[Objective] Study on the genetic diversities of A.splendens from different areas of xinjiang. [Method] The genetic diversities among seven populations and within two populations were analyzed by RAPD. [Result] Genetic...[Objective] Study on the genetic diversities of A.splendens from different areas of xinjiang. [Method] The genetic diversities among seven populations and within two populations were analyzed by RAPD. [Result] Genetic clustering results presented that the relationships among populations of A. splendens are directly related with geographic positions, and within population are related with habitats. [Conclusion] RAPD technique can be used to study genetic diversity of A. splendens.展开更多
Copper accumulation and intracellular distribution in Elsholtzia splendens, a native Chinese Cu-tolerant and accu- mulating plant species, was investigated by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and gradient centri...Copper accumulation and intracellular distribution in Elsholtzia splendens, a native Chinese Cu-tolerant and accu- mulating plant species, was investigated by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and gradient centrifugation techniques. Copper concentrations in roots, stems and leaves of E. splendens increased with increasing Cu levels in solution. After exposure to 500 μmol/L Cu for 8 d, about 1000 mg/kg Cu were accumulated in the stem and 250 mg/kg Cu in the leaf of E. splendens. At 50 μmol/L Cu, no significant toxicity was observed in the chloroplast and mitochondrion within its leaf cells, but separation appeared at the cytoplasm and the cell wall within the root cells. At >250 μmol/L Cu, both root and leaf organelles in E. splendens were damaged heavily by excessive Cu in vivo. Copper subcellular localization in the plant leaf after 8 days’ exposure to 500 μmol/L Cu using gradient centrifugation techniques was found to be decreased in the order: chloroplast>cell wall>soluble fraction>other organelles. The plant root cell wall was found to be the site of highest Cu localization. Increase of Cu exposure time from 8 d to 16 d, increased slightly Cu concentration in cell wall fraction in roots and leaves, while that in the chloroplast fraction decreased in leaves of the plants grown in both 0.25 μmol/L and 500 μmol/L Cu. TEM confirmed that much more Cu localized in cell walls of E. splendens roots and leaves, but also more Cu localized in E. splendens’ chloroplast when the plant is exposed to Cu levels>250 μmol/L, as compared to those in the plant grown in 0.25 μmol/L Cu. Copper treatment at levels>250 μmol/L caused pronounced damage in the leaf chloroplast and root organelles. Copper localization in cell walls and chloroplasts could mainly account for the high detoxification of Cu in E. splendens.展开更多
In the current study,caffeic acid was an important metabolite in the highly copper-tolerant plant Elsholtzia splendens.Preparation and purification of caffeic acid were performed on the dried biomass of the plants by ...In the current study,caffeic acid was an important metabolite in the highly copper-tolerant plant Elsholtzia splendens.Preparation and purification of caffeic acid were performed on the dried biomass of the plants by means of sonication/ethanol extraction,followed by purification using a macroporous resin (D101 type) column and silica gel chromatography.The faint-yellow caffeic acid product was yielded with a purity of 98.46%,and it was chemically identified from spectra of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H NMR)/carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (13 C NMR),and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS).Caffeic acid is a possible product from the post-harvest processing of Elsholtzia splendens biomass.展开更多
Phytoremediation is emerging as a potential cost-effective solution for remediation of contaminated soils, and bioavailability of metal in the soil for plant uptake is an important factor for successful phytoremediati...Phytoremediation is emerging as a potential cost-effective solution for remediation of contaminated soils, and bioavailability of metal in the soil for plant uptake is an important factor for successful phytoremediation. This study aimed at investigating the ability of EDTA and citric acid for enhancing soil bioavailability of Cu and phytoremediation by El-sholtzia splendens in two types of soils contaminated with heavy metals [i.e. mined soil from copper mining area (MS), and paddy soil (PS) polluted by copper refining]. The results showed that addition of 2.5 mmol/kg EDTA significantly increased the H2O extractable Cu concentration from 1.20 to 15.78 mg/kg in MS and from 0.26 to 15.72 mg/kg in PS, and that shoot Cu concentration increased 4-fold and 8-fold as compared to the control. There was no significant difference between the treatment with 5.0 mmol/kg EDTA and that with 2.5 mmol/kg EDTA, probably because that 2.5 mmol/kg EDTA was enough for elevating Cu bioavailability to the maximum level. As compared with the control, citric acid had no marked effect on both soil extractable Cu and shoot Cu concentration or accumulation. The results indicated that EDTA addition can increase the potential and efficiency of Cu phytoextraction by E. splendens in polluted soils.展开更多
