Instead of the traditional linear model of taking,making,and disposing,the circular bio-economy promotes a regenerative approach.Although there is potential to create valuable products like betulin,lupeol,and suberini...Instead of the traditional linear model of taking,making,and disposing,the circular bio-economy promotes a regenerative approach.Although there is potential to create valuable products like betulin,lupeol,and suberinic acids(SA)from outer birch bark,many industries,such as plywood and pulp,often choose to incinerate substan-tial amounts of leftover birch bark to meet their energy needs.This highlights the importance of obtaining valu-able products from wood.The objective of this study was to examine various fractions of SA and assess their potential for wood impregnation.The fractions included SA potassium salts in ethanol(SAK-EtOH)and water(SAK-H2O),SA suspension in water(SAS-H2O)and dried SA,which was subsequently diluted in ethanol(DSA-EtOH).There is significant potential for utilizing SA in wood treatment formulations as a sustainable alternative to harmful petroleum-derived chemicals.This approach not only addresses environmental concerns but also enhances the functionality of wood in construction applications,such as improving impregnation for moisture and fungal protection.Among the solutions tested,the ethanol solution of SA,specifically DSA-EtOH,showed the highest weight percent gain(WPG)and the greatest leaching resistance.GPC analysis showed that SA salts in ethanol(SAK-EtOH)and water(SAK-H2O)predominantly consist of low molecular fractions and each process(acidification and drying)reduces the low molecular content in the sample.This suggests that SA polymerizes after drying,making it necessary to dissolve it in ethanol to meet the requirements for impregnation.Further opti-mization,including adjustments in the concentration of the SA ethanol solution and the curing temperature,is essential to identify the optimal conditions for more in-depth impregnation studies.展开更多
Bark extracts are sustainable sources of biopolymers and hold great promise for replacing fossil fuel-based polymers,for example,in wood-based composites.In addition to primary and secondary metabolites,tree bark also...Bark extracts are sustainable sources of biopolymers and hold great promise for replacing fossil fuel-based polymers,for example,in wood-based composites.In addition to primary and secondary metabolites,tree bark also contains suberin,which plays a major role in protecting the tree from environmental conditions.Suberin is a natural aliphatic-aromatic cross-linked polyester present in the cell walls of both normal and damaged external tissues,the main component of which are long-chain aliphatic acids.Its main role as a plant ingredient is to protect against microbiological factors and water loss.One of the most important suberin monomers are suberin fatty acids,known for their hydrophobic and barrier properties.Therefore,due to the diverse chemical composition of suberin,it is an attractive alternative to hydrocarbon-based materials.Although its potential is recognized,it is not widely used in biocomposites technology,including wood-based composites and the polymer industry.The article will discuss the current knowledge about the potential of suberin and its components in biocomposites technology,which will include surface finishes,composite adhesives and polymer blends.展开更多
Exploration of novel genetic resources against root-knot nematode(RKN)is necessary to strengthen the resistance breeding program in cultivated rice,and investigations on the role of genotype-specific root anatomy in c...Exploration of novel genetic resources against root-knot nematode(RKN)is necessary to strengthen the resistance breeding program in cultivated rice,and investigations on the role of genotype-specific root anatomy in conferring a structural barrier against nematode invasion are largely underexplored.Here,we reported a highly-resistant rice germplasm Phule Radha that conferred remarkably lower RKN parasitic fitness in terms of reduced penetration and delayed development and reproduction when compared with susceptible cultivar PB1121.Using histological and biochemical analyses,we demonstrated that an enhanced suberin deposition in the exodermal root tip tissue of Phule Radha compared to PB1121 can effectively form a penetrative barrier against RKN infection,and this preformed barrier in the control tissue did not necessarily alter to a greater extent when challenged with RKN stress.Using qRT-PCR analysis,we showed that a number of suberin biosynthesis genes were greatly expressed in the exodermis of Phule Radha compared to PB1121.In sum,the present study established the role of rice exodermal barrier system in defense against an important soil-borne pathogen.展开更多
