The variety "Aifeng" was used as experimental material,and the stem diameter,plant height,the number of leaves and yield of P. vulgaris under three ways of ridge culture (bedding,high ridge and M ridge) were...The variety "Aifeng" was used as experimental material,and the stem diameter,plant height,the number of leaves and yield of P. vulgaris under three ways of ridge culture (bedding,high ridge and M ridge) were observed and detected to study the effects of different ridge cultures on the growth and yield. The results showed that the stem diameter,plant height,the number of leaves and yield under M ridge culture were higher than that of bedding and high ridge.展开更多
The cotton direct seeding after wheat(rape) harvested is under trial and would be the future direction at the Yangtze River Valley region of China.The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of branch and ...The cotton direct seeding after wheat(rape) harvested is under trial and would be the future direction at the Yangtze River Valley region of China.The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of branch and stem architecture on cotton yield and identify the optimal cotton architecture to compensate the yield loss due to the reduction of individual production capacity under high planting density in the direst seeding after wheat harvested cropping system.The characteristics of the stem and branch architecture and the relationships between architecture of the stem and branch with yield formation were studied on eight short season cotton cultivars during 2015 and 2016 cotton growth seasons.Based on the two years results,three cultivars with different architectures of stem and branch were selected to investigate the effect of mepiquat chloride(MC) application on the architecture of the stem and branch,boll retention,and the yield in 2017.Significant differences were observed on plant height,all fruiting nodes to branches ratio(NBR) in the cotton plant,and the curvature of the fruiting branch(CFB) among the studied cultivars.There were three types of stem and fruiting branch structures: Zhong425 with stable and suitable plant height and NBR(about 90 cm and 2.5,respectively),high CFB(more than 10.0),and high boll retention speed and seed cotton yield;Siyang 822 with excessive plant height and NBR,low CFB,and low boll retention speed and seed cotton yield;and other studied cultivars with unstable structure of stem and branch,boll retention speed,and seed cotton yield across years.And MC application could promote the appropriate plant height and NBR and high CFB and thus resulted in high boll retention speed and the yield.The results suggested that the suitable plant height and NBR(about 90 cm and 2.5 respectively),and high CFB(more than 10.0),which was related to both genotype and cultural practice,could promote the higher boll retention speed and seed cotton yield.展开更多
[ Objectives ] The aim was to optimize the configuration of seedling density and line spacing of forage sweet sorghum （ Sorghum blcolor （ L. ） Moench） and explore its high-yield cultivation techniques. [ Methods] ...[ Objectives ] The aim was to optimize the configuration of seedling density and line spacing of forage sweet sorghum （ Sorghum blcolor （ L. ） Moench） and explore its high-yield cultivation techniques. [ Methods] Effects of such two influencing factors as line spacing and seedling density on the leaf-stem ratio, DW/FW ratio and grass yield of forage sweet sorghum were analyzed by using split-plot experiment design experiment method and LSD method of IBM. SPSS. Statis- tics. v22 stati, stics software. [ Results ~ Seedling density and line spacing had no obvious effect on the leaf-stem ratio and DW/FW ratio of forage sweet sorghum but had obvious influences on the grass yield. Moreover, the optimal combination of seedling density and line spacing for high yield of forage sweet sorghum was A2 B4, that is, seedling density was 225 000 plants/hm2, and line spacing was 40 cm. [ Conclusions] The results provided a theoretical basis and technical support for high-yield cultivation techniques of forage sweet sorghum.展开更多