Elsholtzia splendens （Lamiaceae） is a copper-tolerant plant species growing on copper deposits in the south of China. Chromatographic separation of n-BuOH extracts from the flowering aerial biomass afforded apigenin...Elsholtzia splendens （Lamiaceae） is a copper-tolerant plant species growing on copper deposits in the south of China. Chromatographic separation of n-BuOH extracts from the flowering aerial biomass afforded apigenin- 7-O-β-D-glycoside, using macroporous resin, SephadexTM LH-20 gel, polyamide resin as well as preparative high- performance liquid chromatography （P-HPLC） columns. Chemical structure was elucidated using HPLC/ESI-MS （electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry）, Fourier transform infrared （FTIR）, and 1D- and 2D-nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR）. Apigenin-7-O-β-D-glycoside could be the post-harvesting product from E. splendens biomass.展开更多
In this study, we used RAPD to analyze four kinds of color-flowered Salvia splendens Ker-Gawl, and the optimal RAPD reaction conditions were the optimal reaction mixture （25 μL total volume） that contained 2.0 μL ...In this study, we used RAPD to analyze four kinds of color-flowered Salvia splendens Ker-Gawl, and the optimal RAPD reaction conditions were the optimal reaction mixture （25 μL total volume） that contained 2.0 μL 10×buffer, 0.45 mmol·L^-1 dNTPs, 2.0 mmol· L^-1 Mg^2＋, 2 U Taq DNA polymerase, 0.30 umol·L^-2 primer and 40 ng genomic DNA. Total 84 bands were amplified from 12 primers used, and the differential bands had 28 bands, which was 33% of total bands. In cluster group analysis, the four kinds of color-flowered were divided into two styles. One style is that the red color and red-white color were grouped together, then they grouped with purple color into one cluster, and the white color was another style.展开更多
A solution with different Cu supply levels was cultured to investigate gama-aminobutyric acid (GABA) accumulation in Elsholtzia splendens, a native Chinese Cu-tolerant and accumulating plant species. Increasing Cu fro...A solution with different Cu supply levels was cultured to investigate gama-aminobutyric acid (GABA) accumulation in Elsholtzia splendens, a native Chinese Cu-tolerant and accumulating plant species. Increasing Cu from 0.25 to 500 ?mol/L significantly enhanced levels of GABA and histidine (His), but considerably decreased levels of aspartate (Asp) and glutamate (Glu) in the leaves. The leaf Asp level negatively correlated with leaf Cu level, while leaf GABA level positively correlated with leaf Cu level. The leaf Glu level negatively correlated with leaf GABA level in Elsholtzia splendens. The depletion of leaf Glu may be related to the enhanced synthesis ofleafGABA under Cu stress.展开更多
The branching system of higher plants plays a very important role in plant morphogenesis,and the number of branches can directly affect crop yield and the ornamental value of plants.It is a complicated development pro...The branching system of higher plants plays a very important role in plant morphogenesis,and the number of branches can directly affect crop yield and the ornamental value of plants.It is a complicated development process involving complex molecular mechanisms.The‘Cailinghong’variety of Salvia splendens is characterized by its great branching ability with the ability to grow into a spherical form naturally,without pinching.To gain insight into the molecular events during the branching development of S.splendens,suppressive subtractive hybridization(SSH)technology was used to screen differentially expressed genes between the erect plant type(strain 35)and the spherical plant type(‘Cailinghong’).In total,96 and 116 unigenes were annotated.Four and eight unigenes up-regulated in‘Cailinghong’and strain 35,respectively,were associated with plant hormone anabolism and signal transduction,suggesting that they participate in the branching process.One of these genes,phytoene synthase(PSY),is a precursor of the new plant hormone group strigolactones.Using the PSY fragment(192 bp)as a template,the cDNA sequence of PSY in S.splendens was cloned and named SsPSY.A relative expression analysis and transgenic test results indicated that SsPSY plays an important role in lateral branch development in‘Cailinghong’.These results provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying branching in S.splendens.展开更多
