背景作为脑卒中患者康复效果的重要评定指标之一,社会参与逐渐受到关注,了解脑卒中患者对社会参与的认知和经历有利于帮助脑卒中患者快速康复、回归家庭并重新融入社会,但单一的质性研究结果可能不具有概括性和代表性。目的通过Meta整...背景作为脑卒中患者康复效果的重要评定指标之一,社会参与逐渐受到关注,了解脑卒中患者对社会参与的认知和经历有利于帮助脑卒中患者快速康复、回归家庭并重新融入社会,但单一的质性研究结果可能不具有概括性和代表性。目的通过Meta整合方法系统梳理关于脑卒中患者对社会参与认知和经历的质性研究,为进一步提高脑卒中患者康复效果提供参考。方法使用计算机检索PubMed、Web of Science、Cochrane Library、Embase、心理学文摘(PsycINFO)、护理和联合卫生文献累积索引(CINAHL)、澳大利亚乔安娜布里格斯研究所(JBI)循证卫生保健数据库、中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、维普网、中国生物医学文献数据库,筛选其自建库至2022年11月以来收录的关于脑卒中患者对社会参与认知和经历的质性研究。采用汇集性Meta整合法对研究主题、隐含意义、分类等研究结果进行Meta整合。结果纳入Meta整合的14篇文献共涉及183例脑卒中患者,通过Meta整合共得出26个研究结果,其中相近结果可归纳为8个新类别,最终归纳出3个整合结果:(1)脑卒中患者对社会参与的认知和经历;(2)脑卒中患者多种社会参与受限且受较多因素影响;(3)多方支持对脑卒中患者社会参与至关重要。结论脑卒中患者对社会参与有新见解,须纠正和消除脑卒中患者对社会参与的自我认同紊乱及其限制因素,并重视脑卒中患者社会参与的多方支持。展开更多
Based on the collections of the Field Museum of Natural History,a new species of the monotypic genus Martensikara Jäger,2021 from Madagascar(Ma.quadrituberculata sp.nov.)and a new species of the monotypic genus M...Based on the collections of the Field Museum of Natural History,a new species of the monotypic genus Martensikara Jäger,2021 from Madagascar(Ma.quadrituberculata sp.nov.)and a new species of the monotypic genus Micropoda Grall&Jäger,2022 from Papua New Guinea(Mi.bigyrus sp.nov.)are reported.Diagnoses,morphological descriptions,illustrations and distribution maps of the two new species are provided.展开更多
A new pholcid spider species,Khorata qunzhen Yao&Liu,sp.nov.,is described from Tianmen Moun-tain,Yangxi Village,Geling Town,Yongtai County,Fuzhou City,Fujian Province.Photographs and distribution map of this speci...A new pholcid spider species,Khorata qunzhen Yao&Liu,sp.nov.,is described from Tianmen Moun-tain,Yangxi Village,Geling Town,Yongtai County,Fuzhou City,Fujian Province.Photographs and distribution map of this species are provided in the present study.展开更多
Spider mites are significant pests in agricultural production.The increasing resistance of spider mites,along with environmental pollution and ecological imbalance caused by their control,is primarily attributed to th...Spider mites are significant pests in agricultural production.The increasing resistance of spider mites,along with environmental pollution and ecological imbalance caused by their control,is primarily attributed to the long-term use of chemical acaricides in agriculture.In contrast,bioactive substances of biological origin offer advantages such as wide availability,environmental friendliness,and low tendency to induce resistance,making them a research hotspot for spider mite control.This review summarizes recent advances in the use of plant-derived active compounds(exemplified by extracts from Veratrum rhizomes),RNA interference(RNAi)technology,and microorganism-derived active substances for controlling spider mites.These bioactive agents exert acaricidal effects by disrupting the nervous system,interfering with metabolic processes,or silencing key genes in mites,demonstrating favorable efficacy and considerable potential for development.However,challenges remain,including poor environmental stability,slow action,high production costs,and insufficient understanding of their effects on non-target organisms.Therefore,future research should focus on the screening and development of novel bioactive substances of biological origin,elucidation of their mechanisms of action,optimization of formulation technologies,and assessment of their ecological safety.These efforts will provide valuable insights for promoting the advancement of bioactive substances and supporting sustainable agricultural development.展开更多
Based on the collection of the Field Museum of Natural History,a new species of the genus Zorodictyna Strand,1907 from Madagascar is reported:Z.yuani sp.nov.(male).Diagnosis,morphological description and illus-tration...Based on the collection of the Field Museum of Natural History,a new species of the genus Zorodictyna Strand,1907 from Madagascar is reported:Z.yuani sp.nov.(male).Diagnosis,morphological description and illus-trations are provided.展开更多
Shanghai Disney Resort broke ground on a new Spider⁃Man⁃themed land,a major expansion that represents a rising global investment interest in Chinas theme park sector.Located close to Zootopia,the new land includes the...Shanghai Disney Resort broke ground on a new Spider⁃Man⁃themed land,a major expansion that represents a rising global investment interest in Chinas theme park sector.Located close to Zootopia,the new land includes the parks first major Marvel⁃themed attraction-a high⁃energy thrill roller coaster featuring Spider⁃Man,one of the most popular Marvel superheroes,according to the company.展开更多
