The effect of the solute(Mo)on the stress development of nanocrystalline Ni and Ni-Mo films upon heat-ing has been investigated in real time using in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction.The complex and distinct relatio...The effect of the solute(Mo)on the stress development of nanocrystalline Ni and Ni-Mo films upon heat-ing has been investigated in real time using in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction.The complex and distinct relationship between the film stress and grain boundaries(GBs)has been examined by the evolution of real-time intrinsic stress in combination with the in situ grain growth and thermal characterizations.The different intrinsic stress evolutions in the Ni and Ni-Mo films during the heating process result from the modification of GBs by Mo alloying,including GB amorphization,GB relaxation,and GB segregation.It has been found that GBs play a vital role in the stress development of nanocrystalline films.The addition of a solute can not only inhibit grain growth but also influence the stress evolution in the film by changing the atomic diffusivity at the GBs.This work provides valuable and unique insights into the effect of solutes on stress development in nanocrystalline films during annealing,permitting control of the film stress through solute addition and heat treatment,which is critical for improving the design,processing,and lifetime of advanced nanocrystalline film devices at high temperatures.展开更多
Fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins(FLAs),a subclass of arabinogalactan proteins(AGPs),are usually involved in cell development in plants.To investigate the expression profiling as well
This study proposes a new framework as job burden-capital model for comprehensive assessment on occupational stress. 1618 valid samples were recruited from electronic manufacturing service industry in Hunan province b...This study proposes a new framework as job burden-capital model for comprehensive assessment on occupational stress. 1618 valid samples were recruited from electronic manufacturing service industry in Hunan province by self-rated questionnaires after written consent. Structural equation model analysis was employed to verify the model by the data collected. The final fitting model has satisfactory fitting goodness （CMIN/DF=5.78, AGFI=0.937, NNFI=0.960, IF1=0.968, RMSEA=0.054）. Both of the measurement model and structural model have acceptable path Ioadings. Job burden and capital could either directly affect occupational outcomes or indirectly influence them through equation personality.展开更多
How to put forward advisory suggestions regarded as feasible, workable and acceptable by the State leaders through the integration of the goodwill cherished by our scientists with the blueprint masterminded by the hos...How to put forward advisory suggestions regarded as feasible, workable and acceptable by the State leaders through the integration of the goodwill cherished by our scientists with the blueprint masterminded by the hosts of various R&D projects? It seems to me a problem worthy of our serious consideration. Here I would like to suggest that under the leading group of national S&T affairs, a new organ functionally similar to the State R&D Center be set up. Acting as a counselling team to the group, it must be small in payroll and include by strategists spe-展开更多
After grouting the ducts in a large band beam and one-way slab post-tensioned floor system in a large shopping mall （in excess of 1.5 km2 in plan）, doubts arose concerning the level of initial prestress and the stre...After grouting the ducts in a large band beam and one-way slab post-tensioned floor system in a large shopping mall （in excess of 1.5 km2 in plan）, doubts arose concerning the level of initial prestress and the strength and serviceability of the slabs was questioned. To assess the strength of the slabs, it was assumed, as a worst case scenario, that some spans may have been constructed with zero initial prestress. Load tests on prototype specimens, with similar dimensions and reinforcement quantities as the floor slabs, were performed to assess the stress development in initially unstressed, but fully grouted, tendons. Unexpected bond failures occurred at the junctions of slab and band beam where the abrupt change in section depth caused a sudden change in tendon stress. The maximum stress that was developed in the initially unstressed tendons at these locations was about 60% of the strength of the tendons.展开更多
Plant height （PH） is one of the most important agronomic traits of rice, as it directly affects the lodging resistance and the high yield potential. Meanwhile, PH is often constrained by water supply over the entire...Plant height （PH） is one of the most important agronomic traits of rice, as it directly affects the lodging resistance and the high yield potential. Meanwhile, PH is often constrained by water supply over the entire growth period. In this study, a recombinant inbred line （RIL） derived from Xiaobaijingzi and Kongyu 131 strains grown under drought stress and with normal irrigation over 2 yr （2013 and 2014）, respectively （regarded as four environments）, was used to dissect the genetic basis of PH by developmental dynamics QTL analysis combined with QTL^environment interactions. QTLs with net effects excluding the accumulated effects were detected to explore the relationship between genexgene interactions and genexenvironment interactions in specific growth period. A total of 26 additive QTLs （A-QTLs） and 37 epistatic QTLs （E-QTLs） associated with PH were detected by unconditional and conditional mapping over seven growth periods, qPH-2-3, qPH-4-3, qPH-6-1, qPH-7-1, and qPH-12-5 could be detected by both unconditional and conditional analyses, qPH-4-3 and qPH-7-5 were detected in four stages （periods） to be sequentially expressed QTLs controlling PH continuous variation. QTLs with additive effects （A-QTLs） were mostly expressed in the period $3iS2 （the time interval from stages 2 to 3）, and QTLxenvironment interactions performed actively in the first three stages （periods） which could be an important developmental period for rice to undergo external morphogenesis during drought stress. Several QTLs showed high adaptability for drought stress and many QTLs were closely related to the environments such as qPH-3-5, qPH-2-2 and qPH-6-1. 