Astronomical extreme events or phenomena include black holes as well as nebulae systems that resemble the Milky Way. Meteorological extreme events or phenomena include tornadoes and tropical cyclones. The new high ene...Astronomical extreme events or phenomena include black holes as well as nebulae systems that resemble the Milky Way. Meteorological extreme events or phenomena include tornadoes and tropical cyclones. The new high energy state of matter expanding outwards by spin jets from the two poles of an astronomical black hole, the new high energy state of matter in a funnel-shaped vortex showed a meteorological tornado expanding downwards from a rotated disk of cumulonimbus clouds, the new high energy state of matter in a tropical cyclone and the new high energy state of a nebulae system converging celestial materials are phenomena across disciplines and multiple time-space scales that have not yet been physically explained. In this paper, the theory of orthogonal collision in the rotational contraction continuum is used to unify the understanding of diverse extreme events or phenomena through a single dynamical mechanism, offering insights into natural processes across disciplines. In the field of astronomy, the orthogonal collision of two-beam rotating and contracting particles or stars associated with centripetal forces forms a new high-energy state of matter at the collision point and the new high-energy particles have expanding forces outward to both sides of the collision plane. In the field of meteorology, the orthogonal collision of multiple horizontally rotating and contracting airflows associated with centripetal forces forms a new high energy state of matter at the collision point as well as an updraft force and a downdraft force vertically. The updraft force and downdraft force formed by the collision of anomalous wet airflows in the lower atmosphere can well indicate tornado, thunderstorm and extreme precipitation. The orthogonal collision theory can be applied to explain new states of matter in disciplines from the astronomical scale to the meteorological scale and the Planck scale.展开更多
The purpose of this study is to improve the efficiency of the power generation system of a solar tower using fluid dynamics. The power generation system of a solar tower can be designed and constructed at relatively l...The purpose of this study is to improve the efficiency of the power generation system of a solar tower using fluid dynamics. The power generation system of a solar tower can be designed and constructed at relatively low cost. However, the energy output tends to be low for its physical size compared with other renewable energy production systems. The technical and scientific improvement of these types of generation systems has lost its momentum since the shutdown of the wellknown Spanish pilot plant “Manzanares Solar Chimney” in 1989, although it still has the potential to play a role in renewable energy in the future. We have focused on the tower component of the system to seek possible enhancements of the power output of the internal turbine. As a result of our fluid dynamic shape optimization, a diffuser-shaped tower was employed to increase the internal flow speed of a scaled model. The results show a remarkable improvement in the power output of the internal wind turbine.展开更多
In this paper,the authors present the statistical characteristics of the buoyancy of outer-core convective-scale updrafts in numerically simulated sheared tropical cyclones(TCs).The total buoyancy is predominantly pos...In this paper,the authors present the statistical characteristics of the buoyancy of outer-core convective-scale updrafts in numerically simulated sheared tropical cyclones(TCs).The total buoyancy is predominantly positive in weak-to-strong ambient vertical shears,whereas much of the total buoyancy under an extreme shear environment becomes negative.Thermal buoyancy positively contributes to the total buoyancy value.For weakly and moderately sheared TCs,the updraft buoyancy is statistically significantly stronger downshear but smaller upshear.Such a downshear preference of strong buoyancy becomes less evident as the shear magnitude increases.The total buoyancy of updrafts shows a decreasing tendency with radius.Both thermal and dynamic buoyancy do not significantly correlate with vertically averaged vertical mass fluxes.This also leads to no significant correlation between the total buoyancy and vertical mass fluxes of outer-core updrafts.展开更多