One mechanism plants use to tolerate high salinity is the deposition of cutin and suberin to form apoplastic barriers that limit the influx of ions.However,the mechanism underlying barrier formation under salt stress ...One mechanism plants use to tolerate high salinity is the deposition of cutin and suberin to form apoplastic barriers that limit the influx of ions.However,the mechanism underlying barrier formation under salt stress is unclear.Here,we characterized the glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase(GPAT)family gene TaGPAT6,encoding a protein involved in cutin and suberin biosynthesis for apoplastic barrier formation in wheat(Triticum aestivum).TaGPAT6 has both acyltransferase and phosphatase activities,which are responsible for the synthesis of sn-2-monoacylglycerol(sn-2 MAG),the precursor of cutin and suberin.Overexpressing TaGPAT6 promoted the deposition of cutin and suberin in the seed coat and the outside layers of root tip cells and enhanced salt tolerance by reducing sodium ion accumulation within cells.By contrast,TaGPAT6 knockout mutants showed increased sensitivity to salt stress due to reduced cutin and suberin deposition and enhanced sodium ion accumulation.Yeast-one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assays identified TaABI5 as the upstream regulator of TaGPAT6.TaABI5 knockout mutants showed suppressed expression of TaGPAT6 and decreased barrier formation in the seed coat.These results indicate that TaGPAT6 is involved in cutin and suberin biosynthesis and the resulting formation of an apoplastic barrier that enhances salt tolerance in wheat.展开更多
The development of yarn-free cellulose fibers from natural biomass provides a low-energy and environmentally conscious alternative for producing functional textiles.This study introduced a method for producing yarn-fr...The development of yarn-free cellulose fibers from natural biomass provides a low-energy and environmentally conscious alternative for producing functional textiles.This study introduced a method for producing yarn-free cellulose fibers from the bast of Broussonetia papyrifera(pa-per mulberry),a fast-growing plant that does not require pesticides.The fibers were extracted using a mild alkaline treatment that preserved their alignment and allowed them to be knitted di-rectly without traditional spinning.A coating of suberin,obtained from cork bark waste(Quercus variabilis),was applied using ethanol dispersion and fixed by heating at 110℃.The coating im-proved the fiber’s antibacterial performance,moisture response,and mechanical strength(tensile strength:0.43 GPa;Young’s modulus:6.4 GPa),while keeping the material flexible and washable.The suberin layer could be removed and reused through a recycling process involving ionic liq-uids,allowing over 95%recovery after multiple cycles.A life cycle assessment showed that this fiber system had a lower environmental impact compared to conventional synthetic textile fibers.Overall,this work provided a practical and recyclable approach to making functional textiles from natural plant materials.展开更多
Apart from its significance in the protection against stress conditions, the cuticular cover is essential for proper development of the diverse surface structures formed on aerial plant organs. This layer mainly consi...Apart from its significance in the protection against stress conditions, the cuticular cover is essential for proper development of the diverse surface structures formed on aerial plant organs. This layer mainly consists of a cutin matrix, embedded and overlaid with cuticular waxes, Following their biosynthesis in epidermal cells, cutin and waxes were suggested to be exported across the plasma membrane by ABCG-type transporters such as DSO/ABCG11 to the cell wall and further to extracellular matrix. Here, additional aspects of DSO/ABCG11 function were investigated, predomi- nantly in reproductive organs, which were not revealed in the previous reports. This was facilitated by the generation of a transgenic DSO/ABCG11 silenced line （dso-4） that displayed relatively subtle morphological and chemical phenotypes. These included altered petal and silique morphology, fusion of seeds, and changes in levels of cutin monomers in flowers and siliques. The dso-4 phenotypes corresponded to the strong DSO/ABCG11 gene expression in the embryo epidermis as well as in the endosperm tissues of the developing seeds. Moreover, the DSO/ABCG11 protein displayed polar localization in the embryo protoderm. Transcriptome analysis of the dso-4 mutant leaves and stems showed that reduced DSO/ABCG11 activity suppressed the expression of a large number of cuticle-associated genes, implying that export of cuticular lipids from the plasma membrane is a rate-limiting step in cuticle metabolism. Surprisingly, root suberin composition of dso-4 was altered, as well as root expression of two suberin biosynthetic genes. Taken together, this study provides new insights into cutin and suberin metabolism and their role in reproductive organs and roots development.展开更多
