1 Introduction Mengla Basin is a sub-basin in southern evaporitebearing Lanping-Simao Basin.There are many salt springs in the basin.In 2012,11 spring samples were collected for analyses of chemistry and boron,hydroge...1 Introduction Mengla Basin is a sub-basin in southern evaporitebearing Lanping-Simao Basin.There are many salt springs in the basin.In 2012,11 spring samples were collected for analyses of chemistry and boron,hydrogen and oxygen展开更多
The effects of Ce addition on the quantity, size, distribution of inclusions and the content of oxygen, sulfur and other hazardous residual elements in spring steel used as fastener in high speed railway were investig...The effects of Ce addition on the quantity, size, distribution of inclusions and the content of oxygen, sulfur and other hazardous residual elements in spring steel used as fastener in high speed railway were investigated by metallographic examination, SEM-EDS and composition analysis. The results indicated that the contents of oxygen decreased with the addition of Ce （[Ce]〈0.1%） and the content of sulfur continually decreased with increasing content of Ce （[Ce]〈1.2%）. However, with the further increase of Ce element addition, the content of [O] and T[O] began to increase. The content of Ce corresponding to the lowest [O] and T[O] lied in the range of 0.10%-0.13%and 0.045%-0.065%, respectively. The addition of Ce in spring steel resulted in the formation of rare earth oxides/oxysulfides and decreased the size of inclusions to less than 3μm in globular or spheroid shape. Moreover, the residual harmful elements （As, P, Pb and Sn） were found to exist in the Ce-containing inclusions, which had proved that the Ce addition could capture the residual elements and suppress their precipitation behaviors in the grain boundary.展开更多
The spring-back of a bending metal tube was studied through extensive experiments and finite element method （FEM） analysis. An approximate equation for the spring-back angle of bending was deduced. It is noted that ...The spring-back of a bending metal tube was studied through extensive experiments and finite element method （FEM） analysis. An approximate equation for the spring-back angle of bending was deduced. It is noted that the mechanical properties of the material （in a tubular form） are quite different from those found in the standard tensile tests （when the materials are in bar forms）. This is one of the major reasons that result in the discrepancies in the outcomes of experimental study, FEM calculations, and spring-back analysis. It is therefore of crucial importance to study the mechanical properties of the materials in their tubular forms. The experiments and FEM simulations prove that the spring-back angle is significantly affected by the mechanical properties of the materials. The angle decreases accordingly with plastic modulus, but changes inversely with the hardening index and elastic modulus The spring-back angle is also affected by the conditions of tube deformation： it increases accordingly with the relative bending radius but changes inversely with the relative wall thickness. In addition, the spring-back angle increases nonlinearly with the bending angle.展开更多
A stranded wires helical spring is formed of a multilayer and coaxial strand of several wires twisted together with the same direction of spiral. Compared with the conventional single wire spring, the stranded wires h...A stranded wires helical spring is formed of a multilayer and coaxial strand of several wires twisted together with the same direction of spiral. Compared with the conventional single wire spring, the stranded wires helical spring has the notable predominance in strength, damping and vibration reduction, which is usually used in aircraft engines, automatic weapons, etc. However, due to its complicated structure, the precise computation of its strength and rigidity need be a correct mathematical model, which then will be imported to finite element analysis software for solutions. Equations on solving geometric parameters, such as external diameters of strands and screw pitches of wires, are put forward in the paper. It also proposes a novel methodology on solving geometric parameters and establishing entity models of the stranded wires helical spring, which provides foundation of computing mechanical parameters by FEA. Then mathematical models on the centre line of the strand and the surface curve of each wire, after closing two ends in a spring, are proposed. Finally, geometric parameters are solved in a case study, and a 3D entity model of a spring with 3 layers and 16 wires is established, which has validated the accuracy of the proposed methodology and the 3D entity mathematical model. The method provides a new way to design stranded wire helical spring.展开更多
The corrosion resistance and evolution of corrosion products in medium-carbon high-strength spring steels were investigated in a neutral salt spray(5 wt% Na Cl solution). A formation model of γ-Fe OOH and a transform...The corrosion resistance and evolution of corrosion products in medium-carbon high-strength spring steels were investigated in a neutral salt spray(5 wt% Na Cl solution). A formation model of γ-Fe OOH and a transformation model describing the conversion of γ-Fe OOH to α-Fe OOH were constructed. The results indicated that, at the initial corrosion stage, the corrosion resistance was gradually improved with the addition of Cr; however, with the addition of alloying element V, the corrosion resistance decreased. These results were attributed mainly to the initial corrosion stage being closely related to the matrix microstructure parameters such as grain-boundary character and dislocation density. After the rust layer was formed at a later corrosion stage, the corrosion resistance was reinforced with the addition of Cr and V because Cr strongly influenced the composition, structure, and morphology of the corrosion products. The results presented herein show that Cr was conducive to the transformation of γ-Fe OOH into α-Fe OOH. Moreover, V and Cr exhibited obvious synergy and were enriched in the inner layer of the corrosion products.展开更多