Distribution of horizontal boom produced droplets downwards into maize canopies at flowering period and its effects on the efficacies of emamectin benzoate, lambda-cyhalothrin and chlorantraniliprole against the secon...Distribution of horizontal boom produced droplets downwards into maize canopies at flowering period and its effects on the efficacies of emamectin benzoate, lambda-cyhalothrin and chlorantraniliprole against the second generation of Asian corn borer （ACB） larvae and their toxicity to spiders were studied. When insecticides were sprayed downwards into the maize canopies, randomly filtering out droplets by upper leaves led to great variations of droplet coverage and density within the canopies. Consequently, the efficacies of lambda-cyhalothrin and emamectin benzoate against ACB larvae were decreased because of randomly filtering out droplets by upper leaves. But field investigation showed that lambda-cyhalothrin was extremely toxic to hunting spiders, Xysticus ephippiatus, and not suitable to IPM programs in regulation of the second generation of ACB. Therefore, randomly filtering out droplets by upper leaves decreased lambda-cyhalothrin＇s efficacy against ACB larvae, but did little to decrease its toxicity to X. ephippiatus. Amamectin benzoate can reduce the populations of X. ephippiatus by 58.1-61.4%, but the populations can recover at the end of the experiment. Chlorantraniliprole was relatively safe to X. ephippiatus. It only reduced the populations of X. ephippiatus by 22.3-33.0%, and the populations can totally recover 9 d after application.展开更多
In dry attachment systems of spiders and geckos, van der Waals forces mediate attraction between substrate and animal tarsus. In particular, the scopula of Evarcha arcuata spiders allows for reversible attachment and ...In dry attachment systems of spiders and geckos, van der Waals forces mediate attraction between substrate and animal tarsus. In particular, the scopula of Evarcha arcuata spiders allows for reversible attachment and easy detachment to a broad range of surfaces. Hence, reproducing the scopula's roughness compatibility while maintaining anti-bunching features and dirt particle repellence behavior is a central task for a biomimetic transfer to an engineered model. In the present work we model the scopula of E. arcuata from a mechano-elastic point of view analyzing the influence of its hierarchical structure on the attachment behavior. By considering biological data of the gecko and spider, and the simulation results, the adhesive capabilities of the two animals are compared and important confirmations and new directives in order to reproduce the overall structure are found. Moreover, a possible suggestion of how the spider detaches in an easy and fast manner is proposed and supported by the results.展开更多
Twenty-four new spider species of the family Dictynidae from caves of Guangxi and Guizhou in southern China are described, accompanied by line drawings and photomicroscopy images. Fifteen of them belong to Brommella T...Twenty-four new spider species of the family Dictynidae from caves of Guangxi and Guizhou in southern China are described, accompanied by line drawings and photomicroscopy images. Fifteen of them belong to Brommella Tullgren, 1948： B. baiseensis Li, sp. nov., B. casseabri Li, sp. nov., B. chongzuoensis Li, sp. nov., B. dolabrata Li, sp. nov., B. funaria Li, sp. nov., B. josephkohi Li, sp. nov., B. linyuchengi Li, sp. nov., B. renguodongi Li, sp. nov., B. resima Li, sp. nov., B. sejuncta Li, sp. nov., B. spirula Li, sp. nov., B. tongyanfengi Li, sp. nov., B. wangfengcheni Li, sp. nov,, B. xinganensis Li, sp. nov. and B. yizhouensis Li, sp. nov.; eight to Cicurina Menge, 1871： C. avicularia Li, sp. nov., C. damaoensis Li, sp. nov., C. dong Li, sp. nov., C. kailiensis Li, sp. nov., C. majiangensis Li, sp. nov., C. parallela Li, sp. nov., C. wusanani Li, sp. nov., and C. zhazuweii Li, sp. nov.; one to Lathys Simon, 1884： L. inaffecta Li, sp. nov. Types of all new species are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing （IZCAS）.展开更多
Non-crop habitats have been suggested to impact local biodiversity significantly in agricultural landscapes. However, there have been few studies of the effects of less-focused non-crop habitats(orchard, wetland, pit ...Non-crop habitats have been suggested to impact local biodiversity significantly in agricultural landscapes. However, there have been few studies of the effects of less-focused non-crop habitats(orchard, wetland, pit and ditch) on variation of spider abundance. In this study, spiders in 30 woodlands were captured using pitfall traps in Fengqiu County, China, and the effects of local and landscape variations at different scales(50 m, 100 m, 200 m, 350 m and 500 m) on spider abundance were analysed. The most important variation that influenced spider abundance at the 500 m scale was the less-focused non-crop habitat(LNH) cover, and 10% was an appropriate proportion of LNH cover to sustain high level of spider diversity in the investigated landscape. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analyses revealed that there were significant differences in the spider composition among the high, medium and low LNH coverage. Based on indicator species analysis, different spider species were associated with landscapes with different levels of LNH cover. Lycosidae, which accounted for 48% of the total specimens, preferred woodland habitats neighbouring areas with high LNH cover. Compared with woodland habitats, LNH provided more diverse food sources and habitat to sustain more spider species in the study area. Furthermore, linear elements composed of vegetation, such as pits and ditches, may prevent agricultural intensification by enhancing landscape connectivity and providing habitats for different spiders. Our findings may provide a theoretical basis for biodiversity conservation in agro-ecosystems and top-down control of pests.展开更多
