Background: Mortality and morbidity due to trauma are a significant public health challenge. There is paucity of data on the waiting times and length of stay (LOS) of trauma patients in emergency departments in Botswa...Background: Mortality and morbidity due to trauma are a significant public health challenge. There is paucity of data on the waiting times and length of stay (LOS) of trauma patients in emergency departments in Botswana. The aim of this study was to determine the Emergency Department (ED) waiting times and LOS of trauma patients at Princess Marina Hospital in Gaborone, Botswana. Methods: This was a retrospective medical records review of waiting times (time from triage to review by ED medical officer) and LOS (time from triage to disposition from the emergency department). The waiting times for the different assigned acuities were assessed against the South African Triage System (SATS) standards. All trauma patients seen from 19/11/2018 to 18/12/2018 were included in the study. Prolonged length of stay was defined as duration > 6 hours. Categorical data was summarized with frequencies while numeric data was summarized with medians and interquartile ranges. Results: A total of 187 trauma patients’ files were analyzed. Of these, 72 (38.5%) were females. The median waiting time was 3.8 hours and the maximum was 19.2 hours. The median length of stay (LOS) was 8.8 hours with a maximum of 37.2 hours. Only 53 (28.3%) of the participants had a LOS of less than 6 hours. None of the emergent patients were seen immediately. Only 5 (4.0%) of the very urgent patients were seen within the target of 10 minutes. Finally, only 10 (20.4%) of urgent patients were seen within the target time of 1 hour. Conclusion: The waiting times and length of stay in Princess Marina Hospital were mostly above the recommended standards. Urgent interventions are needed to reduce waiting times and length of stay for trauma patients. More studies are needed to explore the sources of delay and investigate possible solutions to this public health challenge.展开更多
<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Introduction: </span></b><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Emerg...<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Introduction: </span></b><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Emergency medicine is a critical component of quality public health service. In fact length of stay and waiting times in the Emergency department are key indicators of quality. The aim of this study was to determine </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">waiting times and determinants of prolonged length of stay (LOS) in the</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Princess Marina Hospital Emergency Department. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This was a retrospective observational study. It was done at Princess Marina, a referral hospital </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in Gaborone, Botswana. Triage forms of patients who presented between</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 19/11/</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2018 and 18/12/2018 were reviewed. Data from patient files was used to determine time duration from triage to being reviewed by a doctor, time duration from review by emergency doctor to patients’ disposition and the time </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">duration from patient’s triage to disposition (length of stay). Prolonged</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> length </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">of stay was defined as duration > 6 hours. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">A total of 1052 files</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> repre</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">- </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">senting patients seen over a 1-month period were reviewed. 72.5% of the patients had a prolonged length of stay. The median emergency doctor waiting time was 4.5 hours (IQR 1.6 - 8.3 hours) and the maximum was 27.1 hours. The median length of stay in the emergency department was 9.6 hours (IQR 5.8 - 14.6 hours</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">)</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and the maximum was 45.9 hours. Patient’s age (AOR 1.01), mental status (AOR 0.61), admission to internal medicine service (AOR 5.12) </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and pediatrics admissions (AOR 0.11) were significant predictors of pro</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">longed </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">length of stay in the emergency department. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: Princess Marina</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Hospital emergency department waiting times and length of stay are long. Age, </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">normal </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">mental status and internal medicine admission were independent predictors of prolonged stay (>6 hours). Admission to the pediatrics service was associated with shorter length of stay. There is a need for interven</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">tions to address the long waiting times and length of stay. Interventions</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> should particularly focus on the identified predictors.</span></span>展开更多
