The family Filoviridae, which includes the genera Marburgvirus and Ebolavirus, contains some of the most pathogenic viruses in humans and non-human primates （NHPs）, causing severe hemorrhagic fevers with high fatali...The family Filoviridae, which includes the genera Marburgvirus and Ebolavirus, contains some of the most pathogenic viruses in humans and non-human primates （NHPs）, causing severe hemorrhagic fevers with high fatality rates. Small animal models against filoviruses using mice, guinea pigs, hamsters, and ferrets have been developed with the goal of screening candidate vaccines and antivirals, before testing in the gold standard NHP models. In this review, we summarize the different animal models used to understand filovirus pathogenesis, and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each model with respect to filovirus disease research.展开更多
Periodontitis is the inflammation of the supporting structures around the dentition.Several microbial agents,mostly bacteria,have been identified as causative factors for periodontal disease.On the other hand,oral cav...Periodontitis is the inflammation of the supporting structures around the dentition.Several microbial agents,mostly bacteria,have been identified as causative factors for periodontal disease.On the other hand,oral cavity is a rich reservoir for viruses since it contains a wide variety of cell types that can be targeted by viruses.Traditionally,the focus of research about the oral flora has been on bacteria because the most widespread oral diseases,like periodontitis and dental caries,are outcomes of bacterial infection.However,recently and especially after the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019,there is a growing tendency toward including viruses also into the scope of oral microbiome investigations.The global high prevalence of periodontitis and viral infections may point out to a concomitant or synergistic effect between the two.Although the exact nature of the mechanism still is not clearly understood,this could be speculated through the manipulation of the immune system by viruses;hence facilitating the furthermore colonization of the oral tissues by bacteria.This review provides an extensive and detailed update on the role of the most common viruses including herpes family(herpes simplex,varicella-zoster,Epstein-Barr,cytomegalovirus),Human papillomaviruses,Human immunodeficiency virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in the initiation,progression and prognosis of periodontitis.展开更多
Nipah virus(NiV)and Hendra virus(HeV)are highly pathogenic henipaviruses within the Paramyxoviridae family,causing severe respiratory and neurological diseases in humans and animals with fatality rates up to 75%,and n...Nipah virus(NiV)and Hendra virus(HeV)are highly pathogenic henipaviruses within the Paramyxoviridae family,causing severe respiratory and neurological diseases in humans and animals with fatality rates up to 75%,and no licensed human vaccines or therapeutics.In this study,we identified a unique vulnerable epitope on the NiV attachment glycoprotein(G)recognized by the potent neutralizing antibody 14F8,which targets a receptor-binding site and neutralizes NiV effectively.Using the 2.8Åcrystal structure of the 14F8 Fab–NiV-G complex as a guide,we reconstructed this epitope on HeV-G via a single amino acid substitution(S586N),creating the HeV-G_(S586N) mutant.Immunization with HeV-G_(S586N) in BALB/c mice and cynomolgus monkeys elicited robust,broadly neutralizing antibody responses against both NiV and HeV,achieving higher NiV-neutralizing titers post-prime compared to wild-type HeV-G,as confirmed by pseudovirus and live-virus assays.Crystal structures of HeV-G_(S586N)(3.3Å)and its 14F8 complex(3.2Å)showed the S586N substitution induced a 9Åconformational rearrangement inβ-propeller blade 6,reshaping the molecular skeleton and solvent-accessible surface without direct N586–14F8 interaction,thus mimicking the NiV epitope.These findings position HeV-G_(S586N) as a promising broad-spectrum antigen for henipavirus prevention and demonstrate the value of structure-guided epitope reconstruction in universal vaccine design for emerging viral threats.展开更多
BACKGROUND To prevent mother to child transmission(MTCT)of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV),sustained maternal viral load suppression(VLS)and early HIV testing among HIV exposed infants(HEI)is critical.AIM To investi...BACKGROUND To prevent mother to child transmission(MTCT)of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV),sustained maternal viral load suppression(VLS)and early HIV testing among HIV exposed infants(HEI)is critical.AIM To investigate maternal viral load results and infant HIV testing uptake at 6-weeks,and 9-months and 18-months in Rwanda.METHODS Between 2015 and 2022,VLS(<200 copies/mL)was measured among pregnant women living with HIV(WLHIV)from 38-healthcare facilities.Viral loads(VL)were measured at 6-months,12-months and 24-months,respectively.For maternal VL,the unit of analysis was visit-pair,and the pairs were created to define those with VL<200 copies/mL at two consecutive visits as having sustained VLS,persistent viremia(VL≥200 copies/mL at two consecutive visits),viral rebound(VL<200 copies/mL at prior visit only)and newly suppressed(VL<200 copies/mL at subsequent visit only).HEI were considered to have persistent HIV testing if they had all three HIV tests.Poisson regression models with generalized estimating equations were used to estimate the adjusted incidence rate ratio(aIRR)and 95%CI for factors associated with sustained VLS and persistent HIV testing.RESULTS A total of 1145 mother-infant pairs were analyzed.Infant HIV testing uptake at 6-weeks,9-months and 18-months was 1145(100.0%),1089(95.1%),1006(87.9%)respectively.Nine hundred ninety-nine HEI(87.3%)tested for HIV persistently.At 18-months,the incidence of HIV among HEI was 8(0.7%).Of 1145 mothers,1076(94.0%)had≥2 VL results making a total of 2010 visit-pairs(142-single;934-double visit-pairs).The incidence rate of sustained VLS,persistent viremia,viral rebound and new suppression were 91.0%,1.3%,3.6%and 4.0%respectively.Maternal disclosure of HIV status(aIRR=1.08,95%CI:1.02-1.14)was associated with increased likelihood of sustained VLS.Having peer support(aIRR=1.0595%CI:1.01-1.10)was associated with persistent HIV testing among HEI.CONCLUSION Sustained VLS is high among pregnant WLHIV in Rwanda.The low incidence of HIV among HEI may be attributed to high VLS levels.Targeted interventions,including enhanced HIV disclosure and peer support,are crucial for improving sustained VLS and increasing infant HIV testing uptake to reduce MTCT.展开更多
Dear Editor,For the past few decades,mosquito-borne orthoflaviviruses,such as dengue virus,Zika virus,and West Nile virus(WNV),have posed significant threats to global public health.The Orthoflavivirus genus comprises...Dear Editor,For the past few decades,mosquito-borne orthoflaviviruses,such as dengue virus,Zika virus,and West Nile virus(WNV),have posed significant threats to global public health.The Orthoflavivirus genus comprises more than 70 viruses,many of which are responsible for a wide range of diseases in humans and animals,including febrile illnesses,encephalitis,and hemorrhagic febrile illness.These viruses are associated with approximately 400 million infections and 100 million symptomatic cases worldwide each year(Van Leur et al.,2021).Among them,Usutu virus(USUV)is an emerging pathogen classified alongside WNV within the Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV)serogroup of the Orthoflavivirus genus,the Flaviviridae family.USUV has spread from Africa to Europe since the late 20th century.It primarily causes central nervous system disorders in birds,with several large-scale mortality events recorded in Europe.USUV can also infect humans,it typically leads to neurological complications in rare cases(Roesch et al.,2019).展开更多