The variation of toxic pollutants emission during a feeding cycle was examined by field monitoring from a batch feeding updraft fixed bed gasifier for disposing rural domestic solid waste. Results showed that the cont...The variation of toxic pollutants emission during a feeding cycle was examined by field monitoring from a batch feeding updraft fixed bed gasifier for disposing rural domestic solid waste. Results showed that the content of oxygen in flue gas gradually increased, while SO_2 and HCl in flue gas decreased with time after feeding in a whole feeding cycle. Although large amount of CO was produced during the gasifying, low CO content in flue gas could be obtained after the heat treatment with an electric heating device. The distribution characteristics of dioxin congeners in flue gas indicted the re-synthesis of dioxins after flue gas heating, and the increase of oxygen promoted the synthesis of dioxins. The emission content of dioxins could meet the standard(0.1 ng I-TEQ·m^(-3),GB18458-2014) of China when the oxygen content was controlled below 8.3%. Hence, for a batch feeding gasifier,low oxygen condition should be offered by reducing air intake at the later stage of feeding cycle in order to decrease the re-synthesis of dioxins after the flue gas heating.展开更多
The original online version of this article (Masataka Motoyama, Kenichiro Sugitani, Yuji Ohya, et al. (2014) “Improving the Power Generation Performance of a Solar Tower Using Thermal Updraft Wind”, 2014, 6, 362-370...The original online version of this article (Masataka Motoyama, Kenichiro Sugitani, Yuji Ohya, et al. (2014) “Improving the Power Generation Performance of a Solar Tower Using Thermal Updraft Wind”, 2014, 6, 362-370. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/epe.2014.611031) was published in October, 2014.The author wishes to correct the following error in text and Figures 9-11.展开更多
为了进一步认识上升气流对雷暴云内复杂电荷结构特征的影响,利用加入起放电参数化方案的WRF模式对DC3试验中2012年6月6日一次出现反极性电荷结构的强雷暴过程进行模拟。结果表明,起电区对应强回波区,主要发生在上升气流区中心云水混合...为了进一步认识上升气流对雷暴云内复杂电荷结构特征的影响,利用加入起放电参数化方案的WRF模式对DC3试验中2012年6月6日一次出现反极性电荷结构的强雷暴过程进行模拟。结果表明,起电区对应强回波区,主要发生在上升气流区中心云水混合比大于0.2 g kg^(-1)的冰水混合区,非感应起电机制主导着雷暴云内的起电过程。上升气流区外围区域存在可观的电荷,主要是由气流将起电区域的荷电粒子向后水平输送形成的。同类粒子带电极性在较大范围内变化少,但由于各类粒子的含量和荷电量不同,导致净电荷密度分布呈现较复杂的结构。达到一定强度的上升气流可以破坏电荷区的连续性,导致对流区出现高密度的、正负极性交错分布的、范围更小的电荷区。层云区由于没有上升气流,荷电粒子主要源自上升气流区的水平输送,所以其电荷区分布较连续且范围较大,但电荷密度相对弱。处于不同生命期的单体由于上升气流强度和倾斜程度不同,单体间的水成物粒子分布特征会存在一定差异,使得反转温度和起电率出现较大不同,因此单体合并时上升气流区之间的电荷区更破碎,电荷结构更复杂。展开更多
The rate of neutralized charge by lightning（RNCL） is an important parameter indicating the intensity of lightning activity.The total charging rate（CR）,the CR of one kind of polarity（e.g.,negative） charge（CROP）...The rate of neutralized charge by lightning（RNCL） is an important parameter indicating the intensity of lightning activity.The total charging rate（CR）,the CR of one kind of polarity（e.g.,negative） charge（CROP）,and the outflow rate of charge on precipitation（ORCP） are proposed as key factors impacting RNCL,based on the principle of conservation of one kind of polarity charge in a thunderstorm.In this paper,the impacts of updraft on CR and CROP are analyzed by using a 3D cloud resolution model for a strong storm that occurred in Beijing on 6 September 2008.The results show that updraft both promotes and inhibits RNCL at the same time.（1） Updraft always has a positive influence on CR.The correlation coefficient between the updraft volume and CR can reach 0.96.Strengthening of the updraft facilitates strengthening of RNCL through this positive influence.