Accurate and efficient estimation of forest growth and live biomass is a critical element in assessing potential responses to forest management and environmental change. The objective of this study was to develop mode...Accurate and efficient estimation of forest growth and live biomass is a critical element in assessing potential responses to forest management and environmental change. The objective of this study was to develop models to predict longleaf pine tree diameter at breast height （dbh） and merchantable stem volume （V） using data obtained from field measurements. We used longleaf pine tree data from 3,376 planted trees on 127 permanent plots located in the U.S. Gulf Coastal Plain region to fit equations to predict dbh and V as functions of tree height （H） and crown area （CA）. Prediction of dbh as a function of H improved when CA was added as an additional independent variable. Similarly, predic- tions of V based on H improved when CA was included. Incorporation of additional stand variables such as age, site index, dominant height, and stand density were also evaluated but resulted in only small improvements in model performance. For model testing we used data from planted and naturally-regenerated trees located inside and outside the geographic area used for model fitting. Our results suggest that the models are a robust alternative for dbh and V estimations when H and CA are known on planted stands with potential for naturally-regenerated stands, across a wide range of ages. We discuss the importance of these models for use with metrics derived from remote sensing data.展开更多
Advanced backcross QTL analysis was used to identify QTLs for seven yield and yield-related traits in a BC2F2 population from the cross between a popular Oryza sativa cv Swarna and O. nivara IRGC81848. Transgressive s...Advanced backcross QTL analysis was used to identify QTLs for seven yield and yield-related traits in a BC2F2 population from the cross between a popular Oryza sativa cv Swarna and O. nivara IRGC81848. Transgressive segregants with more than 15% increased effect over Swarna were observed for all the traits except days to heading and days to 50% flowering. Thirty QTLs were detected for seven yield and yield-related traits using interval and composite interval mapping. Enhancing alleles at 13 (45%) of these QTLs were derived from O. nivara, and enhancing alleles at all the QTLs for stem diameter and rachis diameter were derived from O. nivara. Three stem diameter QTLs, two rachis diameter QTLs and one number of secondary branches QTL identified by both Interval and composite interval mapping contributed more than 15% of the total phenotypic variance. The QTL epistasis was significant for stem diameter and plot yield. The most significant QTLs qSD7.2, qSD8.1 and qSD9.1 for stem diameter, qRD9.1 for rachis diameter and qNSB1.1 for number of secondary branches are good targets to evaluate their use in marker-assisted selection. O. nivara is a good source of novel alleles for yield related traits and reveals major effect QTLs suitable for marker-assisted selection.展开更多
The efficacies of some next-generation insecticides against the rice yellow stem borer(YSB),Scirpophaga incertulas(Walk.), and their compatibilities with natural enemies were investigated during 2014 and 2015. Three n...The efficacies of some next-generation insecticides against the rice yellow stem borer(YSB),Scirpophaga incertulas(Walk.), and their compatibilities with natural enemies were investigated during 2014 and 2015. Three newer insecticides, chlorantraniliprole 0.4% G, dinotefuran 20% SG, and methoxyfenozide 24% SC, and two commonly used insecticides, carbufuran 5 G and quinalphos 25 EC,were evaluated in the field for their efficacies against YSB and