The evolution of solitons in Bose-Einstein condensates （BECs） with time-dependent atomic scattering length in an expulsive parabolic potential is studied. Based on the extended hyperbolic function method, we success...The evolution of solitons in Bose-Einstein condensates （BECs） with time-dependent atomic scattering length in an expulsive parabolic potential is studied. Based on the extended hyperbolic function method, we successfully obtain the bright and dark soliton solutions. In addition, some new soliton solutions in this model are found. The results in this paper include some in the literature （Phys. Rev. Lett. 94（2005）050402 and Chin. Phys. Lett. 22（2005） 1855）.展开更多
To describe the energy-dependent characteristics of the reaction-subdiffusion process, we analyze the simple reaction A--→B under subdiffsion with waiting time depending on the preceding jump length, and derive the c...To describe the energy-dependent characteristics of the reaction-subdiffusion process, we analyze the simple reaction A--→B under subdiffsion with waiting time depending on the preceding jump length, and derive the corresponding master equations in the Fourier Laplace space for the distribution of A and B particles in a continuous time random walk scheme. Moreover, the generalizations of the reaction-diffusion equation for the Gaussian jump length with the probability density function of waiting time being quadratically dependent on the preceding jump length are obtained by applying the derived master equations.展开更多
The Region-Time-Length Algorithm (RTL algorithm) is introduced and improved in the paper. Compared with the original definition, the influence of rupture length on RTL function is emphasized and the weights of epicent...The Region-Time-Length Algorithm (RTL algorithm) is introduced and improved in the paper. Compared with the original definition, the influence of rupture length on RTL function is emphasized and the weights of epicentral distance function, time function, and rupture length function are ensured to be equal. The retrospective examinations of RTL algorithm in North China have indicated that the anomalies obtained by the improved RTL algorithm show the short or intermediate-short term precursory features in most cases. There are two types of RTL anomalous patterns before the main shock. For the I-type, the variation pattern of the VRTL, numerical values of the VRTL(x, y, z, t) function, is complete and most of them have shown the changing pattern of rising from 0 turning dropping or dropping from 0 turning rising. For the II-type, the variation pattern of VRTL is not complete, which increases or decreases quickly from 0 and there is no evident turning, the main shock generally occurs in the short period around the peak VRTL. The rising of VRTL indicates an increase of seismic activity relative to the background level, which means the enhancement of seismic activity, while the dropping of VRTL indicates the decrease of seismic activity relative to the background level, which represents the seismic quiescence to a certain extent. According to statistical examination results of RTL algorithm in North China, the methods to distinguish the intermediate and short-term anomalies and to estimate the occurrence time of the coming main shock are given in the paper. For both I and II-type RTL anomalies, the R-value, i.e., the forecasting score, is about 0.6 and 0.3 for the 3 months forecasting period and about 0.7 and 0.4 for the 6 months forecasting period. The preliminary discussion is also made for the influences of characteristic time-span t0, characteristic distance r0, and threshold magnitude M0 on computation of VRTL, as well as some other significant problems in application.展开更多
Newton already mentioned indivisible time in Principia. In 1899, Max Planck derived a unique time period from three universal constants: G, c, and ħ, and today this is known as the Planck time. The Planck time is of t...Newton already mentioned indivisible time in Principia. In 1899, Max Planck derived a unique time period from three universal constants: G, c, and ħ, and today this is known as the Planck time. The Planck time is of the order of about 10<sup>−44</sup> seconds while the best atomic clocks are down to 10<sup>−19</sup> seconds. An approach has recently been outlined that puts an upper limit on the quantization of time to 10<sup>−33</sup> seconds;this is, however, still far away from the Planck time. We demonstrate that the Planck time can easily be measured without any knowledge of any other physical constants. This is remarkable as this means we have demonstrated that the Planck time and therefore the Planck scale is real and detectable. It has taken more than 100 years to understand this. The reason for the breakthrough in Planck scale physics in recent years comes from understanding that G is a composite constant and that the true matter wavelength is the Compton wavelength rather than the de Broglie wavelength. When this is understood, the mysteries of the Planck scale can be uncovered. In this paper, we also demonstrate how to measure the number of Planck events in a gravitational mass without relying on any constants. This directly relates to a new and simple method for quantizing general relativity theory that we also will shortly discuss.展开更多
The wavelength shift in fiber Bragg grating does not depend directly on the total light levels, losses in the connecting fibers and couplers, or source power. However, if the tunable Fabry-Perot filter is place on the...The wavelength shift in fiber Bragg grating does not depend directly on the total light levels, losses in the connecting fibers and couplers, or source power. However, if the tunable Fabry-Perot filter is place on the end of incident fiber, the detected time delay of modulation light is occurred due to the unmatch between the scanning time and light transmission time in the transmission fiber. Consequently, the detected peak wavelength shifts with the length of transmission fiber. Thus, the peak wavelength shift effect of Bragg reflective light transmitted in fiber with different fiber length can be obvious in the demodulator with a prepositive tunable Fabry-Perot filter. The experiment indicates the shift rates of 0.109 - 0.126 nm/km increase approximately linearly with the original peak wavelength of 1532.917 - 1560.300 nm at the fiber length of 0 - 6 km. To certify the consistency of measurement data, the criterion correction is introduced. By using the differential method of two fiber Bragg gratings with an optical path, the differential worth is compensated from the disturbance modulated by the time delay of fiber length.展开更多
