In order to extend the operating cycle of the upflow reactor for resid hydrotreating, the Re- search Institute of Petroleum Processing taking into account the specifics of resid hydrotreating upflow reactor has develo...In order to extend the operating cycle of the upflow reactor for resid hydrotreating, the Re- search Institute of Petroleum Processing taking into account the specifics of resid hydrotreating upflow reactor has developed the high-performance RUF series of catalysts suitable for operation in the upflow reactor. The results of commercial application of catalysts revealed that this RUF series of catalysts loaded after optimized grading could effectively remove metals, sulfur and carbon residue from the re-siduum to provide improved oil for the following fixed-bed reactor. In the meantime, the RUF series of catalysts have excellent stability to reach an operating cycle of 1.5 years, resulting in minimization of losses caused by refinery downtime.展开更多
Anammox was successfully transited from heterotrophic denitrification and autotrophic denitrification in two upflow biofilm reactors, respectively. The results showed that the volumetric loading rate and nitrogen remo...Anammox was successfully transited from heterotrophic denitrification and autotrophic denitrification in two upflow biofilm reactors, respectively. The results showed that the volumetric loading rate and nitrogen removal efficiency in the reactor transited from heterotrophic denitrification were higher than that in its counterpart. When the hydraulic retention time was 12 h or so, the total nitrogen loading rate was about 0.609 kg N/(m3·d), and the effluent ammonia and nitrite concentrations were less than 8.5 mg/L and 2.5 mg/L, respectively. The upflow anammox biofilm reactor was capable of keeping and accumulating the slow-growing bacteria efficiently. During operation of the reactor, the biomass color was gradually turned from brownish to red, and the ratio of ammonia consumption, nitrite consumption and nitrate production approached the theoretical one. These changes could be used as an indicator for working state of the reactor.展开更多
Anaerobic treatment is the core technology for resource and energy recovery from source-separated domestic bio-wastes. The higher efficiency of an improved upflow solid reactor（IUSR） designed in this study was demon...Anaerobic treatment is the core technology for resource and energy recovery from source-separated domestic bio-wastes. The higher efficiency of an improved upflow solid reactor（IUSR） designed in this study was demonstrated in the treatment of concentrated black water and kitchen waste. The highest methane production of 48 L/person/day was achieved at the hydraulic retention time（HRT） of 7 days, while the other measures of performance at the HRT of 8.3 days were better than at the HRT of 7 or 10 days, achieving a methane production of 43 L/person/day, removal of total chemical oxygen demand（TCOD）of 89%, removal of soluble chemical oxygen demand（SCOD） of 92%, and conversion of chemical oxygen demand（COD） to methane of 71%. It is not recommended to decrease HRT lower than 7 days due to the instability of the initial period. The concentrations of volatile fatty acids（VFAs） in the IUSR were less than 10 mg/L, indicating that the anaerobic process was stable. Sludge bed development showed that sludge bed with high microbial activity was formed in the bottom and that the precipitation zone of effluents formed should preferably occupy 30% of the height of the IUSR. The effluents of the IUSR could be used for irrigation in agriculture in combination with a settling tank accompanied by disinfection to remove solids and pathogens.展开更多
A two-phase anaerobic reactor fed with glucose substrate（3 g chemical oxygen demand（COD）/L） was used to investigate the effects of toxic metals on the degradation of organics and the soluble microbial product（SMP...A two-phase anaerobic reactor fed with glucose substrate（3 g chemical oxygen demand（COD）/L） was used to investigate the effects of toxic metals on the degradation of organics and the soluble microbial product（SMP） formation. Low concentrations of Ni（II）（5 and10 mg/L） promoted the acid phase, whereas high concentrations（15, 20, and 25 mg/L）exhibited an inhibitory effect on, but did not alter the fermentative method, which mainly involved the fermentation of propionic acid. The methanogenic microorganism exhibited a strong capability adapting constantly increased Ni（II） levels. The acid phase was an accumulation stage of SMP. In the absence of Ni（II）, the high-molecular-weight material in the effluent SMP mainly contained polysaccharide, tryptophan, and casein. Methanogens metabolized most of the polysaccharide, the whole tryptophan content, and part of the casein, leading to the presence of humic acid and protein in effluent. After Ni（II） dosage, the protein and polysaccharide of the acid phase increased, and tryptophan changed, while casein remained stable. More protein than polysaccharide was produced, suggesting the prominent function of protein when addressing the negative effect of toxic metals. The analysis of DNA confirmed the change of bacterial activity.展开更多
As a support material, zeolite can be used to promote the granulation process due to its high settable property and the ability to retain biomass on its surface. The present paper reports on the influence of zeolite a...As a support material, zeolite can be used to promote the granulation process due to its high settable property and the ability to retain biomass on its surface. The present paper reports on the influence of zeolite addition on the hydrodynamic behavior of an expanded granular sludge bed reactor（EGSB）. Different models were applied to fit the flow pattern and to compare EGSB hydrodynamic performance with and without the addition of zeolite. The experimental data fit the tanks in a series model for zeolite bed height of 5 cm and upflow velocity of 6 m/hr.Higher axial dispersion degree（D/uL） was obtained at lower heights of zeolite. The real hydraulic retention time（HRTr） was increased with both increased zeolite bed height and increased upflow velocity. The short-circuit results for 5 cm of zeolite bed and 6, 8 and 10 m/hr upflow velocity were 0.3, 0.24 and 0.19 respectively, demonstrating the feasibility of using zeolite for a proper hydrodynamic environment to operate the EGSB reactor. The presence of zeolite resulted in the higher percentage values of dead zones, ranging from 12% to 24%.Zeolite addition exerted a positive effect on the hydrodynamics pattern for this technology being advantageous for the anaerobic process because of its possible contribution to better biofilm agglomeration, granule formation and substrate-microorganism contact.展开更多
文摘In order to extend the operating cycle of the upflow reactor for resid hydrotreating, the Re- search Institute of Petroleum Processing taking into account the specifics of resid hydrotreating upflow reactor has developed the high-performance RUF series of catalysts suitable for operation in the upflow reactor. The results of commercial application of catalysts revealed that this RUF series of catalysts loaded after optimized grading could effectively remove metals, sulfur and carbon residue from the re-siduum to provide improved oil for the following fixed-bed reactor. In the meantime, the RUF series of catalysts have excellent stability to reach an operating cycle of 1.5 years, resulting in minimization of losses caused by refinery downtime.