their non-target effects on natural enemies.Application of chlorantraniliprole 0.4% G at 10.96 kg/hm^2 resulted in the greatest reduction in YSB infestation(deadhearts and whiteheads) and greatest increase of yield compared to the untreated control plots, followed by methoxyfenozide 24% SC at 0.41 L/hm^2, dinotefuran 20% SG at 0.15 kg/hm^2,carbufuran 5 G at 10.96 kg/hm^2, and quinalphos 25 EC at 1.50 L/hm^2. All the insecticides reduced the numbers of predators viz., lady bird beetles, wolf spiders, carabid beetles, earwigs, green mirid bugs, and damselflies. Numbers of adults of the egg parasitoids Trichogramma sp., Telenomus sp. and Tetrastichus sp. were significantly reduced in insecticide-treated plots compared to untreated control plots. In all field trials, the harmful effects of the five insecticides were in the following rank order(least harmful to most harmful): chlorantraniliprole 0.4% G, carbufuran 5 G, dinotefuran 20% SG, methoxyfenozide 24% SC,and quinalphos 25 EC. On the basis of reduction in YSB infestation, increase in grain yield, and compatibility with natural enemies, chlorantraniliprole 0.4% G was proved to be the best of all the insecticides for YSB management system, although the study suggested minimizing its retail price for enhancement of cost effectiveness in farmers' fields.展开更多
This study addresses the hypothesis that stagnation of soybean yield on the farm can be improved by selection of a physiological trait favoring carbon assimilate partitioning to terminally placed pods versus genotypes...This study addresses the hypothesis that stagnation of soybean yield on the farm can be improved by selection of a physiological trait favoring carbon assimilate partitioning to terminally placed pods versus genotypes having axillary pods at close plant spacing.13C was fed to source-sink units comprising a leaf,axillary/terminal pods,and petioles at upper and lower positions of the stem axis in two soybean cultivars,namely Shakujo and Enrei,at different densities of populations.The cultivars differ significantly in architecture,Shakujo bearing a few hundreds of pods in close succession to one another in a terminally placed raceme,in contrast to Enrei having axillary racemes.Pod yield per plant was higher in Enrei than in Shakujo at low density,but Shakujo out-yielded Enrei at close spacing.Population density decreased yield per plant and altered the pattern of assimilate partitioning significantly within the plants for both varieties.At high density more assimilates moved to the upper parts at the cost of the lower parts.The terminally placed pods of Shakujo were advantaged to receive assimilates under density stress.No benefit was accrued to pod filling of Enrei,however,under this condition.展开更多
全球气候变暖导致的极端高温天气严重影响水稻生产,幼穗分化期高温影响水稻幼穗发育和颖花育性,进而导致产量下降。本试验在盆栽条件下选取高温抗性品种汕优63(SY63)和高温敏感品种两优培九(LYPJ),在幼穗分化二期设置低穗肥(LN,0.072 g ...全球气候变暖导致的极端高温天气严重影响水稻生产,幼穗分化期高温影响水稻幼穗发育和颖花育性,进而导致产量下降。本试验在盆栽条件下选取高温抗性品种汕优63(SY63)和高温敏感品种两优培九(LYPJ),在幼穗分化二期设置低穗肥(LN,0.072 g N/kg)、高穗肥(HN,0.144 g N/kg)2个不同穗氮肥施用量和连续15 d的白天高温处理(高温处理白天和夜间平均温度为35.6℃/27.5℃,以29.6℃/26.8℃为对照温度)。结果表明,与对照温度相比,LN和HN处理下高温导致LYPJ产量分别下降36.9%和24.8%,颖花育性分别降低22.8%和8.1%,对SY63产量和颖花育性无显著影响,表明增施穗氮肥显著促进了高温下LYPJ产量形成。增施穗氮肥显著提高了花前穗非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)含量,提高了花后茎鞘NSC向穗的转运量。穗NSC积累量、茎鞘NSC转运量与颖花育性、结实率和产量均呈正相关。因此,高温下增施穗氮肥可能通过促进茎鞘同化物积累与再分配缓解穗分化期高温伤害。展开更多
探究聚-γ-谷氨酸(γ-PGA)对直播稻抗倒伏性、产量和品质的影响,为高产优质的水稻栽培技术提供理论依据和技术参考。于2022和2023年在湖北省武穴市花桥镇开展田间试验,采用双因素裂区设计,以直播方式水直播(W)和旱直播(D)为主区,不施加...探究聚-γ-谷氨酸(γ-PGA)对直播稻抗倒伏性、产量和品质的影响,为高产优质的水稻栽培技术提供理论依据和技术参考。于2022和2023年在湖北省武穴市花桥镇开展田间试验,采用双因素裂区设计,以直播方式水直播(W)和旱直播(D)为主区,不施加γ-PGA发酵液(P0)和施加25 kg hm–2γ-PGA发酵液(P1)为副区,共4个处理,对水稻抗倒伏能力相关指标、产量、稻米品质进行测定。结果表明,施加γ-PGA能分别使水、旱直播下水稻第一基节茎粗增加10.3%~10.6%和7.5%~13.3%,第二基节茎粗增加10.5%~11.8%和8.2%~17.5%,茎秆壁厚增加23.7%~27.9%和12.5%~22.0%,抗折能力提高37.3%~52.7%和50.8%~54.5%,弯曲力矩提高3.8%~7.6%和4.1%~5.9%,折断弯矩提高37.3%~52.7%和50.8%~54.5%,倒伏指数降低21.9%~29.1%和30.2%~32.2%。施加γ-PGA能改变水稻的茎秆强度,提高产量和稻米品质。展开更多