文摘Background: Mortality and morbidity due to trauma are a significant public health challenge. There is paucity of data on the waiting times and length of stay (LOS) of trauma patients in emergency departments in Botswana. The aim of this study was to determine the Emergency Department (ED) waiting times and LOS of trauma patients at Princess Marina Hospital in Gaborone, Botswana. Methods: This was a retrospective medical records review of waiting times (time from triage to review by ED medical officer) and LOS (time from triage to disposition from the emergency department). The waiting times for the different assigned acuities were assessed against the South African Triage System (SATS) standards. All trauma patients seen from 19/11/2018 to 18/12/2018 were included in the study. Prolonged length of stay was defined as duration > 6 hours. Categorical data was summarized with frequencies while numeric data was summarized with medians and interquartile ranges. Results: A total of 187 trauma patients’ files were analyzed. Of these, 72 (38.5%) were females. The median waiting time was 3.8 hours and the maximum was 19.2 hours. The median length of stay (LOS) was 8.8 hours with a maximum of 37.2 hours. Only 53 (28.3%) of the participants had a LOS of less than 6 hours. None of the emergent patients were seen immediately. Only 5 (4.0%) of the very urgent patients were seen within the target of 10 minutes. Finally, only 10 (20.4%) of urgent patients were seen within the target time of 1 hour. Conclusion: The waiting times and length of stay in Princess Marina Hospital were mostly above the recommended standards. Urgent interventions are needed to reduce waiting times and length of stay for trauma patients. More studies are needed to explore the sources of delay and investigate possible solutions to this public health challenge.
文摘<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Introduction: </span></b><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Emergency medicine is a critical component of quality public health service. In fact length of stay and waiting times in the Emergency department are key indicators of quality. The aim of this study was to determine </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">waiting times and determinants of prolonged length of stay (LOS) in the</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Princess Marina Hospital Emergency Department. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This was a retrospective observational study. It was done at Princess Marina, a referral hospital </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in Gaborone, Botswana. Triage forms of patients who presented between</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 19/11/</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2018 and 18/12/2018 were reviewed. Data from patient files was used to determine time duration from triage to being reviewed by a doctor, time duration from review by emergency doctor to patients’ disposition and the time </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">duration from patient’s triage to disposition (length of stay). Prolonged</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> length </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">of stay was defined as duration > 6 hours. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">A total of 1052 files</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> repre</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">- </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">senting patients seen over a 1-month period were reviewed. 72.5% of the patients had a prolonged length of stay. The median emergency doctor waiting time was 4.5 hours (IQR 1.6 - 8.3 hours) and the maximum was 27.1 hours. The median length of stay in the emergency department was 9.6 hours (IQR 5.8 - 14.6 hours</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">)</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and the maximum was 45.9 hours. Patient’s age (AOR 1.01), mental status (AOR 0.61), admission to internal medicine service (AOR 5.12) </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and pediatrics admissions (AOR 0.11) were significant predictors of pro</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">longed </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">length of stay in the emergency department. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: Princess Marina</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Hospital emergency department waiting times and length of stay are long. Age, </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">normal </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">mental status and internal medicine admission were independent predictors of prolonged stay (>6 hours). Admission to the pediatrics service was associated with shorter length of stay. There is a need for interven</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">tions to address the long waiting times and length of stay. Interventions</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> should particularly focus on the identified predictors.</span></span>
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant Nos 1057508 and 10302018）, the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, China （Grant No Y605056）.