Plus-strand RNA virus replication occurs in tight association with cytoplasmic host cell membranes. Both, viral and cellular factors cooperatively generate distinct organelle-like structures, designated viral replicat...Plus-strand RNA virus replication occurs in tight association with cytoplasmic host cell membranes. Both, viral and cellular factors cooperatively generate distinct organelle-like structures, designated viral replication factories. This compartmentalization allows coordination of the different steps of the viral replication cycle, highly efficient genome replication and protection of the viral RNA from cellular defense mechanisms. Electron tomography studies conducted during the last couple of years revealed the three dimensional structure of numerous plus-strand RNA virus replication compartments and highlight morphological analogies between different virus families. Based on the morphology of virusinduced membrane rearrangements, we propose two separate subclasses: the invaginated vesicle/spherule type and the double membrane vesicle type. This review discusses common themes and distinct differences in the architecture of plus-strand RNA virus-induced membrane alterations and summarizes recent progress that has been made in understanding the complex interplay between viral and co-opted cellular factors in biogenesis and maintenance of plus-strand RNA virus replication factories.展开更多
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination by 2030, using direct-acting antiviraltreatments, has been promoted by the World Health Organization. Thisachievement is not attainable, however, particularly after the 2020 pandemi...Hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination by 2030, using direct-acting antiviraltreatments, has been promoted by the World Health Organization. Thisachievement is not attainable, however, particularly after the 2020 pandemic ofthe coronavirus disease 2019. Consequently, the more realistic objective ofeliminating HCV from population segments for which targeted strategies ofprevention and treatment are easily attained has been promoted in Europe, as avalid alternative. The underlying idea is that micro-elimination will ultimatelylead to macro-elimination. The micro-elimination strategy may target differentspecific populations and at-risk groups. Different settings, including prisons andhospitals, have also been identified as micro-elimination scenarios. In addition,dedicated micro-elimination strategies have been designed that are tailored at thegeographical level according to HCV epidemiology and individual country’sincome. The main elements of a valid and successful micro-elimination project arereliable epidemiological data and active involvement of all the stakeholders.Community involvement represents another essential component for a successfulprogram.展开更多
Ebola virus disease(EVD)is a rare tropical disease,with case fatality ranging from 25%to 90%[1].As this infection is transmitted between humans via close contact,this led to the emergence of stigma against people who ...Ebola virus disease(EVD)is a rare tropical disease,with case fatality ranging from 25%to 90%[1].As this infection is transmitted between humans via close contact,this led to the emergence of stigma against people who were diagnosed with the infection[1,2].The latest outbreak of EVD was caused by the Sudan Ebola virus that affected nine districts of Uganda,and accounted for 164 cases and 77 deaths[3].Even though it was declared that this outbreak has ended,the health authorities have maintained surveillance to quickly detect and effectively respond to any new cases[3].In addition,a follow-up program has been initiated to support disease survivors and neighboring nations are instructed to be on high alert[3].The purpose of the current article was to justify the need to extend mental health support to the survivors of EVD outbreaks,identify the existing barriers which limit the delivery of mental healthcare services,and propose remedial measures to overcome these earmarked barriers.展开更多
BACKGROUND Whether rtS106C+H126Y+D134E/rtS106C+H126Y+D134E+L269I(rtCYE/rtCYEI)mutations in the hepatitis B virus(HBV)reverse-transcriptase(RT)region are associated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate(TDF)resistance is ...BACKGROUND Whether rtS106C+H126Y+D134E/rtS106C+H126Y+D134E+L269I(rtCYE/rtCYEI)mutations in the hepatitis B virus(HBV)reverse-transcriptase(RT)region are associated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate(TDF)resistance is controversial.AIM To evaluate the presence of the rtCYE/rtCYEI mutations in a large cohort of Chinese patients with chronic HBV infection.METHODS A total of 28236 patients who underwent drug resistance testing at the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from 2007 to 2019 were enrolled.All patients received nucleoside/nucleotide analogues(NAs)therapy,and serum samples were collected for sequence analysis of the HBV RT domain with mutation analysis.RESULTS The detection rates of a single mutation of rtS106C,rtH126Y,rtD134E,and rtL269I were 8.21%,3.20%,2.55%and 61.49%in 23718 genotype C patients,and 1.31%,1.76%,0.21%,and 92.33%in 4266 genotype B patients,respectively.The combined mutations of rtCYE/rtCYEI were only detected in 12 genotype C patients,accounting for 0.042%of all patients.These 12 patients had received NA treatments except TDF before testing.Among them,6 patients had coexisting rtCYE/rtCYEI and lamivudine-resistance mutations,and 2 patients had coexisting rtCYE/rtCYEI and adefovir-resistance mutations.Compared with the wild-type(WT)strain,the replication capacity of rtCYE/rtCYEI mutants from representative patients decreased by 41.1%-71.8%,and TDF susceptibility reduced by less than 2-fold,but rtCYEI+rtA181V/N236T mutants exhibited a 6.2-/9.9-fold decrease in TDF susceptibility.Molecular modeling showed that rtCYE/rtCYEI mutants had a slight decrease in binding energy to TDF compared to the WT strain.In the clinic,emergence of the rtCYE/rtCYEI mutations was not specifically associated with TDF treatment.CONCLUSION HBV rtCYE/rtCYEI mutations have a limited effect on TDF susceptibility and are not sufficient to cause TDF resistance.展开更多
Dear Editor,Viruses of the genus Orthoebolavirus cause sporadic outbreaks of severe haemorrhagic fever,with case fatality rates ranging from 25%to 90%(Mahanty and Bray,2004).Six species of the virus(Orthoebolavirus za...Dear Editor,Viruses of the genus Orthoebolavirus cause sporadic outbreaks of severe haemorrhagic fever,with case fatality rates ranging from 25%to 90%(Mahanty and Bray,2004).Six species of the virus(Orthoebolavirus zairense,sudanense,bundibugyoense,taiense,restonense,and bombaliense)have so far been identified(Biedenkopf et al.,2023).Among these,Orthoebolavirus zairense,commonly known as Ebola virus(EBOV),stands out as the most virulent.Given its high contagiousness and lethality,EBOV must be manipulated under biosafety level 4(BSL-4)conditions,as stipulated by the the People's Republic of China's list of human pathogenic microorganisms(National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China,2023).Prior to being removed from a BSL-4 laboratory,it is imperative that infectious EBOV undergoes complete inactivation.Here we systematically evaluate viral thermostability under BSL-4 containment conditions,demonstrating EBOV's marked thermotolerance.展开更多
