Greenhouse gas(GHG)production during ensiling not only causes the nutrient losses of silage but also promotes climate warming.However,there is little information on the production of GHG and strategies for mitigating ...Greenhouse gas(GHG)production during ensiling not only causes the nutrient losses of silage but also promotes climate warming.However,there is little information on the production of GHG and strategies for mitigating GHG emissions during ensiling.This work aimed to study the gas production characteristics and techniques for reducing gas emissions during ensiling.Oats and triticale,with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum(LP)or corn meal(CM)addition,were ensiled.The cumulative gas volume rapidly increased and reached to the peak within the first 9 d of ensiling for both forage crops.The highest cumulative gas volume of triticale silage was twice as much as that of oats silage.Triticale silage produced lower carbon dioxide(CO_(2))concentration,higher methane(CH_(4))and nitrous oxide(N_(2)O)concentrations than oats silage within the 28 d of ensiling.Adding LP or CM significantly improved the fermentation quality and decreased the gas volume and GHG concentrations of 2 silages on d 56(except CH_(4)of triticale).At the early stage of ensiling,more Enterobacter,Lactococcus and Leuconostoc related to gas production were observed,and adding LP increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and decreased the abundance of bacteria like Kosakonia,Pantoea,Enterobacter and Lactococcus positively correlated with gas volume,CO_(2)and N_(2)O concentrations.These results suggest that gas formation during ensiling mainly occurs in the first 9 d.Adding LP or CM can significantly improve the fermentation quality and decrease the gas volume.This would benefit to reducing GHG emissions in silage production.展开更多
为了研究饲用小黑麦与紫花苜蓿不同混合比例对其青贮营养成分和发酵品质的影响,试验采用单因素完全随机设计,以乳熟期饲用小黑麦与初花期紫花苜蓿为原料(切成1~2 cm的段),按鲜草质量比10∶0(CK_(1)组)、7∶3(A_(1)组)、6∶4(A_(2)组)、5...为了研究饲用小黑麦与紫花苜蓿不同混合比例对其青贮营养成分和发酵品质的影响,试验采用单因素完全随机设计,以乳熟期饲用小黑麦与初花期紫花苜蓿为原料(切成1~2 cm的段),按鲜草质量比10∶0(CK_(1)组)、7∶3(A_(1)组)、6∶4(A_(2)组)、5∶5(A_(3)组)、4∶6(A_(4)组)、3∶7(A_(5)组)和0∶10(CK_(2)组)进行室温下避光青贮,每组3个重复,45 d后开袋取样进行感官评价、营养成分和发酵品质等相关指标检测,采用V-score评分体系和TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution)评价法对各组发酵效果进行综合评价。结果表明:CK_(1)组和A_(1)组的感官品质最佳,等级为一级,其余组等级为二级。CK_(1)组的可溶性碳水化合物含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05),中性洗涤纤维和粗灰分含量显著高于A_(3)、A_(4)、A_(5)和CK_(2)组(P<0.05),酸性洗涤纤维和粗脂肪含量均显著高于A_(2)、A_(3)、A_(4)、A_(5)和CK_(2)组(P<0.05),但粗蛋白、可溶性蛋白含量和相对饲喂价值均显著低于其他组(P<0.05),淀粉含量显著高于CK_(2)组(P<0.05);CK_(2)组的粗蛋白含量、可溶性蛋白含量均显著高于其他组(P<0.05),相对饲喂价值显著高于CK_(1)、A_(1)、A_(2)和A_(3)组(P<0.05),但可溶性碳水化合物、中性洗涤纤维和粗脂肪含量均显著低于其他组(P<0.05),酸性洗涤纤维含量显著低于CK_(1)、A_(1)、A_(2)、A_(3)和A_(4)组(P<0.05),粗灰分含量显著低于CK_(1)、A_(1)和A_(2)组(P<0.05)。各组青贮饲料的粗蛋白、可溶性蛋白含量和相对饲喂价值均随紫花苜蓿添加比例的增加大体呈上升趋势,可溶性碳水化合物、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、粗脂肪、粗灰分和淀粉含量均随紫花苜蓿添加比例的增加大体呈下降趋势,除粗灰分外,其他各营养指标含量均介于二者单独青贮之间。CK_(1)组的pH值显著低于A_(4)、A_(5)和CK_(2)组(P<0.05),氨态氮/总氮显著低于A_(2)、A_(3)、A_(4)、A_(5)和CK_(2)组(P<0.05),乙酸和丙酸含量显著低于其他组(P<0.05),乳酸含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05),且未检测到丁酸;CK_(2)组的pH值、乙酸和丁酸含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05),乳酸含量显著低于其他组(P<0.05),丙酸含量显著高于CK_(1)和A_(1)组(P<0.05),氨态氮/总氮显著高于CK_(1)、A_(1)、A_(2)、A_(3)和A_(4)组(P<0.05)。在5个混合青贮组中,A_(1)组的pH值、丙酸含量和氨态氮/总氮显著低于A_(4)和A_(5)组(P<0.05),乳酸含量显著高于A_(3)、A_(4)和A_(5)组(P<0.05),乙酸含量显著低于其他组(P<0.05);丁酸含量在0.09%~0.25%之间,其中A_(1)组未检测到丁酸。CK_(1)组和A_(1)组的V-score总评分较高,分别为82.80分和80.94分,等级均为良好,TOPSIS评价排序位于前列,这与感官评价和发酵品质结果相一致。说明饲用小黑麦与紫花苜蓿以不同比例混合青贮与单独青贮相比,营养成分之间存在互补,营养更加全面、均衡,且紫花苜蓿比例较低时,感官评价和发酵品质也较好。本试验条件下,建议饲用小黑麦与紫花苜蓿以7∶3比例混合青贮。展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFE0111000-2)。