基金Supported by Water-saving and Efficient Model Research of Dry Land Vegetable Planting (2007BAD88B03-3-2)
文摘The variety "Aifeng" was used as experimental material,and the stem diameter,plant height,the number of leaves and yield of P. vulgaris under three ways of ridge culture (bedding,high ridge and M ridge) were observed and detected to study the effects of different ridge cultures on the growth and yield. The results showed that the stem diameter,plant height,the number of leaves and yield under M ridge culture were higher than that of bedding and high ridge.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD0100400 and 2017YFD0201300)the Engineering Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2016PCTS-1)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31671613)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China(PAPD)
文摘The cotton direct seeding after wheat(rape) harvested is under trial and would be the future direction at the Yangtze River Valley region of China.The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of branch and stem architecture on cotton yield and identify the optimal cotton architecture to compensate the yield loss due to the reduction of individual production capacity under high planting density in the direst seeding after wheat harvested cropping system.The characteristics of the stem and branch architecture and the relationships between architecture of the stem and branch with yield formation were studied on eight short season cotton cultivars during 2015 and 2016 cotton growth seasons.Based on the two years results,three cultivars with different architectures of stem and branch were selected to investigate the effect of mepiquat chloride(MC) application on the architecture of the stem and branch,boll retention,and the yield in 2017.Significant differences were observed on plant height,all fruiting nodes to branches ratio(NBR) in the cotton plant,and the curvature of the fruiting branch(CFB) among the studied cultivars.There were three types of stem and fruiting branch structures: Zhong425 with stable and suitable plant height and NBR(about 90 cm and 2.5,respectively),high CFB(more than 10.0),and high boll retention speed and seed cotton yield;Siyang 822 with excessive plant height and NBR,low CFB,and low boll retention speed and seed cotton yield;and other studied cultivars with unstable structure of stem and branch,boll retention speed,and seed cotton yield across years.And MC application could promote the appropriate plant height and NBR and high CFB and thus resulted in high boll retention speed and the yield.The results suggested that the suitable plant height and NBR(about 90 cm and 2.5 respectively),and high CFB(more than 10.0),which was related to both genotype and cultural practice,could promote the higher boll retention speed and seed cotton yield.
基金Supported by Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(20120304201)
文摘[ Objectives ] The aim was to optimize the configuration of seedling density and line spacing of forage sweet sorghum （ Sorghum blcolor （ L. ） Moench） and explore its high-yield cultivation techniques. [ Methods] Effects of such two influencing factors as line spacing and seedling density on the leaf-stem ratio, DW/FW ratio and grass yield of forage sweet sorghum were analyzed by using split-plot experiment design experiment method and LSD method of IBM. SPSS. Statis- tics. v22 stati, stics software. [ Results ~ Seedling density and line spacing had no obvious effect on the leaf-stem ratio and DW/FW ratio of forage sweet sorghum but had obvious influences on the grass yield. Moreover, the optimal combination of seedling density and line spacing for high yield of forage sweet sorghum was A2 B4, that is, seedling density was 225 000 plants/hm2, and line spacing was 40 cm. [ Conclusions] The results provided a theoretical basis and technical support for high-yield cultivation techniques of forage sweet sorghum.