Dengue virus(DENV)is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the genus Flavivirus within the Flaviviridae family.Four serotypes,DENV 1-4,are distributed globally[1].Hanoi metropolitan city is an endemi...Dengue virus(DENV)is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the genus Flavivirus within the Flaviviridae family.Four serotypes,DENV 1-4,are distributed globally[1].Hanoi metropolitan city is an endemic hotspot for DENV transmission in Vietnam[2,3].The largest outbreak occurred in 2017,with more than 36000 cases and 7 deaths reported,causing by all four serotypes with the predominance of DENV1,following by DENV2[4,5].During the following dengue season,we collected 390 blood and serum samples from 197 hospitalized patients in a national hospital in Hanoi city,Northern Vietnam to identify the circulating DENV serotypes responsible for the 2018-2019 outbreak.展开更多
Dear Editor,In recent decades,vector-transmitted emerging and re-emerging diseases pose public health issues around the world,in which emerging tick-borne viruses(TBVs)have played a major role since they are widely di...Dear Editor,In recent decades,vector-transmitted emerging and re-emerging diseases pose public health issues around the world,in which emerging tick-borne viruses(TBVs)have played a major role since they are widely distributed.TBVs have a wide range of hosts,including humans,livestock and rodents,with some of them able to cause severe diseases in human and domestic animals,such as Jingmen tick virus(JMTV)(Qin et al.,2014),tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV)(Xing et al.,2017),and Alongshan virus(ALSV)(Wang et al.,2019).Of the merging TBVs,JMTV is a novel pathogen that was first identified in Rhipicephalus microplus collected from the Jingmen city of Hubei province,China in 2010(Qin et al.,2014).展开更多
Objective:To uncover the characteristics of tick-borne viruses in Guizhou Province.Methods:A total of 414 Rhipicephalus microplus were collected from 5 counties in Guizhou Province,China from August 2022 to October 20...Objective:To uncover the characteristics of tick-borne viruses in Guizhou Province.Methods:A total of 414 Rhipicephalus microplus were collected from 5 counties in Guizhou Province,China from August 2022 to October 2023.A group of 12 ticks from each study sites was sequenced by next generation sequencing.Results:8 contigs of Wuhan mivirus(Chuviridae,Mivirus)with the length of 2094 bp to 11580 bp and 4 contigs of Lihan tick virus(Phenuiviridae,Uukuvirus)with the length of 1401 bp to 7080 bp were obtained,respectively.The prevalence rate of Wuhan mivirus and Lihan tick virus was 51.98%and 11.30%,respectively.The identities of gene sequences of both Wuhan mivirus and Lihan tick virus were 94%-100%compared with sequences in the National Center for Biotechnology Information.The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the Wuhan mivirus detected in this study was in the same branch with the Wuhan mivirus of Sichuan isolate TIGMIC-27(NCBI Accession:OP628598)and Zhejiang isolate TIGMIC-45(NCBI Accession:OP628613).In addition,the Lihan tick virus was in the same branch with the Sichuan Lihan tick virus isolate TIGMIC-46(NCBI Accession:ON812358).Conclusions:Both Wuhan mivirus and Lihan tick virus were prevalent in Rhipicephalus microplus in Guizhou Province.More studies are needed to understand the pathogenicity and public health threats of these tick-borne viruses.展开更多
The study of virus-host interactions has been significantly advanced using model organisms,with nematodes being a prominent example.Caenorhabditis elegans(C.elegans)nematodes have provided valuable insights into the m...The study of virus-host interactions has been significantly advanced using model organisms,with nematodes being a prominent example.Caenorhabditis elegans(C.elegans)nematodes have provided valuable insights into the mechanisms of viral infections,host defense strategies,and the development of antiviral therapies.With the discovery of natural viral pathogens of nematodes,Orsay virus,Le Blanc virus,Santeuil virus,and Mělník virus,the exploration of the virus-host interaction model based on nematodes has entered a new era.The virus-host interaction network consists of viruses,hosts,and the antagonistic effects of viruses on host immunity.The nematode virus-host interaction model is a concrete manifestation used to study the complex relationships among these three elements.Previous studies have indicated that during the entire process of nematode infection by viruses,antiviral RNA interference(RNAi)plays a crucial role.Additionally,the host’s innate immune responses,such as the antiviral-specific intracellular pathogen response(IPR)and certain signaling pathways homologous to those in humans,are particularly important in the natural immune and antiviral processes of nematodes.These processes are regulated by multiple genes in the host.The reverse genetics system for Orsay virus has been successfully developed to study viral gene function and virus-host interactions.Nematodes serve as simple host models for understanding RNA virus replication,related cellular components,and virus-host interaction mechanisms.These findings will likely contribute to the development of antiviral treatment strategies based on novel targets.展开更多
The family Hepeviridae has seen an explosive expansion in its host range in recent years,yet the evolutionary trajectory of this zoonotic pathogen remains largely unknown.The emergence of rat hepatitis E virus(HEV)has...The family Hepeviridae has seen an explosive expansion in its host range in recent years,yet the evolutionary trajectory of this zoonotic pathogen remains largely unknown.The emergence of rat hepatitis E virus(HEV)has introduced a new public health threat due to its potential for zoonotic transmission.This study investigated2?464 wild small mammals spanning four animal orders,eight families,21 genera,and 37 species in Yunnan Province,China.Using broadly reactive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR),we systematically screened the presence and prevalence of Orthohepevirus and identified 192 positive specimens from10 species,corresponding to an overall detection rate of7.79%.Next-generation sequencing enabled the recovery of 24 full-length genomic sequences from eight host species,including Bandicota bengalensis,Eothenomys eleusis,and Episoriculus caudatus,representing newly reported host species for Orthohepevirus strains.Phylogenetic and sequence analyses revealed extensive genetic diversity within orthohepeviruses infecting rodents and shrews.Notably,among the identified strains,20 were classified as Rocahepevirus ratti C1,two as C3,and one as Rocahepevirus eothenomi,while the remaining strain exhibited significant divergence,precluding classification.Evolutionary analyses highlighted close associations between orthohepeviruses and their respective host taxa,with distinct phylogenetic clustering patterns observed across different host orders.These findings emphasize the critical roles of co-speciation and cross-species transmission in shaping the evolutionary trajectories of the genera Paslahepevirus and Rocahepevirus.展开更多