文摘Greenhouse gas(GHG)production during ensiling not only causes the nutrient losses of silage but also promotes climate warming.However,there is little information on the production of GHG and strategies for mitigating GHG emissions during ensiling.This work aimed to study the gas production characteristics and techniques for reducing gas emissions during ensiling.Oats and triticale,with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum(LP)or corn meal(CM)addition,were ensiled.The cumulative gas volume rapidly increased and reached to the peak within the first 9 d of ensiling for both forage crops.The highest cumulative gas volume of triticale silage was twice as much as that of oats silage.Triticale silage produced lower carbon dioxide(CO_(2))concentration,higher methane(CH_(4))and nitrous oxide(N_(2)O)concentrations than oats silage within the 28 d of ensiling.Adding LP or CM significantly improved the fermentation quality and decreased the gas volume and GHG concentrations of 2 silages on d 56(except CH_(4)of triticale).At the early stage of ensiling,more Enterobacter,Lactococcus and Leuconostoc related to gas production were observed,and adding LP increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and decreased the abundance of bacteria like Kosakonia,Pantoea,Enterobacter and Lactococcus positively correlated with gas volume,CO_(2)and N_(2)O concentrations.These results suggest that gas formation during ensiling mainly occurs in the first 9 d.Adding LP or CM can significantly improve the fermentation quality and decrease the gas volume.This would benefit to reducing GHG emissions in silage production.
文摘为了研究饲用小黑麦与紫花苜蓿不同混合比例对其青贮营养成分和发酵品质的影响,试验采用单因素完全随机设计,以乳熟期饲用小黑麦与初花期紫花苜蓿为原料(切成1~2 cm的段),按鲜草质量比10∶0(CK_(1)组)、7∶3(A_(1)组)、6∶4(A_(2)组)、5∶5(A_(3)组)、4∶6(A_(4)组)、3∶7(A_(5)组)和0∶10(CK_(2)组)进行室温下避光青贮,每组3个重复,45 d后开袋取样进行感官评价、营养成分和发酵品质等相关指标检测,采用V-score评分体系和TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution)评价法对各组发酵效果进行综合评价。结果表明:CK_(1)组和A_(1)组的感官品质最佳,等级为一级,其余组等级为二级。CK_(1)组的可溶性碳水化合物含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05),中性洗涤纤维和粗灰分含量显著高于A_(3)、A_(4)、A_(5)和CK_(2)组(P<0.05),酸性洗涤纤维和粗脂肪含量均显著高于A_(2)、A_(3)、A_(4)、A_(5)和CK_(2)组(P<0.05),但粗蛋白、可溶性蛋白含量和相对饲喂价值均显著低于其他组(P<0.05),淀粉含量显著高于CK_(2)组(P<0.05);CK_(2)组的粗蛋白含量、可溶性蛋白含量均显著高于其他组(P<0.05),相对饲喂价值显著高于CK_(1)、A_(1)、A_(2)和A_(3)组(P<0.05),但可溶性碳水化合物、中性洗涤纤维和粗脂肪含量均显著低于其他组(P<0.05),酸性洗涤纤维含量显著低于CK_(1)、A_(1)、A_(2)、A_(3)和A_(4)组(P<0.05),粗灰分含量显著低于CK_(1)、A_(1)和A_(2)组(P<0.05)。各组青贮饲料的粗蛋白、可溶性蛋白含量和相对饲喂价值均随紫花苜蓿添加比例的增加大体呈上升趋势,可溶性碳水化合物、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、粗脂肪、粗灰分和淀粉含量均随紫花苜蓿添加比例的增加大体呈下降趋势,除粗灰分外,其他各营养指标含量均介于二者单独青贮之间。CK_(1)组的pH值显著低于A_(4)、A_(5)和CK_(2)组(P<0.05),氨态氮/总氮显著低于A_(2)、A_(3)、A_(4)、A_(5)和CK_(2)组(P<0.05),乙酸和丙酸含量显著低于其他组(P<0.05),乳酸含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05),且未检测到丁酸;CK_(2)组的pH值、乙酸和丁酸含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05),乳酸含量显著低于其他组(P<0.05),丙酸含量显著高于CK_(1)和A_(1)组(P<0.05),氨态氮/总氮显著高于CK_(1)、A_(1)、A_(2)、A_(3)和A_(4)组(P<0.05)。在5个混合青贮组中,A_(1)组的pH值、丙酸含量和氨态氮/总氮显著低于A_(4)和A_(5)组(P<0.05),乳酸含量显著高于A_(3)、A_(4)和A_(5)组(P<0.05),乙酸含量显著低于其他组(P<0.05);丁酸含量在0.09%~0.25%之间,其中A_(1)组未检测到丁酸。CK_(1)组和A_(1)组的V-score总评分较高,分别为82.80分和80.94分,等级均为良好,TOPSIS评价排序位于前列,这与感官评价和发酵品质结果相一致。说明饲用小黑麦与紫花苜蓿以不同比例混合青贮与单独青贮相比,营养成分之间存在互补,营养更加全面、均衡,且紫花苜蓿比例较低时,感官评价和发酵品质也较好。本试验条件下,建议饲用小黑麦与紫花苜蓿以7∶3比例混合青贮。
