In discussing the policy effects of environmental regulation,we should focus not only on whether environmental regulation helps improve the environmental and economic performance of firms,but also on how such improvem...In discussing the policy effects of environmental regulation,we should focus not only on whether environmental regulation helps improve the environmental and economic performance of firms,but also on how such improvement is materialized,i.e.whether the obsolete mode of production is reversed.After matching the database of China’s industrial enterprises with that of pollution emissions from these industrial enterprises,this paper identifies the asymmetric scope of clean production standards to test the effect of environmental regulation on the total factor productivity(TFP)of the industrial enterprises.Our empirical research finds that the implementation of clean production standards may induce TFP improvement.However,such improvement only occurs for polluters who cannot or who barely meet clean production standards and does little to improve the production standards of polluters with low pollution emission,reflecting the yardstick phenomenon of the asymmetric environmental regulation policy effect:While polluters are forced to improve,clean enterprises that pollute less are more likely to take no action.Further research finds that such TFP improvement is materialized primarily by means of overall firm optimization;the compensation effect is insignificant and does not reverse the backward mode of production.Polluters cope with the implementation of clean production standards by purchasing more equipment and expanding capacity,which adds to the tension between the expansion of capacity and the abatement of pollution emission.展开更多
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the importance of the clinical experience on the reliability of the GOSLON Yardstick. Design: Comparative-measures study. Material: 3D images of the study models of ...Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the importance of the clinical experience on the reliability of the GOSLON Yardstick. Design: Comparative-measures study. Material: 3D images of the study models of children with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (n: 119) at an average age of 9 years were included to the study. All subjects had their cleft lip and palate repaired in many hospitals by different surgeons, but no alveolar graft or any orthodontic treatment was performed. Method: Digital views of the models were used by Orthomodel software program. 3D images of the study models were scored by two groups of raters (Group I: 10 experienced orthodontists, Group II: 10 post-graduate orthodontic stu-dents) after careful perusal of published literature concerning GOSLON scoring and examining dental models samples. Main outcome measures: Statistics of intra- and inter-rater agreement. Results: Intra-rater agreement measurements of the two groups were high and high inter-rater agreement was also found between the two groups. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study clinical orthodontic experience does not affect significantly the reliability of the GOSLON Yardstick when all the raters trained before scoring.展开更多
"From 1999 to 2010,Peking University (PKU)has produced 79 billionaires,and the most of all universities in China for three years in a row,"said PKU President Zhou Qifeng.After PKU on the list is Tsinghua Uni..."From 1999 to 2010,Peking University (PKU)has produced 79 billionaires,and the most of all universities in China for three years in a row,"said PKU President Zhou Qifeng.After PKU on the list is Tsinghua University with 70 billionaires展开更多
文摘In discussing the policy effects of environmental regulation,we should focus not only on whether environmental regulation helps improve the environmental and economic performance of firms,but also on how such improvement is materialized,i.e.whether the obsolete mode of production is reversed.After matching the database of China’s industrial enterprises with that of pollution emissions from these industrial enterprises,this paper identifies the asymmetric scope of clean production standards to test the effect of environmental regulation on the total factor productivity(TFP)of the industrial enterprises.Our empirical research finds that the implementation of clean production standards may induce TFP improvement.However,such improvement only occurs for polluters who cannot or who barely meet clean production standards and does little to improve the production standards of polluters with low pollution emission,reflecting the yardstick phenomenon of the asymmetric environmental regulation policy effect:While polluters are forced to improve,clean enterprises that pollute less are more likely to take no action.Further research finds that such TFP improvement is materialized primarily by means of overall firm optimization;the compensation effect is insignificant and does not reverse the backward mode of production.Polluters cope with the implementation of clean production standards by purchasing more equipment and expanding capacity,which adds to the tension between the expansion of capacity and the abatement of pollution emission.
文摘Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the importance of the clinical experience on the reliability of the GOSLON Yardstick. Design: Comparative-measures study. Material: 3D images of the study models of children with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (n: 119) at an average age of 9 years were included to the study. All subjects had their cleft lip and palate repaired in many hospitals by different surgeons, but no alveolar graft or any orthodontic treatment was performed. Method: Digital views of the models were used by Orthomodel software program. 3D images of the study models were scored by two groups of raters (Group I: 10 experienced orthodontists, Group II: 10 post-graduate orthodontic stu-dents) after careful perusal of published literature concerning GOSLON scoring and examining dental models samples. Main outcome measures: Statistics of intra- and inter-rater agreement. Results: Intra-rater agreement measurements of the two groups were high and high inter-rater agreement was also found between the two groups. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study clinical orthodontic experience does not affect significantly the reliability of the GOSLON Yardstick when all the raters trained before scoring.
文摘"From 1999 to 2010,Peking University (PKU)has produced 79 billionaires,and the most of all universities in China for three years in a row,"said PKU President Zhou Qifeng.After PKU on the list is Tsinghua University with 70 billionaires