72.5% of the QTLs with a and aa effects detected by conditional analysis were under drought stress, and the PVE of QTLs detected by conditional analysis under drought stress were also much higher than that under normal irrigation. We infer that environments would influence the detection results and sequential expression of genes was highly influenced by environments as well. Many QTLs （qPH-1-2, qPH-3-5, qPH-4-1, qPH-2-3） coincident with previously identified drought resistance genes. The result of this study is helpful to elucidating the genetic mechanism and regulatory network underlying the development of PH in rice and providing references to marker assisted selection.展开更多
T-2 toxin is one of the most important trichothecene mycotoxins occurring in various agriculture products. The developmental toxicity of T-2 toxin and the exact mechanism of action at early life stages are not underst...T-2 toxin is one of the most important trichothecene mycotoxins occurring in various agriculture products. The developmental toxicity of T-2 toxin and the exact mechanism of action at early life stages are not understood precisely. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to different concentrations of the toxin at 4-6 hours post fertilization （hpf） stage of development, and were observed for different developmental toxic effects at 24, 48, 72, and 144 hpf. Exposure to 0.20 Ixmol/L or higher concentrations of T-2 toxin significantly increased the mortality and malformation rate such as tail deformities, cardiovascular defects and behavioral changes in early developmental stages of zebrafish. T-2 toxin exposure resulted in significant increases in reactive oxygen species （ROS） production and cell apoptosis, mainly in the tall areas, as revealed by Acridine Orange staining at 24 hpf. In addition, T-2 toxin-induced severe tail deformities could be attenuated by co-exposure to reduced glutathione （GSH）. T-2 toxin and GSH co-exposure induced a significant decrease of ROS production in the embryos. The overall results demonstrate that T-2 toxin is able to produce oxidative stress and induce apoptosis, which are involved in the developmental toxicity of T-2 toxin in zebrafish embryos.展开更多
A growing body of evidence from across taxa suggests that exposure to elevated levels of glucocorticoids during early development can have long-term effects upon physiological and behavioral phenotypes. Additionally, ...A growing body of evidence from across taxa suggests that exposure to elevated levels of glucocorticoids during early development can have long-term effects upon physiological and behavioral phenotypes. Additionally, there is some, though limited, evidence that similar early exposure can also negatively impact cognitive ability. Following pioneering mammalian studies, several avian studies have revealed that the responsiveness of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal （HPA） axis as an adult can be explained by levels of corticosterone, the avian glucocorticoid, the individual experienced as a nestling or even as an embryo via yolk exposure. Studies also suggest that perinatal exposure to corticosterone can have effects upon avian ＇personalities＇ or coping styles, and findings from mammalian studies suggest that these long-term effects are mediated epigenetically via altered expression of relevant DNA sequences. Although a consistent pattern across-species has yet to emerge, recent work in Florida scrub-jays Aphelocoma coerulescens found that baseline corticosterone levels in ll-day-old nestlings explained 84% of the varia- tion in ＇personality＇ （bold vs. timid） when those individuals were tested approximately seven months later. Nestlings with elevated corticosterone levels were more timid than those individuals that as nestlings experienced relatively low corticosterone levels. Some researchers have suggested that parents might use such mechanisms to ＇program＇ their offsprings＇ phenotype to best fit prevailing environmental conditions. This review will visit what is known about the links between stressful developmental conditions that result in exposure to elevated corticosterone and the short- and long-term effects of this steroid hormone upon central nervous system function and whether alterations thereof are beneficial, deleterious, or neutral. It will concentrate on examples from birds, although critical supporting studies from the mammalian literature will be included as appropriate [Current Zoology 57 （4）： 514-530, 2011].展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51971153)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2017YFE0302600)。
文摘The effect of the solute(Mo)on the stress development of nanocrystalline Ni and Ni-Mo films upon heat-ing has been investigated in real time using in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction.The complex and distinct relationship between the film stress and grain boundaries(GBs)has been examined by the evolution of real-time intrinsic stress in combination with the in situ grain growth and thermal characterizations.The different intrinsic stress evolutions in the Ni and Ni-Mo films during the heating process result from the modification of GBs by Mo alloying,including GB amorphization,GB relaxation,and GB segregation.It has been found that GBs play a vital role in the stress development of nanocrystalline films.The addition of a solute can not only inhibit grain growth but also influence the stress evolution in the film by changing the atomic diffusivity at the GBs.This work provides valuable and unique insights into the effect of solutes on stress development in nanocrystalline films during annealing,permitting control of the film stress through solute addition and heat treatment,which is critical for improving the design,processing,and lifetime of advanced nanocrystalline film devices at high temperatures.
