Miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements(MITEs) are a type of DNA transposon frequently inserted into promoters, untranslated regions(UTR), introns, or coding sequences of genes. We found a 276-bp tourist-like ...Miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements(MITEs) are a type of DNA transposon frequently inserted into promoters, untranslated regions(UTR), introns, or coding sequences of genes. We found a 276-bp tourist-like MITE insertion in the 3′-UTR of a 16.9 k Da small heat shock protein gene(TaH SP16.9-3A) on chromosome 3A of common wheat. Haplotype analysis revealed two haplotypes, s HSP-W(wild type without MITE insertion) and s HSP-M(mutant with MITE insertion), present in wheat germplasm. Both semiquantitative PCR and quantitative real-time PCR analyses showed increased transcription levels of TaH SP16.9-3A in s HSP-M compared with those of s HSP-W after heat treatment at 42 °C. It appeared that the MITE insertion into the 3′-UTR enhances the transcription of TaH SP16.9-3A.展开更多
The Q/q gene, also known as WAP2, is an important gene for wheat domestication and is a member of the AP2 （APETALA2） class of transcription factors. In the present study, we first isolated the WRAP2 allele （where t...The Q/q gene, also known as WAP2, is an important gene for wheat domestication and is a member of the AP2 （APETALA2） class of transcription factors. In the present study, we first isolated the WRAP2 allele （where the superscript ＂t＂ refers to the speciese source, in this case ＂tauschii＂） on chromosome 5D from Aegilops tauschii Coss., the D-genome donor species of common wheat. We found that WRAP2 and the AP2 gene from Arabidopsis share a central core of the AP2 polypeptide, a highly basic 10-amino acid domain, and an AASSGF box, although there are many differences in the 37-amino acid serine-rich acidic domain and the remaining regions. In addition, WRAP2 was highly homologous to the homoeologous loci on 5A and 5B of wheat at both the nucleotide and amino acid level. However, there were some variations that are probably related to gene function. In the first AP2 domain, the amino acids VYL on the 5D and 5A loci were replaced with LLR on 5B. In the 37-amino acid serine-rich acidic domain, WRAP2 on 5D had an extra amino acid insertion. There was also a variation at the 329 amino acid position, which is thought to be related to the appearance of free-threshing wheat. At this position, the amino acid is isoleucine on 5A for the Q allele and valine for the q allele, whereas the amino acid is leucine on 5D and 5B. Furthermore, a Stowaway miniature terminal inverted repeat element （MITE） insertion was present in the ninth intron of WAP2 on 5B of all common wheats and partial tetraploid Triticum turgidum wheats. These results provide new clues for studies into the evolutionary biology of WAP2 and the origin of common wheat.展开更多
While mites are able to utilize numerous food sources, the suitability of the food strongly influences population growth. The different suitabilities of various stored agricultural products will thus affect the level ...While mites are able to utilize numerous food sources, the suitability of the food strongly influences population growth. The different suitabilities of various stored agricultural products will thus affect the level of infestation. In this study, we compared field mite infestation rates in two stored cereals： wheat and barley. We analyzed mite abundance, frequency and species composition in samples of grain obtained from 79 selected Czech grain stores. Stored barley seemed to be more vulnerable to mite attack than wheat, as we consistently found more infested samples, more species and higher mean and median mite abundance per sample in barley as compared to wheat. The mean mite abundance per sam- ple were 55 and 506 individuals for wheat and barley, respectively. In barley, 10% of sampies exceeded allergen risk threshold （i.e., 1 000 individuals per kg of grain）. Altogether, 25 species were identified from approximately 35 000 individuals. The most frequently identified species were the same in wheat and barley, that is, Tydeus interruptus Sig Thor, Acarus siro L., Tarsonemus granarius Lindquist, Lepidoglyphus destructor （Schrank） and Tyrophagus putrescentiae （Schrank）. Based on principal components analysis, we found a closer association of T. interruptus, T. putrescentiae, L. destructor and Cheyletus eruditus （Schrank） with barley samples, corresponding to the high frequency and abundance values of these mites. The probable reasons for the higher infestation, especially mite abundance in barley, are discussed in relation to the higher proportion of crushed parts, which may release favorable nutrient sources and amplify the abundance values.展开更多
基金supported by the China Agricultural University Graduate Research and Innovation Project (kycx09019)
文摘Miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements(MITEs) are a type of DNA transposon frequently inserted into promoters, untranslated regions(UTR), introns, or coding sequences of genes. We found a 276-bp tourist-like MITE insertion in the 3′-UTR of a 16.9 k Da small heat shock protein gene(TaH SP16.9-3A) on chromosome 3A of common wheat. Haplotype analysis revealed two haplotypes, s HSP-W(wild type without MITE insertion) and s HSP-M(mutant with MITE insertion), present in wheat germplasm. Both semiquantitative PCR and quantitative real-time PCR analyses showed increased transcription levels of TaH SP16.9-3A in s HSP-M compared with those of s HSP-W after heat treatment at 42 °C. It appeared that the MITE insertion into the 3′-UTR enhances the transcription of TaH SP16.9-3A.