基金TheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina (No . 30 0 70 0 1 7) theScienceandTechnologyFoundationforKeyProjectofZhejiang
文摘Anammox was successfully transited from heterotrophic denitrification and autotrophic denitrification in two upflow biofilm reactors, respectively. The results showed that the volumetric loading rate and nitrogen removal efficiency in the reactor transited from heterotrophic denitrification were higher than that in its counterpart. When the hydraulic retention time was 12 h or so, the total nitrogen loading rate was about 0.609 kg N/(m3·d), and the effluent ammonia and nitrite concentrations were less than 8.5 mg/L and 2.5 mg/L, respectively. The upflow anammox biofilm reactor was capable of keeping and accumulating the slow-growing bacteria efficiently. During operation of the reactor, the biomass color was gradually turned from brownish to red, and the ratio of ammonia consumption, nitrite consumption and nitrate production approached the theoretical one. These changes could be used as an indicator for working state of the reactor.
基金supported by the Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment of China (No. 2011ZX07301-003)the National Key Research and Development Plan (No. 2016YFC0400806)
文摘Anaerobic treatment is the core technology for resource and energy recovery from source-separated domestic bio-wastes. The higher efficiency of an improved upflow solid reactor（IUSR） designed in this study was demonstrated in the treatment of concentrated black water and kitchen waste. The highest methane production of 48 L/person/day was achieved at the hydraulic retention time（HRT） of 7 days, while the other measures of performance at the HRT of 8.3 days were better than at the HRT of 7 or 10 days, achieving a methane production of 43 L/person/day, removal of total chemical oxygen demand（TCOD）of 89%, removal of soluble chemical oxygen demand（SCOD） of 92%, and conversion of chemical oxygen demand（COD） to methane of 71%. It is not recommended to decrease HRT lower than 7 days due to the instability of the initial period. The concentrations of volatile fatty acids（VFAs） in the IUSR were less than 10 mg/L, indicating that the anaerobic process was stable. Sludge bed development showed that sludge bed with high microbial activity was formed in the bottom and that the precipitation zone of effluents formed should preferably occupy 30% of the height of the IUSR. The effluents of the IUSR could be used for irrigation in agriculture in combination with a settling tank accompanied by disinfection to remove solids and pathogens.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51178215 and 51378251)the Jiangsu Nature Science Fund (No. BK2011032)+2 种基金Open Science Foundation of Jiangsu (No. 50808121)the National Science and Technology Major Project for Water Pollution Control and Treatment (No. 2012ZX07301-005)the 2012 Scientific Research Open Found of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering
文摘A two-phase anaerobic reactor fed with glucose substrate（3 g chemical oxygen demand（COD）/L） was used to investigate the effects of toxic metals on the degradation of organics and the soluble microbial product（SMP） formation. Low concentrations of Ni（II）（5 and10 mg/L） promoted the acid phase, whereas high concentrations（15, 20, and 25 mg/L）exhibited an inhibitory effect on, but did not alter the fermentative method, which mainly involved the fermentation of propionic acid. The methanogenic microorganism exhibited a strong capability adapting constantly increased Ni（II） levels. The acid phase was an accumulation stage of SMP. In the absence of Ni（II）, the high-molecular-weight material in the effluent SMP mainly contained polysaccharide, tryptophan, and casein. Methanogens metabolized most of the polysaccharide, the whole tryptophan content, and part of the casein, leading to the presence of humic acid and protein in effluent. After Ni（II） dosage, the protein and polysaccharide of the acid phase increased, and tryptophan changed, while casein remained stable. More protein than polysaccharide was produced, suggesting the prominent function of protein when addressing the negative effect of toxic metals. The analysis of DNA confirmed the change of bacterial activity.
基金CAPES for financial support with the project 117/11
文摘As a support material, zeolite can be used to promote the granulation process due to its high settable property and the ability to retain biomass on its surface. The present paper reports on the influence of zeolite addition on the hydrodynamic behavior of an expanded granular sludge bed reactor（EGSB）. Different models were applied to fit the flow pattern and to compare EGSB hydrodynamic performance with and without the addition of zeolite. The experimental data fit the tanks in a series model for zeolite bed height of 5 cm and upflow velocity of 6 m/hr.Higher axial dispersion degree（D/uL） was obtained at lower heights of zeolite. The real hydraulic retention time（HRTr） was increased with both increased zeolite bed height and increased upflow velocity. The short-circuit results for 5 cm of zeolite bed and 6, 8 and 10 m/hr upflow velocity were 0.3, 0.24 and 0.19 respectively, demonstrating the feasibility of using zeolite for a proper hydrodynamic environment to operate the EGSB reactor. The presence of zeolite resulted in the higher percentage values of dead zones, ranging from 12% to 24%.Zeolite addition exerted a positive effect on the hydrodynamics pattern for this technology being advantageous for the anaerobic process because of its possible contribution to better biofilm agglomeration, granule formation and substrate-microorganism contact.