The aim of this research was to study the effect of spraying nutritional solution ＂PRO.SOL＂ and chelated iron on vegetative and floral growth characteristics on Gazania plant. Randomized Complete Block Design （R.C....The aim of this research was to study the effect of spraying nutritional solution ＂PRO.SOL＂ and chelated iron on vegetative and floral growth characteristics on Gazania plant. Randomized Complete Block Design （R.C.B.D） was adopted utilizing two applications in three replicates. Three concentration levels of nutritional solution PRO.SOL （10.00, 5.00 and 0.00 mg/L） and four concentration levels of chelated iron （90.00, 60.00, 30.00 and 0.00 mg/L） were applied in this experiment. The interaction between the two factors was also measured. The mean values were compared using L.S.D test at probability level 0.05. Spraying PRO.SOL at concentration 10.00 mg/L or chelated iron concentration level 90.00 mg/L improved growth parameters. There was significant increase in： number of total leaves per plant, shoot dry weight, leaves total chlorophyll content, number of off-shoots, number and length of primary roots, length of the peduncle, number of flowers, number of petals and flower dry weight. Meanwhile leaf carbohydrate contents, phosphorus percentage and leaf iron content were increased significantly compared with the （unsprayed plants）. The interaction treatment, spraying nutritional solution PRO.SOL at concentration level 10.00 mg/L with 90 mg Lt chelated iron had a significant increase in all studied growth parameters, i.e., the number of flowers and petals gave 8.33 flowers and 18.67 petals compared with the control treatment which gave 3.33 flowers and 13.00 petals. Meanwhile leaf carbohydrate contents, phosphorus percentage and leaf iron content increased significantly in comparison with the unsprayed plants which gave the least values.展开更多
Reproductive biology of Leiognathus splendens was studied by using the samples collected from the catches of trawl fisheries in Myeik coastal waters during January to December 2014.Spawning takes place throughout the ...Reproductive biology of Leiognathus splendens was studied by using the samples collected from the catches of trawl fisheries in Myeik coastal waters during January to December 2014.Spawning takes place throughout the year,with a peak during April-May and September-December.The observed length at first maturity was 9.0 cm total length in males and 8.4 cm in females.The mean gonadosomatic index was more prominently in females(2.5)than males(1.5).Sex ratio(1 male:1.1 females)also indicates the general dominant of females over males Fecundity varied from 6120 to 58412 eggs.Relationship of fecundity to fish length,fish weight and ovary weight showed that fecundity is more related to the gonad weight(r=0.9)than length(r=0.8)and weight of fish(r=0.7).展开更多
Aggression, especially territorial is a serious problem in farmed and ornamental fish. Especially the tropical species like Siamese fighting fish Betta splendens or marine species like blu head Thalassoma bifasciatum....Aggression, especially territorial is a serious problem in farmed and ornamental fish. Especially the tropical species like Siamese fighting fish Betta splendens or marine species like blu head Thalassoma bifasciatum. Also farmed species of Salmoniformes (Coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss) exhibit territorial aggression which is correlated with growth rate of the fish. In these species native territorial aggression occurs, and in ethology it is called stereotypical agonistic behaviour or conspecific aggression. In this type modulation of aggression serotonin (5-HT) plays a main role. A decrease of 5-HT in brain intensifies these type of aggression and in opposite an increase of 5-HT reduces it. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of different doses of fluoxetine on male aggressive behaviors of Betta splendens fish. It was concluded that fluoxetine added to aquarium water in the doses of 4, 40 and/or 100 μg·ga–1 BW during 14 - 28 days increased synaptic levels of 5-HT what in turn resulted in the reduction of the specific aggressive behaviors. Fluoxetine caused periodic, and sometimes even total weakening of male-male type fight, which is a standard trial applied in ethological research on Siamese fighting fish. In current study, the most effective was the dose of 40 μg·g–1 BW. The mechanism of this antiaggressivity depended on an increase of serotonergic system activity in animal brain (especially, in raphe nuclei), however synaptic levels of 5-HT in brain were not measured in this experiment. Thus, the hypothesis that exposure from day 1 - 21 would reduce aggression was rejected;as was the hypothesis that exposure on fluoxetine from day 10 (16) - 14 - 28 would rapidly reduce aggression in teleost fishes. The results obtained suggests that a complex role of serotonin in the expression of aggression in teleost fish because acute treatment with 5-HT1A receptor agonist WAY-100635 did not increase aggression in fish [1]. We emphasize the physiological concepts that can be addressed with this experiment, including the role of the serotonergic system in regulation of aggression, and the interplay of environmental contaminants and physiology in regulating the expression of behavior of fishes.展开更多
基金Supported by National Special Prophase Project on Basic Research(2004CCA02800)The Project of key Oasis Eco-agriculture Laboratory of Xinjiang Production and Construction Group(200313)Science Fund for Young Scholars of Shihezi University(200257)~~
文摘[Objective] Study on the genetic diversities of A.splendens from different areas of xinjiang. [Method] The genetic diversities among seven populations and within two populations were analyzed by RAPD. [Result] Genetic clustering results presented that the relationships among populations of A. splendens are directly related with geographic positions, and within population are related with habitats. [Conclusion] RAPD technique can be used to study genetic diversity of A. splendens.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20307008) and the National Basic Research Program(973) (No. 2002CB410804) of China
文摘Copper accumulation and intracellular distribution in Elsholtzia splendens, a native Chinese Cu-tolerant and accu- mulating plant species, was investigated by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and gradient centrifugation techniques. Copper concentrations in roots, stems and leaves of E. splendens increased with increasing Cu levels in solution. After exposure to 500 μmol/L Cu for 8 d, about 1000 mg/kg Cu were accumulated in the stem and 250 mg/kg Cu in the leaf of E. splendens. At 50 μmol/L Cu, no significant toxicity was observed in the chloroplast and mitochondrion within its leaf cells, but separation appeared at the cytoplasm and the cell wall within the root cells. At >250 μmol/L Cu, both root and leaf organelles in E. splendens were damaged heavily by excessive Cu in vivo. Copper subcellular localization in the plant leaf after 8 days’ exposure to 500 μmol/L Cu using gradient centrifugation techniques was found to be decreased in the order: chloroplast>cell wall>soluble fraction>other organelles. The plant root cell wall was found to be the site of highest Cu localization. Increase of Cu exposure time from 8 d to 16 d, increased slightly Cu concentration in cell wall fraction in roots and leaves, while that in the chloroplast fraction decreased in leaves of the plants grown in both 0.25 μmol/L and 500 μmol/L Cu. TEM confirmed that much more Cu localized in cell walls of E. splendens roots and leaves, but also more Cu localized in E. splendens’ chloroplast when the plant is exposed to Cu levels>250 μmol/L, as compared to those in the plant grown in 0.25 μmol/L Cu. Copper treatment at levels>250 μmol/L caused pronounced damage in the leaf chloroplast and root organelles. Copper localization in cell walls and chloroplasts could mainly account for the high detoxification of Cu in E. splendens.
基金Project supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Qianjiang Talents for Science and Technology (No.2011R10026)the Education Department of Zhejiang Province (No.Y201016563)+1 种基金the Research Funds from State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering (No.2009490711)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China
文摘In the current study,caffeic acid was an important metabolite in the highly copper-tolerant plant Elsholtzia splendens.Preparation and purification of caffeic acid were performed on the dried biomass of the plants by means of sonication/ethanol extraction,followed by purification using a macroporous resin (D101 type) column and silica gel chromatography.The faint-yellow caffeic acid product was yielded with a purity of 98.46%,and it was chemically identified from spectra of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H NMR)/carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (13 C NMR),and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS).Caffeic acid is a possible product from the post-harvest processing of Elsholtzia splendens biomass.