文摘Fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins(FLAs),a subclass of arabinogalactan proteins(AGPs),are usually involved in cell development in plants.To investigate the expression profiling as well
基金supported by the Science and Technology Fund for Young Scholars of the national institute of occupational health and poison control(No.JC201601)
文摘This study proposes a new framework as job burden-capital model for comprehensive assessment on occupational stress. 1618 valid samples were recruited from electronic manufacturing service industry in Hunan province by self-rated questionnaires after written consent. Structural equation model analysis was employed to verify the model by the data collected. The final fitting model has satisfactory fitting goodness （CMIN/DF=5.78, AGFI=0.937, NNFI=0.960, IF1=0.968, RMSEA=0.054）. Both of the measurement model and structural model have acceptable path Ioadings. Job burden and capital could either directly affect occupational outcomes or indirectly influence them through equation personality.
文摘How to put forward advisory suggestions regarded as feasible, workable and acceptable by the State leaders through the integration of the goodwill cherished by our scientists with the blueprint masterminded by the hosts of various R&D projects? It seems to me a problem worthy of our serious consideration. Here I would like to suggest that under the leading group of national S&T affairs, a new organ functionally similar to the State R&D Center be set up. Acting as a counselling team to the group, it must be small in payroll and include by strategists spe-
文摘After grouting the ducts in a large band beam and one-way slab post-tensioned floor system in a large shopping mall （in excess of 1.5 km2 in plan）, doubts arose concerning the level of initial prestress and the strength and serviceability of the slabs was questioned. To assess the strength of the slabs, it was assumed, as a worst case scenario, that some spans may have been constructed with zero initial prestress. Load tests on prototype specimens, with similar dimensions and reinforcement quantities as the floor slabs, were performed to assess the stress development in initially unstressed, but fully grouted, tendons. Unexpected bond failures occurred at the junctions of slab and band beam where the abrupt change in section depth caused a sudden change in tendon stress. The maximum stress that was developed in the initially unstressed tendons at these locations was about 60% of the strength of the tendons.