We report the development of a triplex nucleic acid lateral flow immunoassay(NALFIA)for the detection of the genomes of Nipah virus(NiV),Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus(MERS-CoV)and Reston ebolavirus(REBO...We report the development of a triplex nucleic acid lateral flow immunoassay(NALFIA)for the detection of the genomes of Nipah virus(NiV),Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus(MERS-CoV)and Reston ebolavirus(REBOV),which are intended for screening bats as well as other hosts and reservoirs of these three viruses.Our triplex NALFIA is a two-step assay format:the target nucleic acid in the sample is first amplified using tagged primers,and the tagged dsDNA amplicons are captured by antibodies immobilized on the NALFIA device,resulting in signal development from the binding of a streptavidin-colloidal gold conjugate to a biotin tag on the captured amplicons.Triplex amplification of the N gene of NiV,the UpE gene of MERS-CoV,and the Vp40 gene of REBOV was optimized,and three compatible combinations of hapten labels and antibodies were identified for end point detection.The lowest RNA copy numbers detected by the triplex NALFIA were 8.21e4 for the NiV N target,7.09e1 for the MERS-CoV UpE target,and 1.83e4 for the REBOV Vp40 target.Using simulated samples,the sensitivity and specificity for MERS-CoV and REBOV targets were estimated to be 100%,while the sensitivity and specificity for the NiV target were 91%and 93.3%,respectively.The compliance rate between triplex NALFIA and real-time RT‒PCR was 92%for the NiV N target and 100%for the MERS-CoV UpE and REBOV Vp40 targets.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the etiology of ocular pathogens and to establish the various pathogens present in human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis(CMVR).METHODS:A total of 17 HIV-infected p...AIM:To investigate the etiology of ocular pathogens and to establish the various pathogens present in human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis(CMVR).METHODS:A total of 17 HIV-infected patients with concomitant eye disorders were enrolled.Patients were divided into CMVR group(10 patients,18 eyes)and non-CMVR group(7 patients,9 eyes)based on clinical manifestations and the presence of cytomegalovirus(CMV)-DNA in ocular specimens.The viral load of CMV was assessed using polymerase chain reaction in aqueous humor,vitreous fluid,and peripheral blood samples of patients in the CMVR group.Additionally,peripheral blood CD4^(+)T cell counts were measured in both groups.RESULTS:In the CMVR group,the CMV-DNA load in the vitreous and aqueous humor samples was substantially higher than in the peripheral blood samples(P<0.01).CMVDNA load in the aqueous humor and vitreous samples of the two eyes in the CMVR group was determined to be statistically significant(10 patients,16 eyes,P=0.018,0.012).Peripheral blood CD4^(+)T cell counts in the CMVR group were adversely linked with the CMV-DNA load in both the aqueous humor and peripheral blood(P=0.005,0.048).Compared with the non-CMVR group,the peripheral blood CD4^(+)T cell count in the CMVR group decreased significantly(P=0.014).The peripheral blood CD4^(+)T cell count exceeded 300 cells/μL in 85.71%of non-CMVR patients,whereas it was below 100 cells/μL in 90.00%of the CMVR group.The intraocular specimens of the patients who underwent CMVR testing did not include any additional infections.CONCLUSION:In HIV-associated CMVR patients,there may exist alternative,yet unidentified,infection pathways for intraocular CMV in addition to the conventional route.The substantial difference in CMV-DNA load between the eyes of most CMVR patients suggests that CMV may originate from different sources in each eye.The proportion of peripheral blood CD4^(+)T cells in HIV patients is negatively correlated with the quantity of CMV viruses in their eyes.The peripheral blood count of<100 cells/μL indicates a considerable increase in the risk of concurrent CMVR.Multi-ocular pathogen presentations are uncommon in HIV individuals with CMVR.展开更多
In this editorial,we comment on the article by Mu et al,published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology.We pay special attention to the immune tolerance mechanism caused by hepatitis B ...In this editorial,we comment on the article by Mu et al,published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology.We pay special attention to the immune tolerance mechanism caused by hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection,the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),and the role of antiviral therapy in treating HCC related to HBV infection.HBV infection leads to systemic innate immune tolerance by directly inhibiting pattern recognition receptor recognition and antiviral signaling pathways,as well as by inhibiting the immune functions of macrophages,natural killer cells and dendritic cells.In addition,HBV leads to an immunosuppressive cascade by expressing inhibitory molecules to induce exhaustion of HBV-specific cluster of differentiation 8+T cells,ultimately leading to long-term viral infection.The loss of immune cell function caused by HBV infection ultimately leads to HCC.Long-term antiviral therapy can improve the prognosis of patients with HCC and prevent tumor recurrence and metastasis.展开更多
Picornaviruses, small positive-stranded RNA viruses, cause a wide range of diseases which is based on their differential tissue and cell type tropisms. This diversity is reflected by the immune responses, both innate ...Picornaviruses, small positive-stranded RNA viruses, cause a wide range of diseases which is based on their differential tissue and cell type tropisms. This diversity is reflected by the immune responses, both innate and adaptive, induced after infection, and the subsequent interactions of the viruses with the immune system. The defense mechanisms of the host and the countermeasures of the virus significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of the infections. Important human pathogens are poliovirus, coxsackievirus, human rhinovirus and hepatitis A virus. These viruses are the beststudied members of the family, and in this review we want to present the major aspects of the reciprocal effects between the immune system and these viruses.展开更多
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus(RSV)is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in neonates.While typically associated with bronchiolitis and pneumonia,RSV can rarely cause extrapulmonary complicat...BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus(RSV)is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in neonates.While typically associated with bronchiolitis and pneumonia,RSV can rarely cause extrapulmonary complications such as myocarditis,which may present with life-threatening symptoms if not promptly recognized.CASE SUMMARY We describe the case of a 26-day-old male neonate who presented with respiratory distress,poor feeding,and irritability.Initial evaluation revealed an RSV infection confirmed via nasopharyngeal swab.As the clinical course progressed,the infant developed cardiac arrhythmias,elevated cardiac enzymes,and echocardiographic findings consistent with myocarditis.Management included mechanical ventilation,corticosteroid therapy,L-carnitine,and vitamin D supplementation.The patient responded well to treatment and was successfully extubated and discharged in stable condition after nine days of hospitalization.CONCLUSION This case highlights the importance of early recognition and multidisciplinary management of RSV-associated myocarditis in neonates.展开更多
基金supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada(PHAC)partially supported by the NIH and CIHR grants to X.G.Qiu(U19 AI109762-1 and CIHR-IER-143487,respectively)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China International Cooperation and Exchange Program(8161101193)National Science and Technology Major Project(2016ZX10004222)to G.Wong
文摘The family Filoviridae, which includes the genera Marburgvirus and Ebolavirus, contains some of the most pathogenic viruses in humans and non-human primates （NHPs）, causing severe hemorrhagic fevers with high fatality rates. Small animal models against filoviruses using mice, guinea pigs, hamsters, and ferrets have been developed with the goal of screening candidate vaccines and antivirals, before testing in the gold standard NHP models. In this review, we summarize the different animal models used to understand filovirus pathogenesis, and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each model with respect to filovirus disease research.