Camouflage is one of the most widespread and powerful strategies that animals use to make detection/recognition more difficult. Many orb-web spiders of the genus Cyclosa add prey remains, plant debris, moults, and/or ...Camouflage is one of the most widespread and powerful strategies that animals use to make detection/recognition more difficult. Many orb-web spiders of the genus Cyclosa add prey remains, plant debris, moults, and/or eggsacs to their webs called web decorations. Web decorations resembling spider body colour pattern have been considered to camouflage the spider from predators. While this camouflage is obvious from a human＇s perspective, it has rarely been investigated from a predator＇s perspective. In this study, we tested the visibility of web decorations by calculating chromatic and achromatic contrasts of detritus and eggsae decorations built by Cyclosa octotubereulata, against four different backgrounds viewed by both bird （e.g., blue tits） and hymenopteran （e.g. wasps） predators. We showed that both juvenile and adult spiders on webs with detritus or egg-sac deco- rations were undetectable by both hymenopteran and bird predators over short and long distances. Our results thus suggest that decorating webs with detritus or eggsacs by C octotuberculata may camouflage the spiders from both hymenopteran and bird predators in their common habitats [Current Zoology 56 （3）： 379-387, 2010].展开更多
Ecological and evolutionary studies on spiders have been featured prominently throughout the contemporary behavio- ral syndromes movement. Here we review the behavioral syndromes literature devoted to spiders, and ide...Ecological and evolutionary studies on spiders have been featured prominently throughout the contemporary behavio- ral syndromes movement. Here we review the behavioral syndromes literature devoted to spiders, and identify some ways in which behavioral syndromes can impact the function of spiders in ecological communities. We further highlight three general themes within the behavioral syndromes literature for which spiders have served as front running model systems： （1） how trait correlations beget performance trade-offs, （2） the influence that behavioral trait variants have on interspecific interactions and （3） mechanisms that aid in maintaining behavioral variation within-and among-populations. Research on behavioral syndromes con-tinues to grow at an impressive rate, and we feel the success of behavioral syndromes studies in spiders bodes well for their con-tinued prominence.展开更多
Although widely thought to be aggressive, solitary,and potentially cannibalistic, some spider species have evolved group-living behaviors. The distinct transition provides the framework to uncover groupliving evolutio...Although widely thought to be aggressive, solitary,and potentially cannibalistic, some spider species have evolved group-living behaviors. The distinct transition provides the framework to uncover groupliving evolution. Here, we conducted a comparative transcriptomic study and examined patterns of molecular evolution in two independently evolved group-living spiders and twelve solitary species. We report that positively selected genes among groupliving spider lineages are significantly enriched in nutrient metabolism and autophagy pathways. We also show that nutrient-related genes of group-living spiders convergently experience amino acid substitutions and accelerated relative evolutionary rates. These results indicate adaptive convergence of nutrient metabolism that may ensure energy supply in group-living spiders. The decelerated evolutionary rate of autophagy-related genes in group-living lineages is consistent with an increased constraint on energy homeostasis as would be required in a group-living environment. Together, the results show that energy metabolic pathways play an important role in the transition to group-living in spiders.展开更多