（2） Strengthening of the updraft also promotes reinforcement of CROP.The correlation coefficient between the updraft volume and CROP is high（about0.9）,but this promotion restrains the strengthening of RNCL because the strengthening of CROP will,most of the time,inhibit the increasing of RNCL.（3） Additionally,increasing of ORCP depresses the strengthening of RNCL.In terms of magnitude,the peak of ORCP is equal to the peak of CR.Because precipitation mainly appears after the lightning activity finishes,the depression effect of ORCP on RNCL can be ignored during the active lightning period.展开更多
An updraft gasifier was employed to treat 3 kg of dried rice husk per batch with different types of gasifying agents such as air,steam/air,and air with dolomite catalyst addition at various operating conditions.The H2...An updraft gasifier was employed to treat 3 kg of dried rice husk per batch with different types of gasifying agents such as air,steam/air,and air with dolomite catalyst addition at various operating conditions.The H2 content,low heating value,and H2/CO ratio in syngas were compared to determine the most effective solution to enhance the H2 production from rice husk gasification.The presence of dolomite in air gasification produced the highest H2 content in the product gas,up to 15.4 mol%,followed by 7.08 and 3.6 mol%when steam/air and air standalone were used as gasifying agents,respectively.The higher low heating value of syngas 5.1 MJ/Nm3 was observed in catalytic air gasification compared to 3.6 MJ/Nm3 when steam was added.The optimal operation condition was reported at an airflow rate of 3 m3/h and a catalyst mixing ratio of 15%.展开更多
上升气流是成云致雨的基本条件之一。本文利用河北省2017年5月一次层积混合云的机载云物理探测系统测量资料,研究了云中上升气流速度分布,云微结构特征以及二者的相关性。结果表明:云中上升气流速度随高度呈抛物线型分布,云底部较小(0.7...上升气流是成云致雨的基本条件之一。本文利用河北省2017年5月一次层积混合云的机载云物理探测系统测量资料,研究了云中上升气流速度分布,云微结构特征以及二者的相关性。结果表明:云中上升气流速度随高度呈抛物线型分布,云底部较小(0.75±0.52 m s^(−1)),云中部最大(3.64±2 m s^(−1)),云顶部最小(0.32±0.29 m s^(−1));发现随高度增加,云中上升气流区内冰粒子形状依次以片状、针状、柱状为主;暖云上升气流区中,上升气流速度与液态含水量正相关,相关系数为0.61;强垂直气流条件下云滴数浓度、最大云滴尺度大于弱垂直气流相应的数值,强垂直气流云粒子谱更符合Г函数分布。展开更多
文摘Astronomical extreme events or phenomena include black holes as well as nebulae systems that resemble the Milky Way. Meteorological extreme events or phenomena include tornadoes and tropical cyclones. The new high energy state of matter expanding outwards by spin jets from the two poles of an astronomical black hole, the new high energy state of matter in a funnel-shaped vortex showed a meteorological tornado expanding downwards from a rotated disk of cumulonimbus clouds, the new high energy state of matter in a tropical cyclone and the new high energy state of a nebulae system converging celestial materials are phenomena across disciplines and multiple time-space scales that have not yet been physically explained. In this paper, the theory of orthogonal collision in the rotational contraction continuum is used to unify the understanding of diverse extreme events or phenomena through a single dynamical mechanism, offering insights into natural processes across disciplines. In the field of astronomy, the orthogonal collision of two-beam rotating and contracting particles or stars associated with centripetal forces forms a new high-energy state of matter at the collision point and the new high-energy particles have expanding forces outward to both sides of the collision plane. In the field of meteorology, the orthogonal collision of multiple horizontally rotating and contracting airflows associated with centripetal forces forms a new high energy state of matter at the collision point as well as an updraft force and a downdraft force vertically. The updraft force and downdraft force formed by the collision of anomalous wet airflows in the lower atmosphere can well indicate tornado, thunderstorm and extreme precipitation. The orthogonal collision theory can be applied to explain new states of matter in disciplines from the astronomical scale to the meteorological scale and the Planck scale.