A group of leaf springs which provides the flexible support of stator is designed to satisfy the requirement of low vibration motor at megawatt （MW） level. Spring steel 65Mn is chosen as the material of the leaf spr...A group of leaf springs which provides the flexible support of stator is designed to satisfy the requirement of low vibration motor at megawatt （MW） level. Spring steel 65Mn is chosen as the material of the leaf spring. The size of the leaf spring is obtained by calculation and load analysis according to a deflection formula. The deflection and stiffness of the single leaf spring is calculated with both theoretical method and finite element analysis （FEA）. A deflection test platform is established based on actual force and boundary condition to verify the deflection and stiffness of the leaf spring. The results show that the maximal deflection of the three pieces of 1.2 mm leaf spring group is 0.71 mm and the stiffness of the leaf spring group is 364 N/mm, which satisfies the requirements of the motor. The design method is also applicable for other MW power level motors.展开更多
Continuum-based discrete element method(CDEM)is an explicit numerical method used for simulation of progressive failure of geological body.To improve the efficiency of contact detection and simplify the calculation st...Continuum-based discrete element method(CDEM)is an explicit numerical method used for simulation of progressive failure of geological body.To improve the efficiency of contact detection and simplify the calculation steps for contact forces,semi-spring and semi-edge are introduced in calculation.Semispring is derived from block vertex,and formed by indenting the block vertex into each face(24semisprings for a hexahedral element).The formation process of semi-edge is the same as that of semi-spring(24semi-edges for a hexahedral element).Based on the semi-springs and semi-edges,a new type of combined contact model is presented.According to this model,six contact types could be reduced to two,i.e.the semi-spring target face contact and semi-edge target edge contact.By the combined model,the contact force could be calculated directly(the information of contact type is not necessary),and the failure judgment could be executed in a straightforward way(each semi-spring and semi-edge own their characteristic areas).The algorithm has been successfully programmed in C++program.Some simple numerical cases are presented to show the validity and accuracy of this model.Finally,the failure mode,sliding distance and critical friction angle of Jiweishan landslide are studied with the combined model.展开更多
A quasi-three-dimensional shell element model, which can beeffectively used to simulate the flanging and spring-backdeformation, is introduced into the independently developed CAEsoftware, KMAS, In this model, a doubl...A quasi-three-dimensional shell element model, which can beeffectively used to simulate the flanging and spring-backdeformation, is introduced into the independently developed CAEsoftware, KMAS, In this model, a double surface contact algorithm,which allows the gap between punch and die to change, and a spring-back treatment scheme based on finite element meshing are described.And then the flanging and spring-back deformations of the retractor'skickstand of a railcar made of stamped thick metal plate arenumerically simulated. The simulation results of flanging deformationare compared with those of international commercial software,PAM-STAMP, and experimental ones. Finally, a predicting scheme ofspring-back quantily for this problem is given.展开更多
This document uses previous results (which we call the first stage), for the development of a computer model based on finite elements under the FEAP programmer, to carry out a structural analysis of a pipeline. For th...This document uses previous results (which we call the first stage), for the development of a computer model based on finite elements under the FEAP programmer, to carry out a structural analysis of a pipeline. For this purpose, we used environmental variables that we believe influence the failure of buried pipelines such as the internal pressure of fluid, the type of support used, the temperature at which the pipelines work, the type of soil and the stiffness of the soil acting on it. Once the model was finalized, analyses were made with each of the variables separately and combined to observe the behavior of the pipeline, finding the most unfavorable case that indicates the main causes that led to its failure.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the National Program on Key Basic Research Project of China (973 Program, 2011CB403004)
文摘1 Introduction Mengla Basin is a sub-basin in southern evaporitebearing Lanping-Simao Basin.There are many salt springs in the basin.In 2012,11 spring samples were collected for analyses of chemistry and boron,hydrogen and oxygen