The developmental process of oil cells in the shoot of Litsea pungens Hemsl. has been studied with transmission electron microscopy. According to the development of the three layers of cell wall, the developmental pro...The developmental process of oil cells in the shoot of Litsea pungens Hemsl. has been studied with transmission electron microscopy. According to the development of the three layers of cell wall, the developmental process could be divided into 4 stages. In stage 1, the cell wall consisted only of a primary (the outmost) cellulose layer, which might further be divided into two substages, the oil cell initial, and the vacuolizing oil cell. During this stage, there were some small electron translucent vesicles and dark osmiophilic droplets of variant sizes in the different-shaped plastids. It was observed that some dark and gray osmiophilic materials coalesced to vacuoles in the cytoplasm. In stage 2, a lamellated suberin layer accumulated inside the primary cellulose layer. In stage 3, a thicker and looser inner cellulose wall layer was formed gradually inside the suberin layer. Some dark osmiophilic droplets have been observed in this loose inner cellulose wall layer. The plasmodesmata were blocked up and became a special structure. Then, the big vacuole, which is the oil sac, was full of osmiophilic oil. In stage 4, the oil cell became matured and the cytoplasm disintegrated. The oil sac enveloped from plasmalemma was attached to the cupule, which was formed by the protuberance of the inner cellulose wall layer into the lumen. After the maturity of oil cell, the ground cytoplasm began to disintegrate and became electron opaque or exhibited in a disordered state, and the osmiophilic oil appeared light gray.展开更多
Background:Naturally-colored cotton has become increasingly popular because of their natural properties of coloration,UV protection,flame retardant,antibacterial activity and mildew resistance.But poor fiber quality a...Background:Naturally-colored cotton has become increasingly popular because of their natural properties of coloration,UV protection,flame retardant,antibacterial activity and mildew resistance.But poor fiber quality and limited color choices are two key issues that have restricted the cultivation of naturally-colored cotton.To identify the possible pathways participating in fiber pigmentation in naturally-colored cottons,five colored cotton accessions in three different color types(with green,brown and white fiber)were chosen for a comprehensive analysis of phenylpropanoid metabolism during fiber development.Results:The expression levels of flavonoid biosynthesis pathway genes in brown cotton fibers were significantly higher than those in white and green cotton fibers.Total flavonoids and proanthocyanidin were higher in brown cotton fibers relative to those in white and green cotton fibers,which suggested that the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway might not participate in the pigmentation of green cotton fibers.Further expression analysis indicated that the genes encoding enzymes for the synthesis of caffeic acid derivatives,lignin and lignan were activated in the developing fibers of the green cotton at 10 and 15 days post-anthesis.Conclusions:Our results strengthen the understanding of phenylpropanoid metabolism and pigmentation in green and brown cotton fibers,and may improve the breeding of naturally-colored cottons.展开更多
基金supported according to contract No.5.1.1.2.i.0/1/22/A/CFLA/007 between“Forest Sector Competence Centre of Latvia”Ltd.the Central Finance and Contracting Agency which dated 20th January of 2023.
文摘Instead of the traditional linear model of taking,making,and disposing,the circular bio-economy promotes a regenerative approach.Although there is potential to create valuable products like betulin,lupeol,and suberinic acids(SA)from outer birch bark,many industries,such as plywood and pulp,often choose to incinerate substan-tial amounts of leftover birch bark to meet their energy needs.This highlights the importance of obtaining valu-able products from wood.The objective of this study was to examine various fractions of SA and assess their potential for wood impregnation.The fractions included SA potassium salts in ethanol(SAK-EtOH)and water(SAK-H2O),SA suspension in water(SAS-H2O)and dried SA,which was subsequently diluted in ethanol(DSA-EtOH).There is significant potential for utilizing SA in wood treatment formulations as a sustainable alternative to harmful petroleum-derived chemicals.This approach not only addresses environmental concerns but also enhances the functionality of wood in construction applications,such as improving impregnation for moisture and fungal protection.Among the solutions tested,the ethanol solution of SA,specifically DSA-EtOH,showed the highest weight percent gain(WPG)and the greatest leaching resistance.GPC analysis showed that SA salts in ethanol(SAK-EtOH)and water(SAK-H2O)predominantly consist of low molecular fractions and each process(acidification and drying)reduces the low molecular content in the sample.This suggests that SA polymerizes after drying,making it necessary to dissolve it in ethanol to meet the requirements for impregnation.Further opti-mization,including adjustments in the concentration of the SA ethanol solution and the curing temperature,is essential to identify the optimal conditions for more in-depth impregnation studies.
基金funded under the ERANET Cofund Forest Value Program through Vinnova(Sweden)Valsts izglītības attīstības aģentūra(Latvia)+2 种基金Ministry of Education,Science and Sport(JIA)(Slovenia)Academy of Finland,The Research Council of Norway,and the National Science Centre,Poland(Agreement No.2021/03/Y/NZ9/00038)The Forest Value Program received funding from the Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program of the European Union under Grant Agreement No.773324.