基金supported by the U.S.Department of Defense,through the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program(SERDP)
文摘Accurate and efficient estimation of forest growth and live biomass is a critical element in assessing potential responses to forest management and environmental change. The objective of this study was to develop models to predict longleaf pine tree diameter at breast height （dbh） and merchantable stem volume （V） using data obtained from field measurements. We used longleaf pine tree data from 3,376 planted trees on 127 permanent plots located in the U.S. Gulf Coastal Plain region to fit equations to predict dbh and V as functions of tree height （H） and crown area （CA）. Prediction of dbh as a function of H improved when CA was added as an additional independent variable. Similarly, predic- tions of V based on H improved when CA was included. Incorporation of additional stand variables such as age, site index, dominant height, and stand density were also evaluated but resulted in only small improvements in model performance. For model testing we used data from planted and naturally-regenerated trees located inside and outside the geographic area used for model fitting. Our results suggest that the models are a robust alternative for dbh and V estimations when H and CA are known on planted stands with potential for naturally-regenerated stands, across a wide range of ages. We discuss the importance of these models for use with metrics derived from remote sensing data.
基金the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India for financial support to the Network Project on Functional Genomics of rice at the Directorate of Rice Research, Andhra Pradesh, India
文摘Advanced backcross QTL analysis was used to identify QTLs for seven yield and yield-related traits in a BC2F2 population from the cross between a popular Oryza sativa cv Swarna and O. nivara IRGC81848. Transgressive segregants with more than 15% increased effect over Swarna were observed for all the traits except days to heading and days to 50% flowering. Thirty QTLs were detected for seven yield and yield-related traits using interval and composite interval mapping. Enhancing alleles at 13 (45%) of these QTLs were derived from O. nivara, and enhancing alleles at all the QTLs for stem diameter and rachis diameter were derived from O. nivara. Three stem diameter QTLs, two rachis diameter QTLs and one number of secondary branches QTL identified by both Interval and composite interval mapping contributed more than 15% of the total phenotypic variance. The QTL epistasis was significant for stem diameter and plot yield. The most significant QTLs qSD7.2, qSD8.1 and qSD9.1 for stem diameter, qRD9.1 for rachis diameter and qNSB1.1 for number of secondary branches are good targets to evaluate their use in marker-assisted selection. O. nivara is a good source of novel alleles for yield related traits and reveals major effect QTLs suitable for marker-assisted selection.
基金the authorities of United States Department of Agriculture and Bangladesh Agricultural University Research System for sponsoring the funds
文摘The efficacies of some next-generation insecticides against the rice yellow stem borer(YSB),Scirpophaga incertulas(Walk.), and their compatibilities with natural enemies were investigated during 2014 and 2015. Three newer insecticides, chlorantraniliprole 0.4% G, dinotefuran 20% SG, and methoxyfenozide 24% SC, and two commonly used insecticides, carbufuran 5 G and quinalphos 25 EC,were evaluated in the field for their efficacies against YSB and their non-target effects on natural enemies.Application of chlorantraniliprole 0.4% G at 10.96 kg/hm^2 resulted in the greatest reduction in YSB infestation(deadhearts and whiteheads) and greatest increase of yield compared to the untreated control plots, followed by methoxyfenozide 24% SC at 0.41 L/hm^2, dinotefuran 20% SG at 0.15 kg/hm^2,carbufuran 5 G at 10.96 kg/hm^2, and quinalphos 25 EC at 1.50 L/hm^2. All the insecticides reduced the numbers of predators viz., lady bird beetles, wolf spiders, carabid beetles, earwigs, green mirid bugs, and damselflies. Numbers of adults of the egg parasitoids Trichogramma sp., Telenomus sp. and Tetrastichus sp. were significantly reduced in insecticide-treated plots compared to untreated control plots. In all field trials, the harmful effects of the five insecticides were in the following rank order(least harmful to most harmful): chlorantraniliprole 0.4% G, carbufuran 5 G, dinotefuran 20% SG, methoxyfenozide 24% SC,and quinalphos 25 EC. On the basis of reduction in YSB infestation, increase in grain yield, and compatibility with natural enemies, chlorantraniliprole 0.4% G was proved to be the best of all the insecticides for YSB management system, although the study suggested minimizing its retail price for enhancement of cost effectiveness in farmers' fields.