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(5110401351174022)the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars,State Education Ministry(44),Beijing Higher Education Young Elite Teacher Project(0349)
文摘The effects of Ce addition on the quantity, size, distribution of inclusions and the content of oxygen, sulfur and other hazardous residual elements in spring steel used as fastener in high speed railway were investigated by metallographic examination, SEM-EDS and composition analysis. The results indicated that the contents of oxygen decreased with the addition of Ce （[Ce]〈0.1%） and the content of sulfur continually decreased with increasing content of Ce （[Ce]〈1.2%）. However, with the further increase of Ce element addition, the content of [O] and T[O] began to increase. The content of Ce corresponding to the lowest [O] and T[O] lied in the range of 0.10%-0.13%and 0.045%-0.065%, respectively. The addition of Ce in spring steel resulted in the formation of rare earth oxides/oxysulfides and decreased the size of inclusions to less than 3μm in globular or spheroid shape. Moreover, the residual harmful elements （As, P, Pb and Sn） were found to exist in the Ce-containing inclusions, which had proved that the Ce addition could capture the residual elements and suppress their precipitation behaviors in the grain boundary.
文摘The spring-back of a bending metal tube was studied through extensive experiments and finite element method （FEM） analysis. An approximate equation for the spring-back angle of bending was deduced. It is noted that the mechanical properties of the material （in a tubular form） are quite different from those found in the standard tensile tests （when the materials are in bar forms）. This is one of the major reasons that result in the discrepancies in the outcomes of experimental study, FEM calculations, and spring-back analysis. It is therefore of crucial importance to study the mechanical properties of the materials in their tubular forms. The experiments and FEM simulations prove that the spring-back angle is significantly affected by the mechanical properties of the materials. The angle decreases accordingly with plastic modulus, but changes inversely with the hardening index and elastic modulus The spring-back angle is also affected by the conditions of tube deformation： it increases accordingly with the relative bending radius but changes inversely with the relative wall thickness. In addition, the spring-back angle increases nonlinearly with the bending angle.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholar of China (Grant No. 50925518)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50775226)+1 种基金Key Project of Ministry of Education of China(Grant No. 109129)Chongqing Municipal Key Scientific and Technological Project of China (Grant No. CSTC2009AC3049)
文摘A stranded wires helical spring is formed of a multilayer and coaxial strand of several wires twisted together with the same direction of spiral. Compared with the conventional single wire spring, the stranded wires helical spring has the notable predominance in strength, damping and vibration reduction, which is usually used in aircraft engines, automatic weapons, etc. However, due to its complicated structure, the precise computation of its strength and rigidity need be a correct mathematical model, which then will be imported to finite element analysis software for solutions. Equations on solving geometric parameters, such as external diameters of strands and screw pitches of wires, are put forward in the paper. It also proposes a novel methodology on solving geometric parameters and establishing entity models of the stranded wires helical spring, which provides foundation of computing mechanical parameters by FEA. Then mathematical models on the centre line of the strand and the surface curve of each wire, after closing two ends in a spring, are proposed. Finally, geometric parameters are solved in a case study, and a 3D entity model of a spring with 3 layers and 16 wires is established, which has validated the accuracy of the proposed methodology and the 3D entity mathematical model. The method provides a new way to design stranded wire helical spring.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51474031)
文摘The corrosion resistance and evolution of corrosion products in medium-carbon high-strength spring steels were investigated in a neutral salt spray(5 wt% Na Cl solution). A formation model of γ-Fe OOH and a transformation model describing the conversion of γ-Fe OOH to α-Fe OOH were constructed. The results indicated that, at the initial corrosion stage, the corrosion resistance was gradually improved with the addition of Cr; however, with the addition of alloying element V, the corrosion resistance decreased. These results were attributed mainly to the initial corrosion stage being closely related to the matrix microstructure parameters such as grain-boundary character and dislocation density. After the rust layer was formed at a later corrosion stage, the corrosion resistance was reinforced with the addition of Cr and V because Cr strongly influenced the composition, structure, and morphology of the corrosion products. The results presented herein show that Cr was conducive to the transformation of γ-Fe OOH into α-Fe OOH. Moreover, V and Cr exhibited obvious synergy and were enriched in the inner layer of the corrosion products.