文摘Periodontitis is the inflammation of the supporting structures around the dentition.Several microbial agents,mostly bacteria,have been identified as causative factors for periodontal disease.On the other hand,oral cavity is a rich reservoir for viruses since it contains a wide variety of cell types that can be targeted by viruses.Traditionally,the focus of research about the oral flora has been on bacteria because the most widespread oral diseases,like periodontitis and dental caries,are outcomes of bacterial infection.However,recently and especially after the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019,there is a growing tendency toward including viruses also into the scope of oral microbiome investigations.The global high prevalence of periodontitis and viral infections may point out to a concomitant or synergistic effect between the two.Although the exact nature of the mechanism still is not clearly understood,this could be speculated through the manipulation of the immune system by viruses;hence facilitating the furthermore colonization of the oral tissues by bacteria.This review provides an extensive and detailed update on the role of the most common viruses including herpes family(herpes simplex,varicella-zoster,Epstein-Barr,cytomegalovirus),Human papillomaviruses,Human immunodeficiency virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in the initiation,progression and prognosis of periodontitis.
基金funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32200762)the Defense Industrial Technology Development Program(JCKY2020802B001).
文摘Nipah virus(NiV)and Hendra virus(HeV)are highly pathogenic henipaviruses within the Paramyxoviridae family,causing severe respiratory and neurological diseases in humans and animals with fatality rates up to 75%,and no licensed human vaccines or therapeutics.In this study,we identified a unique vulnerable epitope on the NiV attachment glycoprotein(G)recognized by the potent neutralizing antibody 14F8,which targets a receptor-binding site and neutralizes NiV effectively.Using the 2.8Åcrystal structure of the 14F8 Fab–NiV-G complex as a guide,we reconstructed this epitope on HeV-G via a single amino acid substitution(S586N),creating the HeV-G_(S586N) mutant.Immunization with HeV-G_(S586N) in BALB/c mice and cynomolgus monkeys elicited robust,broadly neutralizing antibody responses against both NiV and HeV,achieving higher NiV-neutralizing titers post-prime compared to wild-type HeV-G,as confirmed by pseudovirus and live-virus assays.Crystal structures of HeV-G_(S586N)(3.3Å)and its 14F8 complex(3.2Å)showed the S586N substitution induced a 9Åconformational rearrangement inβ-propeller blade 6,reshaping the molecular skeleton and solvent-accessible surface without direct N586–14F8 interaction,thus mimicking the NiV epitope.These findings position HeV-G_(S586N) as a promising broad-spectrum antigen for henipavirus prevention and demonstrate the value of structure-guided epitope reconstruction in universal vaccine design for emerging viral threats.
文摘BACKGROUND To prevent mother to child transmission(MTCT)of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV),sustained maternal viral load suppression(VLS)and early HIV testing among HIV exposed infants(HEI)is critical.AIM To investigate maternal viral load results and infant HIV testing uptake at 6-weeks,and 9-months and 18-months in Rwanda.METHODS Between 2015 and 2022,VLS(<200 copies/mL)was measured among pregnant women living with HIV(WLHIV)from 38-healthcare facilities.Viral loads(VL)were measured at 6-months,12-months and 24-months,respectively.For maternal VL,the unit of analysis was visit-pair,and the pairs were created to define those with VL<200 copies/mL at two consecutive visits as having sustained VLS,persistent viremia(VL≥200 copies/mL at two consecutive visits),viral rebound(VL<200 copies/mL at prior visit only)and newly suppressed(VL<200 copies/mL at subsequent visit only).HEI were considered to have persistent HIV testing if they had all three HIV tests.Poisson regression models with generalized estimating equations were used to estimate the adjusted incidence rate ratio(aIRR)and 95%CI for factors associated with sustained VLS and persistent HIV testing.RESULTS A total of 1145 mother-infant pairs were analyzed.Infant HIV testing uptake at 6-weeks,9-months and 18-months was 1145(100.0%),1089(95.1%),1006(87.9%)respectively.Nine hundred ninety-nine HEI(87.3%)tested for HIV persistently.At 18-months,the incidence of HIV among HEI was 8(0.7%).Of 1145 mothers,1076(94.0%)had≥2 VL results making a total of 2010 visit-pairs(142-single;934-double visit-pairs).The incidence rate of sustained VLS,persistent viremia,viral rebound and new suppression were 91.0%,1.3%,3.6%and 4.0%respectively.Maternal disclosure of HIV status(aIRR=1.08,95%CI:1.02-1.14)was associated with increased likelihood of sustained VLS.Having peer support(aIRR=1.0595%CI:1.01-1.10)was associated with persistent HIV testing among HEI.CONCLUSION Sustained VLS is high among pregnant WLHIV in Rwanda.The low incidence of HIV among HEI may be attributed to high VLS levels.Targeted interventions,including enhanced HIV disclosure and peer support,are crucial for improving sustained VLS and increasing infant HIV testing uptake to reduce MTCT.