文摘Phytoremediation is emerging as a potential cost-effective solution for remediation of contaminated soils, and bioavailability of metal in the soil for plant uptake is an important factor for successful phytoremediation. This study aimed at investigating the ability of EDTA and citric acid for enhancing soil bioavailability of Cu and phytoremediation by El-sholtzia splendens in two types of soils contaminated with heavy metals [i.e. mined soil from copper mining area (MS), and paddy soil (PS) polluted by copper refining]. The results showed that addition of 2.5 mmol/kg EDTA significantly increased the H2O extractable Cu concentration from 1.20 to 15.78 mg/kg in MS and from 0.26 to 15.72 mg/kg in PS, and that shoot Cu concentration increased 4-fold and 8-fold as compared to the control. There was no significant difference between the treatment with 5.0 mmol/kg EDTA and that with 2.5 mmol/kg EDTA, probably because that 2.5 mmol/kg EDTA was enough for elevating Cu bioavailability to the maximum level. As compared with the control, citric acid had no marked effect on both soil extractable Cu and shoot Cu concentration or accumulation. The results indicated that EDTA addition can increase the potential and efficiency of Cu phytoextraction by E. splendens in polluted soils.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21277121)
文摘Elsholtzia splendens （Lamiaceae） is a copper-tolerant plant species growing on copper deposits in the south of China. Chromatographic separation of n-BuOH extracts from the flowering aerial biomass afforded apigenin- 7-O-β-D-glycoside, using macroporous resin, SephadexTM LH-20 gel, polyamide resin as well as preparative high- performance liquid chromatography （P-HPLC） columns. Chemical structure was elucidated using HPLC/ESI-MS （electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry）, Fourier transform infrared （FTIR）, and 1D- and 2D-nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR）. Apigenin-7-O-β-D-glycoside could be the post-harvesting product from E. splendens biomass.
文摘In this study, we used RAPD to analyze four kinds of color-flowered Salvia splendens Ker-Gawl, and the optimal RAPD reaction conditions were the optimal reaction mixture （25 μL total volume） that contained 2.0 μL 10×buffer, 0.45 mmol·L^-1 dNTPs, 2.0 mmol· L^-1 Mg^2＋, 2 U Taq DNA polymerase, 0.30 umol·L^-2 primer and 40 ng genomic DNA. Total 84 bands were amplified from 12 primers used, and the differential bands had 28 bands, which was 33% of total bands. In cluster group analysis, the four kinds of color-flowered were divided into two styles. One style is that the red color and red-white color were grouped together, then they grouped with purple color into one cluster, and the white color was another style.
文摘A solution with different Cu supply levels was cultured to investigate gama-aminobutyric acid (GABA) accumulation in Elsholtzia splendens, a native Chinese Cu-tolerant and accumulating plant species. Increasing Cu from 0.25 to 500 ?mol/L significantly enhanced levels of GABA and histidine (His), but considerably decreased levels of aspartate (Asp) and glutamate (Glu) in the leaves. The leaf Asp level negatively correlated with leaf Cu level, while leaf GABA level positively correlated with leaf Cu level. The leaf Glu level negatively correlated with leaf GABA level in Elsholtzia splendens. The depletion of leaf Glu may be related to the enhanced synthesis ofleafGABA under Cu stress.
基金the Special Project of the University in 2019-Capacity Building of Science and Technology Innovation Service-Construction of Scientific Research-Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees(2011 Collaborative Innovation Center)(Project No.CEFF-PXM2019_014207_000099)the National Natural Fund(Project No.31100509)+1 种基金Open Project of Beijing Engineering Research Center of Rural Landscape Planning and Design(KF2019065)General Project of Science and Technology Plan of Beijing Education Commission(KM202010020006).
文摘The branching system of higher plants plays a very important role in plant morphogenesis,and the number of branches can directly affect crop yield and the ornamental value of plants.It is a complicated development process involving complex molecular mechanisms.The‘Cailinghong’variety of Salvia splendens is characterized by its great branching ability with the ability to grow into a spherical form naturally,without pinching.To gain insight into the molecular events during the branching development of S.splendens,suppressive subtractive hybridization(SSH)technology was used to screen differentially expressed genes between the erect plant type(strain 35)and the spherical plant type(‘Cailinghong’).In total,96 and 116 unigenes were annotated.Four and eight unigenes up-regulated in‘Cailinghong’and strain 35,respectively,were associated with plant hormone anabolism and signal transduction,suggesting that they participate in the branching process.One of these genes,phytoene synthase(PSY),is a precursor of the new plant hormone group strigolactones.Using the PSY fragment(192 bp)as a template,the cDNA sequence of PSY in S.splendens was cloned and named SsPSY.A relative expression analysis and transgenic test results indicated that SsPSY plays an important role in lateral branch development in‘Cailinghong’.These results provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying branching in S.splendens.