文摘Bark extracts are sustainable sources of biopolymers and hold great promise for replacing fossil fuel-based polymers,for example,in wood-based composites.In addition to primary and secondary metabolites,tree bark also contains suberin,which plays a major role in protecting the tree from environmental conditions.Suberin is a natural aliphatic-aromatic cross-linked polyester present in the cell walls of both normal and damaged external tissues,the main component of which are long-chain aliphatic acids.Its main role as a plant ingredient is to protect against microbiological factors and water loss.One of the most important suberin monomers are suberin fatty acids,known for their hydrophobic and barrier properties.Therefore,due to the diverse chemical composition of suberin,it is an attractive alternative to hydrocarbon-based materials.Although its potential is recognized,it is not widely used in biocomposites technology,including wood-based composites and the polymer industry.The article will discuss the current knowledge about the potential of suberin and its components in biocomposites technology,which will include surface finishes,composite adhesives and polymer blends.
基金supported by the grant from the Department of Biotechnology,Ministry of Science and Technology,India(Grant No.BT/PR18924/COE/34/48/2017).
文摘Exploration of novel genetic resources against root-knot nematode(RKN)is necessary to strengthen the resistance breeding program in cultivated rice,and investigations on the role of genotype-specific root anatomy in conferring a structural barrier against nematode invasion are largely underexplored.Here,we reported a highly-resistant rice germplasm Phule Radha that conferred remarkably lower RKN parasitic fitness in terms of reduced penetration and delayed development and reproduction when compared with susceptible cultivar PB1121.Using histological and biochemical analyses,we demonstrated that an enhanced suberin deposition in the exodermal root tip tissue of Phule Radha compared to PB1121 can effectively form a penetrative barrier against RKN infection,and this preformed barrier in the control tissue did not necessarily alter to a greater extent when challenged with RKN stress.Using qRT-PCR analysis,we showed that a number of suberin biosynthesis genes were greatly expressed in the exodermis of Phule Radha compared to PB1121.In sum,the present study established the role of rice exodermal barrier system in defense against an important soil-borne pathogen.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022 YFD1201700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171935 and 32372039)+2 种基金the Agricultural Variety Improvement Project of Shandong Province(2022LZGC002)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2019ZD16)the Intramural Joint Program Fund of State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology(SKLMTIJP-2024-06)。
文摘One mechanism plants use to tolerate high salinity is the deposition of cutin and suberin to form apoplastic barriers that limit the influx of ions.However,the mechanism underlying barrier formation under salt stress is unclear.Here,we characterized the glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase(GPAT)family gene TaGPAT6,encoding a protein involved in cutin and suberin biosynthesis for apoplastic barrier formation in wheat(Triticum aestivum).TaGPAT6 has both acyltransferase and phosphatase activities,which are responsible for the synthesis of sn-2-monoacylglycerol(sn-2 MAG),the precursor of cutin and suberin.Overexpressing TaGPAT6 promoted the deposition of cutin and suberin in the seed coat and the outside layers of root tip cells and enhanced salt tolerance by reducing sodium ion accumulation within cells.By contrast,TaGPAT6 knockout mutants showed increased sensitivity to salt stress due to reduced cutin and suberin deposition and enhanced sodium ion accumulation.Yeast-one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assays identified TaABI5 as the upstream regulator of TaGPAT6.TaABI5 knockout mutants showed suppressed expression of TaGPAT6 and decreased barrier formation in the seed coat.These results indicate that TaGPAT6 is involved in cutin and suberin biosynthesis and the resulting formation of an apoplastic barrier that enhances salt tolerance in wheat.
基金supported by the China Association for Science and Technology Youth Talent Support Engineering Doctoral Program,the China Scholarship Council(CSC),the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2572024AW49)the Science and Technology Extension Project of the State Forestry Administration of China(No.070-41319503).
文摘The development of yarn-free cellulose fibers from natural biomass provides a low-energy and environmentally conscious alternative for producing functional textiles.This study introduced a method for producing yarn-free cellulose fibers from the bast of Broussonetia papyrifera(pa-per mulberry),a fast-growing plant that does not require pesticides.The fibers were extracted using a mild alkaline treatment that preserved their alignment and allowed them to be knitted di-rectly without traditional spinning.A coating of suberin,obtained from cork bark waste(Quercus variabilis),was applied using ethanol dispersion and fixed by heating at 110℃.The coating im-proved the fiber’s antibacterial performance,moisture response,and mechanical strength(tensile strength:0.43 GPa;Young’s modulus:6.4 GPa),while keeping the material flexible and washable.The suberin layer could be removed and reused through a recycling process involving ionic liq-uids,allowing over 95%recovery after multiple cycles.A life cycle assessment showed that this fiber system had a lower environmental impact compared to conventional synthetic textile fibers.Overall,this work provided a practical and recyclable approach to making functional textiles from natural plant materials.