To understand communication, the interests of the sender and the receiver/s of signals should be considered sepa-rately. When our goal is to understand the adaptive significance of specific responses to specific signa...To understand communication, the interests of the sender and the receiver/s of signals should be considered sepa-rately. When our goal is to understand the adaptive significance of specific responses to specific signals by the receiver, questions about signal information are useful. However, when our goal is to understand the adaptive significance to the sender of generating a signal, it may be better to envisage the receiver＇s response to signals as part of the sender＇s extended phenotype. By making signals, a sender interfaces with the receiver＇s model of the world and indirectly manipulates its behaviour. This is especially clear in cases of mimicry, where animals use deceptive signals that indirectly manipulate the behaviour of receivers. Many animals adopt Batesian mimicry to deceive their predators, or aggressive mimicry to deceive their prey. We review examples from the lite-rature on spiders to illustrate how these phenomena, traditionally thought of as distinct, can become entangled in a web of lies .展开更多
Orb-web spiders and their webs constitute an ideal model system in which to study behavioural flexibility and spatial cognition in invertebrates due to the easily quantifiable nature of the orb web. A large number of ...Orb-web spiders and their webs constitute an ideal model system in which to study behavioural flexibility and spatial cognition in invertebrates due to the easily quantifiable nature of the orb web. A large number of studies demonstrate how spiders are able to modify the geometry of their webs in response to a range of different conditions including the ability to adapt their webs to spatial constraints. However, the mechanisms behind this impressive web-building flexibility in these cognitively limited animals remain poorly explored. One possible mechanism though may be spatial learning during the spiders＇ exploration of their immediate surroundings. This review discusses the importance of exploration behaviour, the reliance on simple behavioural rules, and the use of already laid threads as guidelines for web-building in orb-web spiders. The focus is on the spiders＇ ability to detect and adapt their webs to space limitations and other spatial disruptions. I will also review the few published studies on how spatial information is gathered during the exploration phase and discuss the possibility of the use of ＇cognitive map＇-like processes in spiders. Finally, the review provides suggestions for designing experimental studies to shed light on whether spiders gather metric information during the site exploration （cognitive map hypothesis） or rely on more simple binary information in combination with previously laid threads to build their webs （stigmergy hypothesis）.展开更多
Much of an animal＇s health status, life history, and behavior are dictated by interactions with its endogenous and exogenous bacterial communities. Unfortunately, interactions between hosts and members of their resid...Much of an animal＇s health status, life history, and behavior are dictated by interactions with its endogenous and exogenous bacterial communities. Unfortunately, interactions between hosts and members of their resident bacterial community are often ignored in animal behavior and behavioral ecology. Here, we aim to identify the nature of host-microbe interactions in a nonmodel organism, the African social spider Stegodyphus dumicola. We collected and identified bacteria from the cuticles of spiders in situ and then exposed spiders to bacterial monocultures cultures via topical application or injection. We also topically inoculated spiders with a concomitant ＂cocktail＂ of bacteria and measured the behavior of spiders daily for 24 days after inoculation. Lastly, we collected and identified bacteria from the cuticles of prey items in the capture webs of spiders, and then fed spiders domestic crickets which had been injected with these bacteria. We also injected 1 species of prey-borne bacteria into the hemolymph of spiders. Only Bacillus thuringiensis caused increased mortality when injected into the hemolymph of spiders, whereas no bacterial monocultures caused increased mortality when applied topically, relative to control solutions. However, a bacterial cocktail of cuticular bacteria caused weight loss and mortality when applied topically, yet did not detectibly alter spider behavior. Consuming prey injected with prey-borne bacteria was associated with an elongated lifespan in spiders. Thus, indirect evidence from multiple experiments suggests that the effects of these bacteria on spider survivorship appear contingent on their mode of colonization and whether they are applied in monoculture or within a mixed cocktail. We urge that follow-up studies should test these host-microbe interactions across different social contexts to determine the role that microbes play in colony performance.展开更多