基金supported by the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 12th Five-Year Plan period (2013BAD20B04)
文摘Plant height （PH） is one of the most important agronomic traits of rice, as it directly affects the lodging resistance and the high yield potential. Meanwhile, PH is often constrained by water supply over the entire growth period. In this study, a recombinant inbred line （RIL） derived from Xiaobaijingzi and Kongyu 131 strains grown under drought stress and with normal irrigation over 2 yr （2013 and 2014）, respectively （regarded as four environments）, was used to dissect the genetic basis of PH by developmental dynamics QTL analysis combined with QTL^environment interactions. QTLs with net effects excluding the accumulated effects were detected to explore the relationship between genexgene interactions and genexenvironment interactions in specific growth period. A total of 26 additive QTLs （A-QTLs） and 37 epistatic QTLs （E-QTLs） associated with PH were detected by unconditional and conditional mapping over seven growth periods, qPH-2-3, qPH-4-3, qPH-6-1, qPH-7-1, and qPH-12-5 could be detected by both unconditional and conditional analyses, qPH-4-3 and qPH-7-5 were detected in four stages （periods） to be sequentially expressed QTLs controlling PH continuous variation. QTLs with additive effects （A-QTLs） were mostly expressed in the period $3iS2 （the time interval from stages 2 to 3）, and QTLxenvironment interactions performed actively in the first three stages （periods） which could be an important developmental period for rice to undergo external morphogenesis during drought stress. Several QTLs showed high adaptability for drought stress and many QTLs were closely related to the environments such as qPH-3-5, qPH-2-2 and qPH-6-1. 72.5% of the QTLs with a and aa effects detected by conditional analysis were under drought stress, and the PVE of QTLs detected by conditional analysis under drought stress were also much higher than that under normal irrigation. We infer that environments would influence the detection results and sequential expression of genes was highly influenced by environments as well. Many QTLs （qPH-1-2, qPH-3-5, qPH-4-1, qPH-2-3） coincident with previously identified drought resistance genes. The result of this study is helpful to elucidating the genetic mechanism and regulatory network underlying the development of PH in rice and providing references to marker assisted selection.
基金supported by the National Basic Re-search Program(973)of China(No.2011CB503803)the National Key Project on Drug Development from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2009ZX09501-034)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.20110491865)
文摘T-2 toxin is one of the most important trichothecene mycotoxins occurring in various agriculture products. The developmental toxicity of T-2 toxin and the exact mechanism of action at early life stages are not understood precisely. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to different concentrations of the toxin at 4-6 hours post fertilization （hpf） stage of development, and were observed for different developmental toxic effects at 24, 48, 72, and 144 hpf. Exposure to 0.20 Ixmol/L or higher concentrations of T-2 toxin significantly increased the mortality and malformation rate such as tail deformities, cardiovascular defects and behavioral changes in early developmental stages of zebrafish. T-2 toxin exposure resulted in significant increases in reactive oxygen species （ROS） production and cell apoptosis, mainly in the tall areas, as revealed by Acridine Orange staining at 24 hpf. In addition, T-2 toxin-induced severe tail deformities could be attenuated by co-exposure to reduced glutathione （GSH）. T-2 toxin and GSH co-exposure induced a significant decrease of ROS production in the embryos. The overall results demonstrate that T-2 toxin is able to produce oxidative stress and induce apoptosis, which are involved in the developmental toxicity of T-2 toxin in zebrafish embryos.
基金We thank Michael Ferkin for the invitation to contribute to this volume. During the writing of this review, the authors have been supported in part by the Department of Biological Sciences of the University of Memphis.SJS and MAR have also received support from the National Science Foundation （IOS-0919899 to SJS）.
文摘A growing body of evidence from across taxa suggests that exposure to elevated levels of glucocorticoids during early development can have long-term effects upon physiological and behavioral phenotypes. Additionally, there is some, though limited, evidence that similar early exposure can also negatively impact cognitive ability. Following pioneering mammalian studies, several avian studies have revealed that the responsiveness of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal （HPA） axis as an adult can be explained by levels of corticosterone, the avian glucocorticoid, the individual experienced as a nestling or even as an embryo via yolk exposure. Studies also suggest that perinatal exposure to corticosterone can have effects upon avian ＇personalities＇ or coping styles, and findings from mammalian studies suggest that these long-term effects are mediated epigenetically via altered expression of relevant DNA sequences. Although a consistent pattern across-species has yet to emerge, recent work in Florida scrub-jays Aphelocoma coerulescens found that baseline corticosterone levels in ll-day-old nestlings explained 84% of the varia- tion in ＇personality＇ （bold vs. timid） when those individuals were tested approximately seven months later. Nestlings with elevated corticosterone levels were more timid than those individuals that as nestlings experienced relatively low corticosterone levels. Some researchers have suggested that parents might use such mechanisms to ＇program＇ their offsprings＇ phenotype to best fit prevailing environmental conditions. This review will visit what is known about the links between stressful developmental conditions that result in exposure to elevated corticosterone and the short- and long-term effects of this steroid hormone upon central nervous system function and whether alterations thereof are beneficial, deleterious, or neutral. It will concentrate on examples from birds, although critical supporting studies from the mammalian literature will be included as appropriate [Current Zoology 57 （4）： 514-530, 2011].