基金supported by the National BasicResearch Program(973 Program2009CB 118300),"100-Talent Program"of The Chinese Academy of Sciences,and by the Education Bureau and Science and Technology Bureau of Sichuan Province.
文摘The Q/q gene, also known as WAP2, is an important gene for wheat domestication and is a member of the AP2 （APETALA2） class of transcription factors. In the present study, we first isolated the WRAP2 allele （where the superscript ＂t＂ refers to the speciese source, in this case ＂tauschii＂） on chromosome 5D from Aegilops tauschii Coss., the D-genome donor species of common wheat. We found that WRAP2 and the AP2 gene from Arabidopsis share a central core of the AP2 polypeptide, a highly basic 10-amino acid domain, and an AASSGF box, although there are many differences in the 37-amino acid serine-rich acidic domain and the remaining regions. In addition, WRAP2 was highly homologous to the homoeologous loci on 5A and 5B of wheat at both the nucleotide and amino acid level. However, there were some variations that are probably related to gene function. In the first AP2 domain, the amino acids VYL on the 5D and 5A loci were replaced with LLR on 5B. In the 37-amino acid serine-rich acidic domain, WRAP2 on 5D had an extra amino acid insertion. There was also a variation at the 329 amino acid position, which is thought to be related to the appearance of free-threshing wheat. At this position, the amino acid is isoleucine on 5A for the Q allele and valine for the q allele, whereas the amino acid is leucine on 5D and 5B. Furthermore, a Stowaway miniature terminal inverted repeat element （MITE） insertion was present in the ninth intron of WAP2 on 5B of all common wheats and partial tetraploid Triticum turgidum wheats. These results provide new clues for studies into the evolutionary biology of WAP2 and the origin of common wheat.
文摘While mites are able to utilize numerous food sources, the suitability of the food strongly influences population growth. The different suitabilities of various stored agricultural products will thus affect the level of infestation. In this study, we compared field mite infestation rates in two stored cereals： wheat and barley. We analyzed mite abundance, frequency and species composition in samples of grain obtained from 79 selected Czech grain stores. Stored barley seemed to be more vulnerable to mite attack than wheat, as we consistently found more infested samples, more species and higher mean and median mite abundance per sample in barley as compared to wheat. The mean mite abundance per sam- ple were 55 and 506 individuals for wheat and barley, respectively. In barley, 10% of sampies exceeded allergen risk threshold （i.e., 1 000 individuals per kg of grain）. Altogether, 25 species were identified from approximately 35 000 individuals. The most frequently identified species were the same in wheat and barley, that is, Tydeus interruptus Sig Thor, Acarus siro L., Tarsonemus granarius Lindquist, Lepidoglyphus destructor （Schrank） and Tyrophagus putrescentiae （Schrank）. Based on principal components analysis, we found a closer association of T. interruptus, T. putrescentiae, L. destructor and Cheyletus eruditus （Schrank） with barley samples, corresponding to the high frequency and abundance values of these mites. The probable reasons for the higher infestation, especially mite abundance in barley, are discussed in relation to the higher proportion of crushed parts, which may release favorable nutrient sources and amplify the abundance values.