Distinction of predator＇s diet and prey choice preference is a hot topic of current investigations. Spider being generalist predator and cosmopoliter in nature acts as biological control agent in many agro-ecosystems...Distinction of predator＇s diet and prey choice preference is a hot topic of current investigations. Spider being generalist predator and cosmopoliter in nature acts as biological control agent in many agro-ecosystems. In the current study, predatory efficacy of five spiders （Pardosa birmanica, Cyclosa insulana, Thomisus projectus, Plexippus paykulli and Lycosa terrestris） inhabiting the cotton fieldevaluated in the laboratory conditions maintained at （27＋2）℃ temperature, 65%-5% relative humidity and 12 ： 12 h of light and dark photoperiod. Four key cotton pests＇ viz. Bemisiatabaci, Amrascaderastans Thripstabaci and Helicoverpa armigera were utilized in the choice and no-choice predatory studies. The findings of current investigation revealed that each predatory spider utilized at least one pest species. Predation rate was found higher in the no-choice predation because of unavailability of substitutes feeding source. The investigation also indicated each predatory spider killed more pests than consumed. The findings of this study support the predatory role of spiders in controlling the cotton major pests.展开更多
Mate choice copying-when individuals learn to prefer mates or mate types that have been chosen by others-can influence trait evo-lution and speciation(Varela et al.2018;Dion et al.2019).Most examples of mate choice co...Mate choice copying-when individuals learn to prefer mates or mate types that have been chosen by others-can influence trait evo-lution and speciation(Varela et al.2018;Dion et al.2019).Most examples of mate choice copying are from fish,birds,and mammals including humans(Varela et al.2018).However,2 invertebrate examples-fruit flies and wolf spiders-have been used to argue that the phenomenon may be phylogenetically widespread,and perhaps the rule rather than the exception in nature(Varela et al.2018).Here,we revisit the evidence for mate choice copying in wolf spiders(Fowler-Fimn et al.2015)in light of new data(Gilman et al.2018).Then,we discuss why mate choice copying is a phenomenon that is likely to occur in wolf spiders,and why this deserves attention.展开更多
文摘背景作为脑卒中患者康复效果的重要评定指标之一,社会参与逐渐受到关注,了解脑卒中患者对社会参与的认知和经历有利于帮助脑卒中患者快速康复、回归家庭并重新融入社会,但单一的质性研究结果可能不具有概括性和代表性。目的通过Meta整合方法系统梳理关于脑卒中患者对社会参与认知和经历的质性研究,为进一步提高脑卒中患者康复效果提供参考。方法使用计算机检索PubMed、Web of Science、Cochrane Library、Embase、心理学文摘(PsycINFO)、护理和联合卫生文献累积索引(CINAHL)、澳大利亚乔安娜布里格斯研究所(JBI)循证卫生保健数据库、中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、维普网、中国生物医学文献数据库,筛选其自建库至2022年11月以来收录的关于脑卒中患者对社会参与认知和经历的质性研究。采用汇集性Meta整合法对研究主题、隐含意义、分类等研究结果进行Meta整合。结果纳入Meta整合的14篇文献共涉及183例脑卒中患者,通过Meta整合共得出26个研究结果,其中相近结果可归纳为8个新类别,最终归纳出3个整合结果:(1)脑卒中患者对社会参与的认知和经历;(2)脑卒中患者多种社会参与受限且受较多因素影响;(3)多方支持对脑卒中患者社会参与至关重要。结论脑卒中患者对社会参与有新见解,须纠正和消除脑卒中患者对社会参与的自我认同紊乱及其限制因素,并重视脑卒中患者社会参与的多方支持。
基金funded by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(NSFC-32270495/32300378/32400360)the Science&Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program of China(2023FY100200)+1 种基金the Foundation of Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response(2022(B)004)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M731035).
文摘Based on the collections of the Field Museum of Natural History,a new species of the monotypic genus Martensikara Jäger,2021 from Madagascar(Ma.quadrituberculata sp.nov.)and a new species of the monotypic genus Micropoda Grall&Jäger,2022 from Papua New Guinea(Mi.bigyrus sp.nov.)are reported.Diagnoses,morphological descriptions,illustrations and distribution maps of the two new species are provided.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(32000301).
文摘A new pholcid spider species,Khorata qunzhen Yao&Liu,sp.nov.,is described from Tianmen Moun-tain,Yangxi Village,Geling Town,Yongtai County,Fuzhou City,Fujian Province.Photographs and distribution map of this species are provided in the present study.
文摘Spider mites are significant pests in agricultural production.The increasing resistance of spider mites,along with environmental pollution and ecological imbalance caused by their control,is primarily attributed to the long-term use of chemical acaricides in agriculture.In contrast,bioactive substances of biological origin offer advantages such as wide availability,environmental friendliness,and low tendency to induce resistance,making them a research hotspot for spider mite control.This review summarizes recent advances in the use of plant-derived active compounds(exemplified by extracts from Veratrum rhizomes),RNA interference(RNAi)technology,and microorganism-derived active substances for controlling spider mites.These bioactive agents exert acaricidal effects by disrupting the nervous system,interfering with metabolic processes,or silencing key genes in mites,demonstrating favorable efficacy and considerable potential for development.However,challenges remain,including poor environmental stability,slow action,high production costs,and insufficient understanding of their effects on non-target organisms.Therefore,future research should focus on the screening and development of novel bioactive substances of biological origin,elucidation of their mechanisms of action,optimization of formulation technologies,and assessment of their ecological safety.These efforts will provide valuable insights for promoting the advancement of bioactive substances and supporting sustainable agricultural development.