文摘The purpose of this study is to improve the efficiency of the power generation system of a solar tower using fluid dynamics. The power generation system of a solar tower can be designed and constructed at relatively low cost. However, the energy output tends to be low for its physical size compared with other renewable energy production systems. The technical and scientific improvement of these types of generation systems has lost its momentum since the shutdown of the wellknown Spanish pilot plant “Manzanares Solar Chimney” in 1989, although it still has the potential to play a role in renewable energy in the future. We have focused on the tower component of the system to seek possible enhancements of the power output of the internal turbine. As a result of our fluid dynamic shape optimization, a diffuser-shaped tower was employed to increase the internal flow speed of a scaled model. The results show a remarkable improvement in the power output of the internal wind turbine.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China [grant numbers 2017YFC1501601 and 2015CB452803]the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant numbers41475058,41730961,and 41875054]+1 种基金the Basic Research Fund of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences[grant number 2016Z003]the Top-notch Academic Programs Project of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(TAPP)
文摘In this paper,the authors present the statistical characteristics of the buoyancy of outer-core convective-scale updrafts in numerically simulated sheared tropical cyclones(TCs).The total buoyancy is predominantly positive in weak-to-strong ambient vertical shears,whereas much of the total buoyancy under an extreme shear environment becomes negative.Thermal buoyancy positively contributes to the total buoyancy value.For weakly and moderately sheared TCs,the updraft buoyancy is statistically significantly stronger downshear but smaller upshear.Such a downshear preference of strong buoyancy becomes less evident as the shear magnitude increases.The total buoyancy of updrafts shows a decreasing tendency with radius.Both thermal and dynamic buoyancy do not significantly correlate with vertically averaged vertical mass fluxes.This also leads to no significant correlation between the total buoyancy and vertical mass fluxes of outer-core updrafts.
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province,China(2013B090600134)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51608223)the Fund for Basic Scientific Research Business of Central Institutes of Environmental Protection(PM-zx 703-201602-050)
文摘The variation of toxic pollutants emission during a feeding cycle was examined by field monitoring from a batch feeding updraft fixed bed gasifier for disposing rural domestic solid waste. Results showed that the content of oxygen in flue gas gradually increased, while SO_2 and HCl in flue gas decreased with time after feeding in a whole feeding cycle. Although large amount of CO was produced during the gasifying, low CO content in flue gas could be obtained after the heat treatment with an electric heating device. The distribution characteristics of dioxin congeners in flue gas indicted the re-synthesis of dioxins after flue gas heating, and the increase of oxygen promoted the synthesis of dioxins. The emission content of dioxins could meet the standard(0.1 ng I-TEQ·m^(-3),GB18458-2014) of China when the oxygen content was controlled below 8.3%. Hence, for a batch feeding gasifier,low oxygen condition should be offered by reducing air intake at the later stage of feeding cycle in order to decrease the re-synthesis of dioxins after the flue gas heating.
文摘The original online version of this article (Masataka Motoyama, Kenichiro Sugitani, Yuji Ohya, et al. (2014) “Improving the Power Generation Performance of a Solar Tower Using Thermal Updraft Wind”, 2014, 6, 362-370. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/epe.2014.611031) was published in October, 2014.The author wishes to correct the following error in text and Figures 9-11.
