Comparative studies on phytolith morphology between wild rice(Oryza rufipogon)and domesticated rice(Oryza sativa)have provided a fundamental basis for examining rice domestication traits and their evolutionary pathway...Comparative studies on phytolith morphology between wild rice(Oryza rufipogon)and domesticated rice(Oryza sativa)have provided a fundamental basis for examining rice domestication traits and their evolutionary pathways.To investigate the taxonomic significance of modern rice phytoliths,this study conducted systematic morphometric and statistical evaluations on cuneiform bulliform,double-peaked husk,and bilobate phytoliths of wild rice and two domesticated rice subspecies,japonica(O.sativa subsp.japonica'Ganningjing No.1')and indica(O.sativa subsp.indica'CNR213'),cultivated in Wuhan experimental fields.The findings revealed the following:(1)The number of fish-scale facets on cuneiform bulliform phytoliths and the morphology of double-peaked husk and bilobate phytoliths effectively differentiated wild rice from domesticated rice at the species level.Specifically,the cuneiform bulliform phytoliths with≥9 fish-scale facets were 6%,40%,and67%for wild,japonica,and indica rice,respectively.The shank length(a)and notch width(b)of bilobate phytoliths,as well as the top width(TW),middle width(MW),height(H),and curve depth(CD)of double-peaked husk phytoliths in domesticated rice,were smaller than those in wild rice.The morphometric features of the bilobate phytoliths demonstrate their potential as novel indicators for distinguishing wild rice from domesticated rice.(2)At the subspecies level,morphological variations were observed in the phytoliths of japonica and indica rice.Specifically,the flat ratio(B/A,where B and A are the non-base portion length and base portion length of cuneiform bulliform phytoliths,respectively)and fish-scale facet number of cuneiform bulliform phytoliths in japonica rice were lower than those in indica rice,but the horizontal(HL)and vertical length(VL)of japonica rice were greater than those of indica rice.This study provides phytolith-based evidence for the classification and identification of modern rice and offers valuable insights for identifying rice phytolith traits from archaeological sites and for understanding the domestication and evolutionary pathways of rice.Considering the limited variety of rice types included in this study,future research should investigate more rice species to create a comprehensive morphometric classification system for phytolith analyses.展开更多
Highlights OsCAX2 is localized to tonoplast,and cadmium induces its expression.OsCAX2 overexpression reduces cadmium concentration in indica rice grains by 49.1%.Cadmium(Cd)exposure poses significant health risks to h...Highlights OsCAX2 is localized to tonoplast,and cadmium induces its expression.OsCAX2 overexpression reduces cadmium concentration in indica rice grains by 49.1%.Cadmium(Cd)exposure poses significant health risks to humans,and the International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified it as a Group I carcinogen.Cadmium undergoes minimal metabolism in the human body;consequently,prolonged Cd^(2+)exposure can cause severe damage to multiple organs including the liver,kidneys,lungs,bones,and immune system(Shao et al.2024).Rice,one of the three global staple crops,and Cd exposure in humans primarily occurs the consumption of contaminated rice grains.The contribution of rice to the total dietary Cd intake is over 50% for non-smoking Asian populations(Chen et al.2018;Shi et al.2020).展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U23A2023,42077408)。
文摘Comparative studies on phytolith morphology between wild rice(Oryza rufipogon)and domesticated rice(Oryza sativa)have provided a fundamental basis for examining rice domestication traits and their evolutionary pathways.To investigate the taxonomic significance of modern rice phytoliths,this study conducted systematic morphometric and statistical evaluations on cuneiform bulliform,double-peaked husk,and bilobate phytoliths of wild rice and two domesticated rice subspecies,japonica(O.sativa subsp.japonica'Ganningjing No.1')and indica(O.sativa subsp.indica'CNR213'),cultivated in Wuhan experimental fields.The findings revealed the following:(1)The number of fish-scale facets on cuneiform bulliform phytoliths and the morphology of double-peaked husk and bilobate phytoliths effectively differentiated wild rice from domesticated rice at the species level.Specifically,the cuneiform bulliform phytoliths with≥9 fish-scale facets were 6%,40%,and67%for wild,japonica,and indica rice,respectively.The shank length(a)and notch width(b)of bilobate phytoliths,as well as the top width(TW),middle width(MW),height(H),and curve depth(CD)of double-peaked husk phytoliths in domesticated rice,were smaller than those in wild rice.The morphometric features of the bilobate phytoliths demonstrate their potential as novel indicators for distinguishing wild rice from domesticated rice.(2)At the subspecies level,morphological variations were observed in the phytoliths of japonica and indica rice.Specifically,the flat ratio(B/A,where B and A are the non-base portion length and base portion length of cuneiform bulliform phytoliths,respectively)and fish-scale facet number of cuneiform bulliform phytoliths in japonica rice were lower than those in indica rice,but the horizontal(HL)and vertical length(VL)of japonica rice were greater than those of indica rice.This study provides phytolith-based evidence for the classification and identification of modern rice and offers valuable insights for identifying rice phytolith traits from archaeological sites and for understanding the domestication and evolutionary pathways of rice.Considering the limited variety of rice types included in this study,future research should investigate more rice species to create a comprehensive morphometric classification system for phytolith analyses.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2024YFD1200800)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,China(2024A1515030094)。
文摘Highlights OsCAX2 is localized to tonoplast,and cadmium induces its expression.OsCAX2 overexpression reduces cadmium concentration in indica rice grains by 49.1%.Cadmium(Cd)exposure poses significant health risks to humans,and the International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified it as a Group I carcinogen.Cadmium undergoes minimal metabolism in the human body;consequently,prolonged Cd^(2+)exposure can cause severe damage to multiple organs including the liver,kidneys,lungs,bones,and immune system(Shao et al.2024).Rice,one of the three global staple crops,and Cd exposure in humans primarily occurs the consumption of contaminated rice grains.The contribution of rice to the total dietary Cd intake is over 50% for non-smoking Asian populations(Chen et al.2018;Shi et al.2020).