基金funded by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(NSFC-32270495/32300378/32400360)the Science&Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program of China(2023FY100200)+1 种基金the Foundation of Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Respons(2022(B)004)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M731035).
文摘Based on the collection of the Field Museum of Natural History,a new species of the genus Zorodictyna Strand,1907 from Madagascar is reported:Z.yuani sp.nov.(male).Diagnosis,morphological description and illus-trations are provided.
文摘Shanghai Disney Resort broke ground on a new Spider⁃Man⁃themed land,a major expansion that represents a rising global investment interest in Chinas theme park sector.Located close to Zootopia,the new land includes the parks first major Marvel⁃themed attraction-a high⁃energy thrill roller coaster featuring Spider⁃Man,one of the most popular Marvel superheroes,according to the company.
基金supported by the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-02)the Public Welfare Project from Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China(201203025)
文摘Distribution of horizontal boom produced droplets downwards into maize canopies at flowering period and its effects on the efficacies of emamectin benzoate, lambda-cyhalothrin and chlorantraniliprole against the second generation of Asian corn borer （ACB） larvae and their toxicity to spiders were studied. When insecticides were sprayed downwards into the maize canopies, randomly filtering out droplets by upper leaves led to great variations of droplet coverage and density within the canopies. Consequently, the efficacies of lambda-cyhalothrin and emamectin benzoate against ACB larvae were decreased because of randomly filtering out droplets by upper leaves. But field investigation showed that lambda-cyhalothrin was extremely toxic to hunting spiders, Xysticus ephippiatus, and not suitable to IPM programs in regulation of the second generation of ACB. Therefore, randomly filtering out droplets by upper leaves decreased lambda-cyhalothrin＇s efficacy against ACB larvae, but did little to decrease its toxicity to X. ephippiatus. Amamectin benzoate can reduce the populations of X. ephippiatus by 58.1-61.4%, but the populations can recover at the end of the experiment. Chlorantraniliprole was relatively safe to X. ephippiatus. It only reduced the populations of X. ephippiatus by 22.3-33.0%, and the populations can totally recover 9 d after application.
基金supported by the ARIADNA scheme (study ID 06/6201) of the European Space Agency
文摘In dry attachment systems of spiders and geckos, van der Waals forces mediate attraction between substrate and animal tarsus. In particular, the scopula of Evarcha arcuata spiders allows for reversible attachment and easy detachment to a broad range of surfaces. Hence, reproducing the scopula's roughness compatibility while maintaining anti-bunching features and dirt particle repellence behavior is a central task for a biomimetic transfer to an engineered model. In the present work we model the scopula of E. arcuata from a mechano-elastic point of view analyzing the influence of its hierarchical structure on the attachment behavior. By considering biological data of the gecko and spider, and the simulation results, the adhesive capabilities of the two animals are compared and important confirmations and new directives in order to reproduce the overall structure are found. Moreover, a possible suggestion of how the spider detaches in an easy and fast manner is proposed and supported by the results.
基金supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(31471960,31530067)the Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences(2015CASEABRI005,Y4ZK111B01)
文摘Twenty-four new spider species of the family Dictynidae from caves of Guangxi and Guizhou in southern China are described, accompanied by line drawings and photomicroscopy images. Fifteen of them belong to Brommella Tullgren, 1948： B. baiseensis Li, sp. nov., B. casseabri Li, sp. nov., B. chongzuoensis Li, sp. nov., B. dolabrata Li, sp. nov., B. funaria Li, sp. nov., B. josephkohi Li, sp. nov., B. linyuchengi Li, sp. nov., B. renguodongi Li, sp. nov., B. resima Li, sp. nov., B. sejuncta Li, sp. nov., B. spirula Li, sp. nov., B. tongyanfengi Li, sp. nov., B. wangfengcheni Li, sp. nov,, B. xinganensis Li, sp. nov. and B. yizhouensis Li, sp. nov.; eight to Cicurina Menge, 1871： C. avicularia Li, sp. nov., C. damaoensis Li, sp. nov., C. dong Li, sp. nov., C. kailiensis Li, sp. nov., C. majiangensis Li, sp. nov., C. parallela Li, sp. nov., C. wusanani Li, sp. nov., and C. zhazuweii Li, sp. nov.; one to Lathys Simon, 1884： L. inaffecta Li, sp. nov. Types of all new species are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing （IZCAS）.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41771202,No.41371195
文摘Non-crop habitats have been suggested to impact local biodiversity significantly in agricultural landscapes. However, there have been few studies of the effects of less-focused non-crop habitats(orchard, wetland, pit and ditch) on variation of spider abundance. In this study, spiders in 30 woodlands were captured using pitfall traps in Fengqiu County, China, and the effects of local and landscape variations at different scales(50 m, 100 m, 200 m, 350 m and 500 m) on spider abundance were analysed. The most important variation that influenced spider abundance at the 500 m scale was the less-focused non-crop habitat(LNH) cover, and 10% was an appropriate proportion of LNH cover to sustain high level of spider diversity in the investigated landscape. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analyses revealed that there were significant differences in the spider composition among the high, medium and low LNH coverage. Based on indicator species analysis, different spider species were associated with landscapes with different levels of LNH cover. Lycosidae, which accounted for 48% of the total specimens, preferred woodland habitats neighbouring areas with high LNH cover. Compared with woodland habitats, LNH provided more diverse food sources and habitat to sustain more spider species in the study area. Furthermore, linear elements composed of vegetation, such as pits and ditches, may prevent agricultural intensification by enhancing landscape connectivity and providing habitats for different spiders. Our findings may provide a theoretical basis for biodiversity conservation in agro-ecosystems and top-down control of pests.