文摘为了进一步认识上升气流对雷暴云内复杂电荷结构特征的影响,利用加入起放电参数化方案的WRF模式对DC3试验中2012年6月6日一次出现反极性电荷结构的强雷暴过程进行模拟。结果表明,起电区对应强回波区,主要发生在上升气流区中心云水混合比大于0.2 g kg^(-1)的冰水混合区,非感应起电机制主导着雷暴云内的起电过程。上升气流区外围区域存在可观的电荷,主要是由气流将起电区域的荷电粒子向后水平输送形成的。同类粒子带电极性在较大范围内变化少,但由于各类粒子的含量和荷电量不同,导致净电荷密度分布呈现较复杂的结构。达到一定强度的上升气流可以破坏电荷区的连续性,导致对流区出现高密度的、正负极性交错分布的、范围更小的电荷区。层云区由于没有上升气流,荷电粒子主要源自上升气流区的水平输送,所以其电荷区分布较连续且范围较大,但电荷密度相对弱。处于不同生命期的单体由于上升气流强度和倾斜程度不同,单体间的水成物粒子分布特征会存在一定差异,使得反转温度和起电率出现较大不同,因此单体合并时上升气流区之间的电荷区更破碎,电荷结构更复杂。
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41205001)National(Key)Basic Research and Development(973)Program of China(2014CB441406)+1 种基金National Major Scientific Instruments and Equipment Development Special(61327810)Basic Research Funds of CAMS(2012Y005 and 2013Z006)
文摘The rate of neutralized charge by lightning（RNCL） is an important parameter indicating the intensity of lightning activity.The total charging rate（CR）,the CR of one kind of polarity（e.g.,negative） charge（CROP）,and the outflow rate of charge on precipitation（ORCP） are proposed as key factors impacting RNCL,based on the principle of conservation of one kind of polarity charge in a thunderstorm.In this paper,the impacts of updraft on CR and CROP are analyzed by using a 3D cloud resolution model for a strong storm that occurred in Beijing on 6 September 2008.The results show that updraft both promotes and inhibits RNCL at the same time.（1） Updraft always has a positive influence on CR.The correlation coefficient between the updraft volume and CR can reach 0.96.Strengthening of the updraft facilitates strengthening of RNCL through this positive influence.（2） Strengthening of the updraft also promotes reinforcement of CROP.The correlation coefficient between the updraft volume and CROP is high（about0.9）,but this promotion restrains the strengthening of RNCL because the strengthening of CROP will,most of the time,inhibit the increasing of RNCL.（3） Additionally,increasing of ORCP depresses the strengthening of RNCL.In terms of magnitude,the peak of ORCP is equal to the peak of CR.Because precipitation mainly appears after the lightning activity finishes,the depression effect of ORCP on RNCL can be ignored during the active lightning period.
文摘An updraft gasifier was employed to treat 3 kg of dried rice husk per batch with different types of gasifying agents such as air,steam/air,and air with dolomite catalyst addition at various operating conditions.The H2 content,low heating value,and H2/CO ratio in syngas were compared to determine the most effective solution to enhance the H2 production from rice husk gasification.The presence of dolomite in air gasification produced the highest H2 content in the product gas,up to 15.4 mol%,followed by 7.08 and 3.6 mol%when steam/air and air standalone were used as gasifying agents,respectively.The higher low heating value of syngas 5.1 MJ/Nm3 was observed in catalytic air gasification compared to 3.6 MJ/Nm3 when steam was added.The optimal operation condition was reported at an airflow rate of 3 m3/h and a catalyst mixing ratio of 15%.
文摘上升气流是成云致雨的基本条件之一。本文利用河北省2017年5月一次层积混合云的机载云物理探测系统测量资料,研究了云中上升气流速度分布,云微结构特征以及二者的相关性。结果表明:云中上升气流速度随高度呈抛物线型分布,云底部较小(0.75±0.52 m s^(−1)),云中部最大(3.64±2 m s^(−1)),云顶部最小(0.32±0.29 m s^(−1));发现随高度增加,云中上升气流区内冰粒子形状依次以片状、针状、柱状为主;暖云上升气流区中,上升气流速度与液态含水量正相关,相关系数为0.61;强垂直气流条件下云滴数浓度、最大云滴尺度大于弱垂直气流相应的数值,强垂直气流云粒子谱更符合Г函数分布。