文摘This study addresses the hypothesis that stagnation of soybean yield on the farm can be improved by selection of a physiological trait favoring carbon assimilate partitioning to terminally placed pods versus genotypes having axillary pods at close plant spacing.13C was fed to source-sink units comprising a leaf,axillary/terminal pods,and petioles at upper and lower positions of the stem axis in two soybean cultivars,namely Shakujo and Enrei,at different densities of populations.The cultivars differ significantly in architecture,Shakujo bearing a few hundreds of pods in close succession to one another in a terminally placed raceme,in contrast to Enrei having axillary racemes.Pod yield per plant was higher in Enrei than in Shakujo at low density,but Shakujo out-yielded Enrei at close spacing.Population density decreased yield per plant and altered the pattern of assimilate partitioning significantly within the plants for both varieties.At high density more assimilates moved to the upper parts at the cost of the lower parts.The terminally placed pods of Shakujo were advantaged to receive assimilates under density stress.No benefit was accrued to pod filling of Enrei,however,under this condition.
文摘全球气候变暖导致的极端高温天气严重影响水稻生产,幼穗分化期高温影响水稻幼穗发育和颖花育性,进而导致产量下降。本试验在盆栽条件下选取高温抗性品种汕优63(SY63)和高温敏感品种两优培九(LYPJ),在幼穗分化二期设置低穗肥(LN,0.072 g N/kg)、高穗肥(HN,0.144 g N/kg)2个不同穗氮肥施用量和连续15 d的白天高温处理(高温处理白天和夜间平均温度为35.6℃/27.5℃,以29.6℃/26.8℃为对照温度)。结果表明,与对照温度相比,LN和HN处理下高温导致LYPJ产量分别下降36.9%和24.8%,颖花育性分别降低22.8%和8.1%,对SY63产量和颖花育性无显著影响,表明增施穗氮肥显著促进了高温下LYPJ产量形成。增施穗氮肥显著提高了花前穗非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)含量,提高了花后茎鞘NSC向穗的转运量。穗NSC积累量、茎鞘NSC转运量与颖花育性、结实率和产量均呈正相关。因此,高温下增施穗氮肥可能通过促进茎鞘同化物积累与再分配缓解穗分化期高温伤害。
文摘探究聚-γ-谷氨酸(γ-PGA)对直播稻抗倒伏性、产量和品质的影响,为高产优质的水稻栽培技术提供理论依据和技术参考。于2022和2023年在湖北省武穴市花桥镇开展田间试验,采用双因素裂区设计,以直播方式水直播(W)和旱直播(D)为主区,不施加γ-PGA发酵液(P0)和施加25 kg hm–2γ-PGA发酵液(P1)为副区,共4个处理,对水稻抗倒伏能力相关指标、产量、稻米品质进行测定。结果表明,施加γ-PGA能分别使水、旱直播下水稻第一基节茎粗增加10.3%~10.6%和7.5%~13.3%,第二基节茎粗增加10.5%~11.8%和8.2%~17.5%,茎秆壁厚增加23.7%~27.9%和12.5%~22.0%,抗折能力提高37.3%~52.7%和50.8%~54.5%,弯曲力矩提高3.8%~7.6%和4.1%~5.9%,折断弯矩提高37.3%~52.7%和50.8%~54.5%,倒伏指数降低21.9%~29.1%和30.2%~32.2%。施加γ-PGA能改变水稻的茎秆强度,提高产量和稻米品质。