基金supported by a grant from NSFC (30770332)The Ministry of Education (MOE) Academic Research Fund (AcRF)(R-154-000-335-112)
文摘Camouflage is one of the most widespread and powerful strategies that animals use to make detection/recognition more difficult. Many orb-web spiders of the genus Cyclosa add prey remains, plant debris, moults, and/or eggsacs to their webs called web decorations. Web decorations resembling spider body colour pattern have been considered to camouflage the spider from predators. While this camouflage is obvious from a human＇s perspective, it has rarely been investigated from a predator＇s perspective. In this study, we tested the visibility of web decorations by calculating chromatic and achromatic contrasts of detritus and eggsae decorations built by Cyclosa octotubereulata, against four different backgrounds viewed by both bird （e.g., blue tits） and hymenopteran （e.g. wasps） predators. We showed that both juvenile and adult spiders on webs with detritus or egg-sac deco- rations were undetectable by both hymenopteran and bird predators over short and long distances. Our results thus suggest that decorating webs with detritus or eggsacs by C octotuberculata may camouflage the spiders from both hymenopteran and bird predators in their common habitats [Current Zoology 56 （3）： 379-387, 2010].
文摘Ecological and evolutionary studies on spiders have been featured prominently throughout the contemporary behavio- ral syndromes movement. Here we review the behavioral syndromes literature devoted to spiders, and identify some ways in which behavioral syndromes can impact the function of spiders in ecological communities. We further highlight three general themes within the behavioral syndromes literature for which spiders have served as front running model systems： （1） how trait correlations beget performance trade-offs, （2） the influence that behavioral trait variants have on interspecific interactions and （3） mechanisms that aid in maintaining behavioral variation within-and among-populations. Research on behavioral syndromes con-tinues to grow at an impressive rate, and we feel the success of behavioral syndromes studies in spiders bodes well for their con-tinued prominence.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB31000000) to S.Q.L。
文摘Although widely thought to be aggressive, solitary,and potentially cannibalistic, some spider species have evolved group-living behaviors. The distinct transition provides the framework to uncover groupliving evolution. Here, we conducted a comparative transcriptomic study and examined patterns of molecular evolution in two independently evolved group-living spiders and twelve solitary species. We report that positively selected genes among groupliving spider lineages are significantly enriched in nutrient metabolism and autophagy pathways. We also show that nutrient-related genes of group-living spiders convergently experience amino acid substitutions and accelerated relative evolutionary rates. These results indicate adaptive convergence of nutrient metabolism that may ensure energy supply in group-living spiders. The decelerated evolutionary rate of autophagy-related genes in group-living lineages is consistent with an increased constraint on energy homeostasis as would be required in a group-living environment. Together, the results show that energy metabolic pathways play an important role in the transition to group-living in spiders.
文摘To understand communication, the interests of the sender and the receiver/s of signals should be considered sepa-rately. When our goal is to understand the adaptive significance of specific responses to specific signals by the receiver, questions about signal information are useful. However, when our goal is to understand the adaptive significance to the sender of generating a signal, it may be better to envisage the receiver＇s response to signals as part of the sender＇s extended phenotype. By making signals, a sender interfaces with the receiver＇s model of the world and indirectly manipulates its behaviour. This is especially clear in cases of mimicry, where animals use deceptive signals that indirectly manipulate the behaviour of receivers. Many animals adopt Batesian mimicry to deceive their predators, or aggressive mimicry to deceive their prey. We review examples from the lite-rature on spiders to illustrate how these phenomena, traditionally thought of as distinct, can become entangled in a web of lies .
