furthermore, the optimization algorithm based on a hierarchical structure of learning automata is used to identify the parameters of the fuzzy system. Experiment results related to numerical examples demonstrate that the new technique has excellent identification performances and forecasting accuracy superior to other existing linear combining forecasts.展开更多
For a low surface barrier, the energy band, barrier height and width of the space charge region at the surface of relatively large grains of ZnO are presented analytically on condition that the electron distribution o...For a low surface barrier, the energy band, barrier height and width of the space charge region at the surface of relatively large grains of ZnO are presented analytically on condition that the electron distribution obeys the Boltzmann statistics. It is shown that the temperature in the space charge distribution factor has an important effect on the energy band, barrier height and width of the space charge region. The depletion approximation is a model in which the temperature in the space charge distribution factor is zero. Our results are better than the depletion approximation.展开更多
Options were first traded on an exchange on 26^th April 1973.What are options? The option gives the holder the right to trade inthe future at a previously agreed price but takes away the obliga-tion. So if the stock f...Options were first traded on an exchange on 26^th April 1973.What are options? The option gives the holder the right to trade inthe future at a previously agreed price but takes away the obliga-tion. So if the stock falls, we do not have to buy it after all. A calloption is the right to buy a particular asset for an agreed amount ata specified time in the future. As an example,展开更多
In this paper, firstly, we propose several convexification and concavification transformations to convert a strictly monotone function into a convex or concave function, then we propose several convexification and con...In this paper, firstly, we propose several convexification and concavification transformations to convert a strictly monotone function into a convex or concave function, then we propose several convexification and concavification transformations to convert a non-convex and non-concave objective function into a convex or concave function in the programming problems with convex or concave constraint functions, and propose several convexification and concavification transformations to convert a non-monotone objective function into a convex or concave function in some programming problems with strictly monotone constraint functions. Finally, we prove that the original programming problem can be converted into an equivalent concave minimization problem, or reverse convex programming problem or canonical D.C. programming problem. Then the global optimal solution of the original problem can be obtained by solving the converted concave minimization problem, or reverse convex programming problem or canonical D.C. programming problem using the existing algorithms about them.展开更多
In this paper, a logarithmic-exponential penalty function with two parameters for integer programming is discussed. We obtain the exact penalty properties and then establish the asymptotic strong nonlinear duality in ...In this paper, a logarithmic-exponential penalty function with two parameters for integer programming is discussed. We obtain the exact penalty properties and then establish the asymptotic strong nonlinear duality in the corresponding logarithmic-exponential dual formulation by using the obtained exact penalty properties. The discussion is based on the logarithmic-exponential nonlinear dual formulation proposed in [6].展开更多
A general monotonization method is proposed for converting a constrained programming problem with non-monotone objective function and monotone constraint functions into a monotone programming problem. An equivalent mo...A general monotonization method is proposed for converting a constrained programming problem with non-monotone objective function and monotone constraint functions into a monotone programming problem. An equivalent monotone programming problem with only inequality constraints is obtained via this monotonization method. Then the existingconvexification and concavefication methods can be used to convert the monotone programming problem into an equivalent better-structured optimization problem.展开更多
文摘Seasonal changes in enzyme activities and citrate concentration during the development of citrus fruits were investigated. The result showed that the organic acid concentrations reached a peak in the 100 -130 days after anthesis and gradually declined during later stages of fruit maturation in most varieties of citrus, but declined only slightly thereafter in lemon [Citrus limon(L.)Burm]; there is no relation between the activity of citrate synthetase(CS)and the different acid concentration in different citrus fruits; the increase of the activity of the cytosolic aconitase in the late period of the development of citrus fruits accelerated the degradation of citric acid in citrus fruits; the higher the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase(PEPC)and the ratio of NAD-dependent isocitrate hydrogenase(PEPC /NAD-IDH),the more the concentrations of organic acids in citrus fruit.
文摘The first-order revision and the approximation analytical formula of the energy levels for hydrogen-like atoms under the condition of Debye shielding potential are achieved by means of the Rayleigh–Schr?dinger perturbation theory; meanwhile, the corresponding recurrence relations are obtained from the use of the solution of power series. Based on the above solutions and with the use of energy consistent method the equivalent value of second-order reversion under the condition of Debye shielding potential is produced as well and the result is compared with the data obtained by the numerical method. Besides, the critical bond-state and corresponding cut-off conditions are discussed.
基金Funded by the Excellent Young Teachers of MOE (350) and Chongqing Education Committee Foundation
文摘It has been shown in recent economic and statistical studies that combining forecasts may produce more accurate forecasts than individual ones. However, the literature on combining forecasts has almost exclusively focused on linear combining forecasts. In this paper, a new nonlinear combination forecasting method based on fuzzy inference system is present to overcome the difficulties and drawbacks in linear combination modeling of non-stationary time series. Furthermore, the optimization algorithm based on a hierarchical structure of learning automata is used to identify the parameters of the fuzzy system. Experiment results related to numerical examples demonstrate that the new technique has excellent identification performances and forecasting accuracy superior to other existing linear combining forecasts.
文摘For a low surface barrier, the energy band, barrier height and width of the space charge region at the surface of relatively large grains of ZnO are presented analytically on condition that the electron distribution obeys the Boltzmann statistics. It is shown that the temperature in the space charge distribution factor has an important effect on the energy band, barrier height and width of the space charge region. The depletion approximation is a model in which the temperature in the space charge distribution factor is zero. Our results are better than the depletion approximation.
文摘Options were first traded on an exchange on 26^th April 1973.What are options? The option gives the holder the right to trade inthe future at a previously agreed price but takes away the obliga-tion. So if the stock falls, we do not have to buy it after all. A calloption is the right to buy a particular asset for an agreed amount ata specified time in the future. As an example,
基金This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant 10271073).
文摘In this paper, firstly, we propose several convexification and concavification transformations to convert a strictly monotone function into a convex or concave function, then we propose several convexification and concavification transformations to convert a non-convex and non-concave objective function into a convex or concave function in the programming problems with convex or concave constraint functions, and propose several convexification and concavification transformations to convert a non-monotone objective function into a convex or concave function in some programming problems with strictly monotone constraint functions. Finally, we prove that the original programming problem can be converted into an equivalent concave minimization problem, or reverse convex programming problem or canonical D.C. programming problem. Then the global optimal solution of the original problem can be obtained by solving the converted concave minimization problem, or reverse convex programming problem or canonical D.C. programming problem using the existing algorithms about them.
基金Partially supported by the National Science Foundation of China (No.10271073)
文摘In this paper, a logarithmic-exponential penalty function with two parameters for integer programming is discussed. We obtain the exact penalty properties and then establish the asymptotic strong nonlinear duality in the corresponding logarithmic-exponential dual formulation by using the obtained exact penalty properties. The discussion is based on the logarithmic-exponential nonlinear dual formulation proposed in [6].
基金This research is partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundationof China(GrantNo.10171118)Education Committee ProjectResearchFoundationofChongqing(GrantNo.030801)theScienceCommitteeProjectResearchFoundationofChongqing(GrantNo.8409).
文摘In this paper, two new dual models of nonsmooth multiobjective programmingare constructed and two duality results are derived.
基金Project supported by the Chongqing Municipal Education Commission (No.030809).
文摘A general monotonization method is proposed for converting a constrained programming problem with non-monotone objective function and monotone constraint functions into a monotone programming problem. An equivalent monotone programming problem with only inequality constraints is obtained via this monotonization method. Then the existingconvexification and concavefication methods can be used to convert the monotone programming problem into an equivalent better-structured optimization problem.