基金funded by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1801900)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272976&32302848)+3 种基金Sichuan Provincial Department of Science and Technology international scientific and technological innovation cooperation(2022YFH0026)the earmarked fund for China Agricultural Research System(CARS-42-17)Program Sichuan Veterinary Medicine and Drug Innovation Group of China Agricultural Research System(SCCXTD-2021-18)the Innovation and Demonstration of Industry and Education Integration in Feed Industrial Chain Transformation and Upgradation,Sichuan Province,China.
文摘Dear Editor,For the past few decades,mosquito-borne orthoflaviviruses,such as dengue virus,Zika virus,and West Nile virus(WNV),have posed significant threats to global public health.The Orthoflavivirus genus comprises more than 70 viruses,many of which are responsible for a wide range of diseases in humans and animals,including febrile illnesses,encephalitis,and hemorrhagic febrile illness.These viruses are associated with approximately 400 million infections and 100 million symptomatic cases worldwide each year(Van Leur et al.,2021).Among them,Usutu virus(USUV)is an emerging pathogen classified alongside WNV within the Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV)serogroup of the Orthoflavivirus genus,the Flaviviridae family.USUV has spread from Africa to Europe since the late 20th century.It primarily causes central nervous system disorders in birds,with several large-scale mortality events recorded in Europe.USUV can also infect humans,it typically leads to neurological complications in rare cases(Roesch et al.,2019).
基金Supported by The DFG,SFB638,TP A5 and SFB/TRR83,TP 13
文摘Plus-strand RNA virus replication occurs in tight association with cytoplasmic host cell membranes. Both, viral and cellular factors cooperatively generate distinct organelle-like structures, designated viral replication factories. This compartmentalization allows coordination of the different steps of the viral replication cycle, highly efficient genome replication and protection of the viral RNA from cellular defense mechanisms. Electron tomography studies conducted during the last couple of years revealed the three dimensional structure of numerous plus-strand RNA virus replication compartments and highlight morphological analogies between different virus families. Based on the morphology of virusinduced membrane rearrangements, we propose two separate subclasses: the invaginated vesicle/spherule type and the double membrane vesicle type. This review discusses common themes and distinct differences in the architecture of plus-strand RNA virus-induced membrane alterations and summarizes recent progress that has been made in understanding the complex interplay between viral and co-opted cellular factors in biogenesis and maintenance of plus-strand RNA virus replication factories.
文摘Hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination by 2030, using direct-acting antiviraltreatments, has been promoted by the World Health Organization. Thisachievement is not attainable, however, particularly after the 2020 pandemic ofthe coronavirus disease 2019. Consequently, the more realistic objective ofeliminating HCV from population segments for which targeted strategies ofprevention and treatment are easily attained has been promoted in Europe, as avalid alternative. The underlying idea is that micro-elimination will ultimatelylead to macro-elimination. The micro-elimination strategy may target differentspecific populations and at-risk groups. Different settings, including prisons andhospitals, have also been identified as micro-elimination scenarios. In addition,dedicated micro-elimination strategies have been designed that are tailored at thegeographical level according to HCV epidemiology and individual country’sincome. The main elements of a valid and successful micro-elimination project arereliable epidemiological data and active involvement of all the stakeholders.Community involvement represents another essential component for a successfulprogram.
文摘Ebola virus disease(EVD)is a rare tropical disease,with case fatality ranging from 25%to 90%[1].As this infection is transmitted between humans via close contact,this led to the emergence of stigma against people who were diagnosed with the infection[1,2].The latest outbreak of EVD was caused by the Sudan Ebola virus that affected nine districts of Uganda,and accounted for 164 cases and 77 deaths[3].Even though it was declared that this outbreak has ended,the health authorities have maintained surveillance to quickly detect and effectively respond to any new cases[3].In addition,a follow-up program has been initiated to support disease survivors and neighboring nations are instructed to be on high alert[3].The purpose of the current article was to justify the need to extend mental health support to the survivors of EVD outbreaks,identify the existing barriers which limit the delivery of mental healthcare services,and propose remedial measures to overcome these earmarked barriers.
基金Supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82470632.
文摘BACKGROUND Whether rtS106C+H126Y+D134E/rtS106C+H126Y+D134E+L269I(rtCYE/rtCYEI)mutations in the hepatitis B virus(HBV)reverse-transcriptase(RT)region are associated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate(TDF)resistance is controversial.AIM To evaluate the presence of the rtCYE/rtCYEI mutations in a large cohort of Chinese patients with chronic HBV infection.METHODS A total of 28236 patients who underwent drug resistance testing at the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from 2007 to 2019 were enrolled.All patients received nucleoside/nucleotide analogues(NAs)therapy,and serum samples were collected for sequence analysis of the HBV RT domain with mutation analysis.RESULTS The detection rates of a single mutation of rtS106C,rtH126Y,rtD134E,and rtL269I were 8.21%,3.20%,2.55%and 61.49%in 23718 genotype C patients,and 1.31%,1.76%,0.21%,and 92.33%in 4266 genotype B patients,respectively.The combined mutations of rtCYE/rtCYEI were only detected in 12 genotype C patients,accounting for 0.042%of all patients.These 12 patients had received NA treatments except TDF before testing.Among them,6 patients had coexisting rtCYE/rtCYEI and lamivudine-resistance mutations,and 2 patients had coexisting rtCYE/rtCYEI and adefovir-resistance mutations.Compared with the wild-type(WT)strain,the replication capacity of rtCYE/rtCYEI mutants from representative patients decreased by 41.1%-71.8%,and TDF susceptibility reduced by less than 2-fold,but rtCYEI+rtA181V/N236T mutants exhibited a 6.2-/9.9-fold decrease in TDF susceptibility.Molecular modeling showed that rtCYE/rtCYEI mutants had a slight decrease in binding energy to TDF compared to the WT strain.In the clinic,emergence of the rtCYE/rtCYEI mutations was not specifically associated with TDF treatment.CONCLUSION HBV rtCYE/rtCYEI mutations have a limited effect on TDF susceptibility and are not sufficient to cause TDF resistance.
基金supported by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS(2023350 to Xiaoxiao Gao).
文摘Dear Editor,Viruses of the genus Orthoebolavirus cause sporadic outbreaks of severe haemorrhagic fever,with case fatality rates ranging from 25%to 90%(Mahanty and Bray,2004).Six species of the virus(Orthoebolavirus zairense,sudanense,bundibugyoense,taiense,restonense,and bombaliense)have so far been identified(Biedenkopf et al.,2023).Among these,Orthoebolavirus zairense,commonly known as Ebola virus(EBOV),stands out as the most virulent.Given its high contagiousness and lethality,EBOV must be manipulated under biosafety level 4(BSL-4)conditions,as stipulated by the the People's Republic of China's list of human pathogenic microorganisms(National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China,2023).Prior to being removed from a BSL-4 laboratory,it is imperative that infectious EBOV undergoes complete inactivation.Here we systematically evaluate viral thermostability under BSL-4 containment conditions,demonstrating EBOV's marked thermotolerance.