文摘Orb-web spiders and their webs constitute an ideal model system in which to study behavioural flexibility and spatial cognition in invertebrates due to the easily quantifiable nature of the orb web. A large number of studies demonstrate how spiders are able to modify the geometry of their webs in response to a range of different conditions including the ability to adapt their webs to spatial constraints. However, the mechanisms behind this impressive web-building flexibility in these cognitively limited animals remain poorly explored. One possible mechanism though may be spatial learning during the spiders＇ exploration of their immediate surroundings. This review discusses the importance of exploration behaviour, the reliance on simple behavioural rules, and the use of already laid threads as guidelines for web-building in orb-web spiders. The focus is on the spiders＇ ability to detect and adapt their webs to space limitations and other spatial disruptions. I will also review the few published studies on how spatial information is gathered during the exploration phase and discuss the possibility of the use of ＇cognitive map＇-like processes in spiders. Finally, the review provides suggestions for designing experimental studies to shed light on whether spiders gather metric information during the site exploration （cognitive map hypothesis） or rely on more simple binary information in combination with previously laid threads to build their webs （stigmergy hypothesis）.
文摘Much of an animal＇s health status, life history, and behavior are dictated by interactions with its endogenous and exogenous bacterial communities. Unfortunately, interactions between hosts and members of their resident bacterial community are often ignored in animal behavior and behavioral ecology. Here, we aim to identify the nature of host-microbe interactions in a nonmodel organism, the African social spider Stegodyphus dumicola. We collected and identified bacteria from the cuticles of spiders in situ and then exposed spiders to bacterial monocultures cultures via topical application or injection. We also topically inoculated spiders with a concomitant ＂cocktail＂ of bacteria and measured the behavior of spiders daily for 24 days after inoculation. Lastly, we collected and identified bacteria from the cuticles of prey items in the capture webs of spiders, and then fed spiders domestic crickets which had been injected with these bacteria. We also injected 1 species of prey-borne bacteria into the hemolymph of spiders. Only Bacillus thuringiensis caused increased mortality when injected into the hemolymph of spiders, whereas no bacterial monocultures caused increased mortality when applied topically, relative to control solutions. However, a bacterial cocktail of cuticular bacteria caused weight loss and mortality when applied topically, yet did not detectibly alter spider behavior. Consuming prey injected with prey-borne bacteria was associated with an elongated lifespan in spiders. Thus, indirect evidence from multiple experiments suggests that the effects of these bacteria on spider survivorship appear contingent on their mode of colonization and whether they are applied in monoculture or within a mixed cocktail. We urge that follow-up studies should test these host-microbe interactions across different social contexts to determine the role that microbes play in colony performance.
文摘Distinction of predator＇s diet and prey choice preference is a hot topic of current investigations. Spider being generalist predator and cosmopoliter in nature acts as biological control agent in many agro-ecosystems. In the current study, predatory efficacy of five spiders （Pardosa birmanica, Cyclosa insulana, Thomisus projectus, Plexippus paykulli and Lycosa terrestris） inhabiting the cotton fieldevaluated in the laboratory conditions maintained at （27＋2）℃ temperature, 65%-5% relative humidity and 12 ： 12 h of light and dark photoperiod. Four key cotton pests＇ viz. Bemisiatabaci, Amrascaderastans Thripstabaci and Helicoverpa armigera were utilized in the choice and no-choice predatory studies. The findings of current investigation revealed that each predatory spider utilized at least one pest species. Predation rate was found higher in the no-choice predation because of unavailability of substitutes feeding source. The investigation also indicated each predatory spider killed more pests than consumed. The findings of this study support the predatory role of spiders in controlling the cotton major pests.
基金R.T.G.was partially supported by Natural Environment Research Council(grant no.NE/L002469/1).
文摘Mate choice copying-when individuals learn to prefer mates or mate types that have been chosen by others-can influence trait evo-lution and speciation(Varela et al.2018;Dion et al.2019).Most examples of mate choice copying are from fish,birds,and mammals including humans(Varela et al.2018).However,2 invertebrate examples-fruit flies and wolf spiders-have been used to argue that the phenomenon may be phylogenetically widespread,and perhaps the rule rather than the exception in nature(Varela et al.2018).Here,we revisit the evidence for mate choice copying in wolf spiders(Fowler-Fimn et al.2015)in light of new data(Gilman et al.2018).Then,we discuss why mate choice copying is a phenomenon that is likely to occur in wolf spiders,and why this deserves attention.