基金Supported by the Development and Application Research of Marine Electric Propulsion System of the Ministry of Science and Technology(2012BAG03B01)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51205292)
文摘A group of leaf springs which provides the flexible support of stator is designed to satisfy the requirement of low vibration motor at megawatt （MW） level. Spring steel 65Mn is chosen as the material of the leaf spring. The size of the leaf spring is obtained by calculation and load analysis according to a deflection formula. The deflection and stiffness of the single leaf spring is calculated with both theoretical method and finite element analysis （FEA）. A deflection test platform is established based on actual force and boundary condition to verify the deflection and stiffness of the leaf spring. The results show that the maximal deflection of the three pieces of 1.2 mm leaf spring group is 0.71 mm and the stiffness of the leaf spring group is 364 N/mm, which satisfies the requirements of the motor. The design method is also applicable for other MW power level motors.
基金the National Basic Research Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No. 2010CB731506)the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No. 2012BAK10B01)the Youth Science Fund of National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11302230)
文摘Continuum-based discrete element method(CDEM)is an explicit numerical method used for simulation of progressive failure of geological body.To improve the efficiency of contact detection and simplify the calculation steps for contact forces,semi-spring and semi-edge are introduced in calculation.Semispring is derived from block vertex,and formed by indenting the block vertex into each face(24semisprings for a hexahedral element).The formation process of semi-edge is the same as that of semi-spring(24semi-edges for a hexahedral element).Based on the semi-springs and semi-edges,a new type of combined contact model is presented.According to this model,six contact types could be reduced to two,i.e.the semi-spring target face contact and semi-edge target edge contact.By the combined model,the contact force could be calculated directly(the information of contact type is not necessary),and the failure judgment could be executed in a straightforward way(each semi-spring and semi-edge own their characteristic areas).The algorithm has been successfully programmed in C++program.Some simple numerical cases are presented to show the validity and accuracy of this model.Finally,the failure mode,sliding distance and critical friction angle of Jiweishan landslide are studied with the combined model.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.19832020)the Ministry of Education of China.
文摘A quasi-three-dimensional shell element model, which can beeffectively used to simulate the flanging and spring-backdeformation, is introduced into the independently developed CAEsoftware, KMAS, In this model, a double surface contact algorithm,which allows the gap between punch and die to change, and a spring-back treatment scheme based on finite element meshing are described.And then the flanging and spring-back deformations of the retractor'skickstand of a railcar made of stamped thick metal plate arenumerically simulated. The simulation results of flanging deformationare compared with those of international commercial software,PAM-STAMP, and experimental ones. Finally, a predicting scheme ofspring-back quantily for this problem is given.
文摘This document uses previous results (which we call the first stage), for the development of a computer model based on finite elements under the FEAP programmer, to carry out a structural analysis of a pipeline. For this purpose, we used environmental variables that we believe influence the failure of buried pipelines such as the internal pressure of fluid, the type of support used, the temperature at which the pipelines work, the type of soil and the stiffness of the soil acting on it. Once the model was finalized, analyses were made with each of the variables separately and combined to observe the behavior of the pipeline, finding the most unfavorable case that indicates the main causes that led to its failure.