文摘The aim of this research was to study the effect of spraying nutritional solution ＂PRO.SOL＂ and chelated iron on vegetative and floral growth characteristics on Gazania plant. Randomized Complete Block Design （R.C.B.D） was adopted utilizing two applications in three replicates. Three concentration levels of nutritional solution PRO.SOL （10.00, 5.00 and 0.00 mg/L） and four concentration levels of chelated iron （90.00, 60.00, 30.00 and 0.00 mg/L） were applied in this experiment. The interaction between the two factors was also measured. The mean values were compared using L.S.D test at probability level 0.05. Spraying PRO.SOL at concentration 10.00 mg/L or chelated iron concentration level 90.00 mg/L improved growth parameters. There was significant increase in： number of total leaves per plant, shoot dry weight, leaves total chlorophyll content, number of off-shoots, number and length of primary roots, length of the peduncle, number of flowers, number of petals and flower dry weight. Meanwhile leaf carbohydrate contents, phosphorus percentage and leaf iron content were increased significantly compared with the （unsprayed plants）. The interaction treatment, spraying nutritional solution PRO.SOL at concentration level 10.00 mg/L with 90 mg Lt chelated iron had a significant increase in all studied growth parameters, i.e., the number of flowers and petals gave 8.33 flowers and 18.67 petals compared with the control treatment which gave 3.33 flowers and 13.00 petals. Meanwhile leaf carbohydrate contents, phosphorus percentage and leaf iron content increased significantly in comparison with the unsprayed plants which gave the least values.
文摘Reproductive biology of Leiognathus splendens was studied by using the samples collected from the catches of trawl fisheries in Myeik coastal waters during January to December 2014.Spawning takes place throughout the year,with a peak during April-May and September-December.The observed length at first maturity was 9.0 cm total length in males and 8.4 cm in females.The mean gonadosomatic index was more prominently in females(2.5)than males(1.5).Sex ratio(1 male:1.1 females)also indicates the general dominant of females over males Fecundity varied from 6120 to 58412 eggs.Relationship of fecundity to fish length,fish weight and ovary weight showed that fecundity is more related to the gonad weight(r=0.9)than length(r=0.8)and weight of fish(r=0.7).
文摘Aggression, especially territorial is a serious problem in farmed and ornamental fish. Especially the tropical species like Siamese fighting fish Betta splendens or marine species like blu head Thalassoma bifasciatum. Also farmed species of Salmoniformes (Coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss) exhibit territorial aggression which is correlated with growth rate of the fish. In these species native territorial aggression occurs, and in ethology it is called stereotypical agonistic behaviour or conspecific aggression. In this type modulation of aggression serotonin (5-HT) plays a main role. A decrease of 5-HT in brain intensifies these type of aggression and in opposite an increase of 5-HT reduces it. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of different doses of fluoxetine on male aggressive behaviors of Betta splendens fish. It was concluded that fluoxetine added to aquarium water in the doses of 4, 40 and/or 100 μg·ga–1 BW during 14 - 28 days increased synaptic levels of 5-HT what in turn resulted in the reduction of the specific aggressive behaviors. Fluoxetine caused periodic, and sometimes even total weakening of male-male type fight, which is a standard trial applied in ethological research on Siamese fighting fish. In current study, the most effective was the dose of 40 μg·g–1 BW. The mechanism of this antiaggressivity depended on an increase of serotonergic system activity in animal brain (especially, in raphe nuclei), however synaptic levels of 5-HT in brain were not measured in this experiment. Thus, the hypothesis that exposure from day 1 - 21 would reduce aggression was rejected;as was the hypothesis that exposure on fluoxetine from day 10 (16) - 14 - 28 would rapidly reduce aggression in teleost fishes. The results obtained suggests that a complex role of serotonin in the expression of aggression in teleost fish because acute treatment with 5-HT1A receptor agonist WAY-100635 did not increase aggression in fish [1]. We emphasize the physiological concepts that can be addressed with this experiment, including the role of the serotonergic system in regulation of aggression, and the interplay of environmental contaminants and physiology in regulating the expression of behavior of fishes.