文摘Apart from its significance in the protection against stress conditions, the cuticular cover is essential for proper development of the diverse surface structures formed on aerial plant organs. This layer mainly consists of a cutin matrix, embedded and overlaid with cuticular waxes, Following their biosynthesis in epidermal cells, cutin and waxes were suggested to be exported across the plasma membrane by ABCG-type transporters such as DSO/ABCG11 to the cell wall and further to extracellular matrix. Here, additional aspects of DSO/ABCG11 function were investigated, predomi- nantly in reproductive organs, which were not revealed in the previous reports. This was facilitated by the generation of a transgenic DSO/ABCG11 silenced line （dso-4） that displayed relatively subtle morphological and chemical phenotypes. These included altered petal and silique morphology, fusion of seeds, and changes in levels of cutin monomers in flowers and siliques. The dso-4 phenotypes corresponded to the strong DSO/ABCG11 gene expression in the embryo epidermis as well as in the endosperm tissues of the developing seeds. Moreover, the DSO/ABCG11 protein displayed polar localization in the embryo protoderm. Transcriptome analysis of the dso-4 mutant leaves and stems showed that reduced DSO/ABCG11 activity suppressed the expression of a large number of cuticle-associated genes, implying that export of cuticular lipids from the plasma membrane is a rate-limiting step in cuticle metabolism. Surprisingly, root suberin composition of dso-4 was altered, as well as root expression of two suberin biosynthetic genes. Taken together, this study provides new insights into cutin and suberin metabolism and their role in reproductive organs and roots development.
文摘The developmental process of oil cells in the shoot of Litsea pungens Hemsl. has been studied with transmission electron microscopy. According to the development of the three layers of cell wall, the developmental process could be divided into 4 stages. In stage 1, the cell wall consisted only of a primary (the outmost) cellulose layer, which might further be divided into two substages, the oil cell initial, and the vacuolizing oil cell. During this stage, there were some small electron translucent vesicles and dark osmiophilic droplets of variant sizes in the different-shaped plastids. It was observed that some dark and gray osmiophilic materials coalesced to vacuoles in the cytoplasm. In stage 2, a lamellated suberin layer accumulated inside the primary cellulose layer. In stage 3, a thicker and looser inner cellulose wall layer was formed gradually inside the suberin layer. Some dark osmiophilic droplets have been observed in this loose inner cellulose wall layer. The plasmodesmata were blocked up and became a special structure. Then, the big vacuole, which is the oil sac, was full of osmiophilic oil. In stage 4, the oil cell became matured and the cytoplasm disintegrated. The oil sac enveloped from plasmalemma was attached to the cupule, which was formed by the protuberance of the inner cellulose wall layer into the lumen. After the maturity of oil cell, the ground cytoplasm began to disintegrate and became electron opaque or exhibited in a disordered state, and the osmiophilic oil appeared light gray.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31471540)National Transgenic Plant Research of China(2016ZX08005–001)to Zhang XL+3 种基金This project was also supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2662017JC030)Funding was also provided by Science and Technology Innovation Talent program(2020CB017)Scientific and Technological Breakthrough and Achievement Transformation Projects of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps(2016 AC027)Scientific Research Project of Shihezi(2016HZ09)to You CY.
文摘Background:Naturally-colored cotton has become increasingly popular because of their natural properties of coloration,UV protection,flame retardant,antibacterial activity and mildew resistance.But poor fiber quality and limited color choices are two key issues that have restricted the cultivation of naturally-colored cotton.To identify the possible pathways participating in fiber pigmentation in naturally-colored cottons,five colored cotton accessions in three different color types(with green,brown and white fiber)were chosen for a comprehensive analysis of phenylpropanoid metabolism during fiber development.Results:The expression levels of flavonoid biosynthesis pathway genes in brown cotton fibers were significantly higher than those in white and green cotton fibers.Total flavonoids and proanthocyanidin were higher in brown cotton fibers relative to those in white and green cotton fibers,which suggested that the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway might not participate in the pigmentation of green cotton fibers.Further expression analysis indicated that the genes encoding enzymes for the synthesis of caffeic acid derivatives,lignin and lignan were activated in the developing fibers of the green cotton at 10 and 15 days post-anthesis.Conclusions:Our results strengthen the understanding of phenylpropanoid metabolism and pigmentation in green and brown cotton fibers,and may improve the breeding of naturally-colored cottons.