文摘The evolution of solitons in Bose-Einstein condensates （BECs） with time-dependent atomic scattering length in an expulsive parabolic potential is studied. Based on the extended hyperbolic function method, we successfully obtain the bright and dark soliton solutions. In addition, some new soliton solutions in this model are found. The results in this paper include some in the literature （Phys. Rev. Lett. 94（2005）050402 and Chin. Phys. Lett. 22（2005） 1855）.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 11626047the Foundation for Young Key Teachers of Chengdu University of Technology under Grant No KYGG201414
文摘To describe the energy-dependent characteristics of the reaction-subdiffusion process, we analyze the simple reaction A--→B under subdiffsion with waiting time depending on the preceding jump length, and derive the corresponding master equations in the Fourier Laplace space for the distribution of A and B particles in a continuous time random walk scheme. Moreover, the generalizations of the reaction-diffusion equation for the Gaussian jump length with the probability density function of waiting time being quadratically dependent on the preceding jump length are obtained by applying the derived master equations.
文摘The Region-Time-Length Algorithm (RTL algorithm) is introduced and improved in the paper. Compared with the original definition, the influence of rupture length on RTL function is emphasized and the weights of epicentral distance function, time function, and rupture length function are ensured to be equal. The retrospective examinations of RTL algorithm in North China have indicated that the anomalies obtained by the improved RTL algorithm show the short or intermediate-short term precursory features in most cases. There are two types of RTL anomalous patterns before the main shock. For the I-type, the variation pattern of the VRTL, numerical values of the VRTL(x, y, z, t) function, is complete and most of them have shown the changing pattern of rising from 0 turning dropping or dropping from 0 turning rising. For the II-type, the variation pattern of VRTL is not complete, which increases or decreases quickly from 0 and there is no evident turning, the main shock generally occurs in the short period around the peak VRTL. The rising of VRTL indicates an increase of seismic activity relative to the background level, which means the enhancement of seismic activity, while the dropping of VRTL indicates the decrease of seismic activity relative to the background level, which represents the seismic quiescence to a certain extent. According to statistical examination results of RTL algorithm in North China, the methods to distinguish the intermediate and short-term anomalies and to estimate the occurrence time of the coming main shock are given in the paper. For both I and II-type RTL anomalies, the R-value, i.e., the forecasting score, is about 0.6 and 0.3 for the 3 months forecasting period and about 0.7 and 0.4 for the 6 months forecasting period. The preliminary discussion is also made for the influences of characteristic time-span t0, characteristic distance r0, and threshold magnitude M0 on computation of VRTL, as well as some other significant problems in application.
文摘Newton already mentioned indivisible time in Principia. In 1899, Max Planck derived a unique time period from three universal constants: G, c, and ħ, and today this is known as the Planck time. The Planck time is of the order of about 10<sup>−44</sup> seconds while the best atomic clocks are down to 10<sup>−19</sup> seconds. An approach has recently been outlined that puts an upper limit on the quantization of time to 10<sup>−33</sup> seconds;this is, however, still far away from the Planck time. We demonstrate that the Planck time can easily be measured without any knowledge of any other physical constants. This is remarkable as this means we have demonstrated that the Planck time and therefore the Planck scale is real and detectable. It has taken more than 100 years to understand this. The reason for the breakthrough in Planck scale physics in recent years comes from understanding that G is a composite constant and that the true matter wavelength is the Compton wavelength rather than the de Broglie wavelength. When this is understood, the mysteries of the Planck scale can be uncovered. In this paper, we also demonstrate how to measure the number of Planck events in a gravitational mass without relying on any constants. This directly relates to a new and simple method for quantizing general relativity theory that we also will shortly discuss.
文摘The wavelength shift in fiber Bragg grating does not depend directly on the total light levels, losses in the connecting fibers and couplers, or source power. However, if the tunable Fabry-Perot filter is place on the end of incident fiber, the detected time delay of modulation light is occurred due to the unmatch between the scanning time and light transmission time in the transmission fiber. Consequently, the detected peak wavelength shifts with the length of transmission fiber. Thus, the peak wavelength shift effect of Bragg reflective light transmitted in fiber with different fiber length can be obvious in the demodulator with a prepositive tunable Fabry-Perot filter. The experiment indicates the shift rates of 0.109 - 0.126 nm/km increase approximately linearly with the original peak wavelength of 1532.917 - 1560.300 nm at the fiber length of 0 - 6 km. To certify the consistency of measurement data, the criterion correction is introduced. By using the differential method of two fiber Bragg gratings with an optical path, the differential worth is compensated from the disturbance modulated by the time delay of fiber length.