基金the“Metropolitan Mosquitoes Project”funded by the Swedish Research Council for Environment,Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning(Formas,grant number 2016-00364).
文摘Dengue virus(DENV)is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the genus Flavivirus within the Flaviviridae family.Four serotypes,DENV 1-4,are distributed globally[1].Hanoi metropolitan city is an endemic hotspot for DENV transmission in Vietnam[2,3].The largest outbreak occurred in 2017,with more than 36000 cases and 7 deaths reported,causing by all four serotypes with the predominance of DENV1,following by DENV2[4,5].During the following dengue season,we collected 390 blood and serum samples from 197 hospitalized patients in a national hospital in Hanoi city,Northern Vietnam to identify the circulating DENV serotypes responsible for the 2018-2019 outbreak.
基金supported by Wildlife Borne Infectious Diseases Monitoring Project of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration of China(2020076060)the National Key Research and Development Program of China to Changchun Tu(32130104).
文摘Dear Editor,In recent decades,vector-transmitted emerging and re-emerging diseases pose public health issues around the world,in which emerging tick-borne viruses(TBVs)have played a major role since they are widely distributed.TBVs have a wide range of hosts,including humans,livestock and rodents,with some of them able to cause severe diseases in human and domestic animals,such as Jingmen tick virus(JMTV)(Qin et al.,2014),tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV)(Xing et al.,2017),and Alongshan virus(ALSV)(Wang et al.,2019).Of the merging TBVs,JMTV is a novel pathogen that was first identified in Rhipicephalus microplus collected from the Jingmen city of Hubei province,China in 2010(Qin et al.,2014).
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.82160633 and 81760605)the GZPH-NSFC-2021-17,the Guizhou Provincial Basic Research Program(Natural Science MS[2025](No.497)+1 种基金the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity of China(Grant No.SKLPBS2442)the High-level and Innovative Talents of Guizhou Province(QKH-GCC[2022]033-1).
文摘Objective:To uncover the characteristics of tick-borne viruses in Guizhou Province.Methods:A total of 414 Rhipicephalus microplus were collected from 5 counties in Guizhou Province,China from August 2022 to October 2023.A group of 12 ticks from each study sites was sequenced by next generation sequencing.Results:8 contigs of Wuhan mivirus(Chuviridae,Mivirus)with the length of 2094 bp to 11580 bp and 4 contigs of Lihan tick virus(Phenuiviridae,Uukuvirus)with the length of 1401 bp to 7080 bp were obtained,respectively.The prevalence rate of Wuhan mivirus and Lihan tick virus was 51.98%and 11.30%,respectively.The identities of gene sequences of both Wuhan mivirus and Lihan tick virus were 94%-100%compared with sequences in the National Center for Biotechnology Information.The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the Wuhan mivirus detected in this study was in the same branch with the Wuhan mivirus of Sichuan isolate TIGMIC-27(NCBI Accession:OP628598)and Zhejiang isolate TIGMIC-45(NCBI Accession:OP628613).In addition,the Lihan tick virus was in the same branch with the Sichuan Lihan tick virus isolate TIGMIC-46(NCBI Accession:ON812358).Conclusions:Both Wuhan mivirus and Lihan tick virus were prevalent in Rhipicephalus microplus in Guizhou Province.More studies are needed to understand the pathogenicity and public health threats of these tick-borne viruses.
基金supported by National Undergraduate Training Programs for Innovation and Entrepreneurship of Ministry of Education,China.
文摘The study of virus-host interactions has been significantly advanced using model organisms,with nematodes being a prominent example.Caenorhabditis elegans(C.elegans)nematodes have provided valuable insights into the mechanisms of viral infections,host defense strategies,and the development of antiviral therapies.With the discovery of natural viral pathogens of nematodes,Orsay virus,Le Blanc virus,Santeuil virus,and Mělník virus,the exploration of the virus-host interaction model based on nematodes has entered a new era.The virus-host interaction network consists of viruses,hosts,and the antagonistic effects of viruses on host immunity.The nematode virus-host interaction model is a concrete manifestation used to study the complex relationships among these three elements.Previous studies have indicated that during the entire process of nematode infection by viruses,antiviral RNA interference(RNAi)plays a crucial role.Additionally,the host’s innate immune responses,such as the antiviral-specific intracellular pathogen response(IPR)and certain signaling pathways homologous to those in humans,are particularly important in the natural immune and antiviral processes of nematodes.These processes are regulated by multiple genes in the host.The reverse genetics system for Orsay virus has been successfully developed to study viral gene function and virus-host interactions.Nematodes serve as simple host models for understanding RNA virus replication,related cellular components,and virus-host interaction mechanisms.These findings will likely contribute to the development of antiviral treatment strategies based on novel targets.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U2002218,81874274)Yunnan Health Training Project of High Level Talents (L-2017027)+3 种基金Project of Cross-border Control and Quarantine Innovation Group of Zoonosis of Dali University (ZKPY2019302)to Y.Z.ZOpen Project of Yunnan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Information (BIKF22-02)Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of SciencesYunnan Revitalization Talent Support Program Young Talent Project to X.L.Y。
文摘The family Hepeviridae has seen an explosive expansion in its host range in recent years,yet the evolutionary trajectory of this zoonotic pathogen remains largely unknown.The emergence of rat hepatitis E virus(HEV)has introduced a new public health threat due to its potential for zoonotic transmission.This study investigated2?464 wild small mammals spanning four animal orders,eight families,21 genera,and 37 species in Yunnan Province,China.Using broadly reactive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR),we systematically screened the presence and prevalence of Orthohepevirus and identified 192 positive specimens from10 species,corresponding to an overall detection rate of7.79%.Next-generation sequencing enabled the recovery of 24 full-length genomic sequences from eight host species,including Bandicota bengalensis,Eothenomys eleusis,and Episoriculus caudatus,representing newly reported host species for Orthohepevirus strains.Phylogenetic and sequence analyses revealed extensive genetic diversity within orthohepeviruses infecting rodents and shrews.Notably,among the identified strains,20 were classified as Rocahepevirus ratti C1,two as C3,and one as Rocahepevirus eothenomi,while the remaining strain exhibited significant divergence,precluding classification.Evolutionary analyses highlighted close associations between orthohepeviruses and their respective host taxa,with distinct phylogenetic clustering patterns observed across different host orders.These findings emphasize the critical roles of co-speciation and cross-species transmission in shaping the evolutionary trajectories of the genera Paslahepevirus and Rocahepevirus.
基金funded by the Department of Biotechnology,Ministry of Science and Technology,Government of India(DBT)under grant number ADMaC DBT-NER/LIVS/11/2012.
文摘We report the development of a triplex nucleic acid lateral flow immunoassay(NALFIA)for the detection of the genomes of Nipah virus(NiV),Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus(MERS-CoV)and Reston ebolavirus(REBOV),which are intended for screening bats as well as other hosts and reservoirs of these three viruses.Our triplex NALFIA is a two-step assay format:the target nucleic acid in the sample is first amplified using tagged primers,and the tagged dsDNA amplicons are captured by antibodies immobilized on the NALFIA device,resulting in signal development from the binding of a streptavidin-colloidal gold conjugate to a biotin tag on the captured amplicons.Triplex amplification of the N gene of NiV,the UpE gene of MERS-CoV,and the Vp40 gene of REBOV was optimized,and three compatible combinations of hapten labels and antibodies were identified for end point detection.The lowest RNA copy numbers detected by the triplex NALFIA were 8.21e4 for the NiV N target,7.09e1 for the MERS-CoV UpE target,and 1.83e4 for the REBOV Vp40 target.Using simulated samples,the sensitivity and specificity for MERS-CoV and REBOV targets were estimated to be 100%,while the sensitivity and specificity for the NiV target were 91%and 93.3%,respectively.The compliance rate between triplex NALFIA and real-time RT‒PCR was 92%for the NiV N target and 100%for the MERS-CoV UpE and REBOV Vp40 targets.
基金Supported by the Self-funded Research Project of the Health and Family Planning Commission of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region(No.Z2016325).
文摘AIM:To investigate the etiology of ocular pathogens and to establish the various pathogens present in human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis(CMVR).METHODS:A total of 17 HIV-infected patients with concomitant eye disorders were enrolled.Patients were divided into CMVR group(10 patients,18 eyes)and non-CMVR group(7 patients,9 eyes)based on clinical manifestations and the presence of cytomegalovirus(CMV)-DNA in ocular specimens.The viral load of CMV was assessed using polymerase chain reaction in aqueous humor,vitreous fluid,and peripheral blood samples of patients in the CMVR group.Additionally,peripheral blood CD4^(+)T cell counts were measured in both groups.RESULTS:In the CMVR group,the CMV-DNA load in the vitreous and aqueous humor samples was substantially higher than in the peripheral blood samples(P<0.01).CMVDNA load in the aqueous humor and vitreous samples of the two eyes in the CMVR group was determined to be statistically significant(10 patients,16 eyes,P=0.018,0.012).Peripheral blood CD4^(+)T cell counts in the CMVR group were adversely linked with the CMV-DNA load in both the aqueous humor and peripheral blood(P=0.005,0.048).Compared with the non-CMVR group,the peripheral blood CD4^(+)T cell count in the CMVR group decreased significantly(P=0.014).The peripheral blood CD4^(+)T cell count exceeded 300 cells/μL in 85.71%of non-CMVR patients,whereas it was below 100 cells/μL in 90.00%of the CMVR group.The intraocular specimens of the patients who underwent CMVR testing did not include any additional infections.CONCLUSION:In HIV-associated CMVR patients,there may exist alternative,yet unidentified,infection pathways for intraocular CMV in addition to the conventional route.The substantial difference in CMV-DNA load between the eyes of most CMVR patients suggests that CMV may originate from different sources in each eye.The proportion of peripheral blood CD4^(+)T cells in HIV patients is negatively correlated with the quantity of CMV viruses in their eyes.The peripheral blood count of<100 cells/μL indicates a considerable increase in the risk of concurrent CMVR.Multi-ocular pathogen presentations are uncommon in HIV individuals with CMVR.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81970529the Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province,No.20230508074RC and No.YDZJ202401218ZYTS.
文摘In this editorial,we comment on the article by Mu et al,published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology.We pay special attention to the immune tolerance mechanism caused by hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection,the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),and the role of antiviral therapy in treating HCC related to HBV infection.HBV infection leads to systemic innate immune tolerance by directly inhibiting pattern recognition receptor recognition and antiviral signaling pathways,as well as by inhibiting the immune functions of macrophages,natural killer cells and dendritic cells.In addition,HBV leads to an immunosuppressive cascade by expressing inhibitory molecules to induce exhaustion of HBV-specific cluster of differentiation 8+T cells,ultimately leading to long-term viral infection.The loss of immune cell function caused by HBV infection ultimately leads to HCC.Long-term antiviral therapy can improve the prognosis of patients with HCC and prevent tumor recurrence and metastasis.
基金Supported by The Tonjes-Vagt-Stiftung,Bremen,Germany.
文摘Picornaviruses, small positive-stranded RNA viruses, cause a wide range of diseases which is based on their differential tissue and cell type tropisms. This diversity is reflected by the immune responses, both innate and adaptive, induced after infection, and the subsequent interactions of the viruses with the immune system. The defense mechanisms of the host and the countermeasures of the virus significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of the infections. Important human pathogens are poliovirus, coxsackievirus, human rhinovirus and hepatitis A virus. These viruses are the beststudied members of the family, and in this review we want to present the major aspects of the reciprocal effects between the immune system and these viruses.
文摘BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus(RSV)is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in neonates.While typically associated with bronchiolitis and pneumonia,RSV can rarely cause extrapulmonary complications such as myocarditis,which may present with life-threatening symptoms if not promptly recognized.CASE SUMMARY We describe the case of a 26-day-old male neonate who presented with respiratory distress,poor feeding,and irritability.Initial evaluation revealed an RSV infection confirmed via nasopharyngeal swab.As the clinical course progressed,the infant developed cardiac arrhythmias,elevated cardiac enzymes,and echocardiographic findings consistent with myocarditis.Management included mechanical ventilation,corticosteroid therapy,L-carnitine,and vitamin D supplementation.The patient responded well to treatment and was successfully extubated and discharged in stable condition after nine days of hospitalization.CONCLUSION This case highlights the importance of early recognition and multidisciplinary management of RSV-associated myocarditis in neonates.
