Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is a common clinical condition which is associated with metabolic syndrome in 70% of cases.Inappropriate dietary fat intake,excessive intake of soft drinks,insulin resistance an...Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is a common clinical condition which is associated with metabolic syndrome in 70% of cases.Inappropriate dietary fat intake,excessive intake of soft drinks,insulin resistance and increased oxidative stress combine to increase free fatty acid delivery to the liver,and increased hepatic triglyceride accumulation contributes to fatty liver.Regular soft drinks have high fructose corn syrup which contains basic sugar building blocks,fructose 55% and glucose 45%.Soft drinks are the leading source of added sugar worldwide,and have been linked to obesity,diabetes,and metabolic syndrome.The consumption of soft drinks can increase the prevalence of NAFLD independently of metabolic syndrome.During regular soft drinks consumption,fat accumulates in the liver by the primary effect of fructose which increases lipogenesis,and in the case of diet soft drinks,by the additional contribution of aspartame sweetener and caramel colorant which are rich in advanced glycation end products that potentially increase insulin resistance and inflammation.This review emphasizes some hard facts about soft drinks,reviews fructose metabolism,and explains how fructose contributes to the development of obesity,diabetes,metabolic syndrome,and NAFLD.展开更多
Soft drinks have many potential health problems.The inherent acids and sugars have both acidogenic and cariogenic potential,resulting in dental caries and potential enamel erosion.In this report we present a 25-year-o...Soft drinks have many potential health problems.The inherent acids and sugars have both acidogenic and cariogenic potential,resulting in dental caries and potential enamel erosion.In this report we present a 25-year-old man complaining with the severe worn-out of the front teeth during the past 3 years.He had a history of drinking cola for more than 7 years and had a poor oral hygiene.Severe decays were present in the incisors and the canines,while less severe lesions were noted on the premolars and the molars.The review is to show the relationship between dental erosion and caries and soft drinks.Some efforts have been taken to reduce the harmful effect of soft drinks.展开更多
Diet/sugar-free soft drinks are considered to be healthier than regular soft drinks.However,few studies have examined the relationship between the types of soft drinks(regular and diet/sugar-free)and lung cancer(LC)/a...Diet/sugar-free soft drinks are considered to be healthier than regular soft drinks.However,few studies have examined the relationship between the types of soft drinks(regular and diet/sugar-free)and lung cancer(LC)/all-cancer(AC)risk.In this study,we comprehensively assessed the influence of the type of soft drink consumption on LC/AC risk based on the Prostate,Lung,Colorectal,and Ovarian(PLCO)Cancer Screening Trial.Multivariable Cox proportional hazards and competing risks Fine-Gray regression models adjusted for relevant confounders were used to estimate hazard ratios(HRs)and subdistribution HRs for different types of soft drink consumption.In the PLCO population,female subgroup,and the ever/current smoker subgroup,consumption of both regular and diet soft drinks was associated with a significantly reduced risk of LC compared with no soft drinks at all.For the non-lung cancer(NLC)risk,consumption of only diet soft drinks had a significant positive association for the total population and female subgroup.Based on our findings,it was suggested that partial replacement of regular soft drinks with diet soft drinks might be beneficial to LC prevention,especially for females and ever/current smokers.Additionally,completely replacing regular soft drinks with diet soft drinks might be detrimental to NLC prevention,especially for females.展开更多
The knowledge of a product＇s life cycle is the first step on the search of sustainable development. The life cycle assessment （LCA） is an important method because it allows an environment accounting, where the extr...The knowledge of a product＇s life cycle is the first step on the search of sustainable development. The life cycle assessment （LCA） is an important method because it allows an environment accounting, where the extraction of natural resources and energy of the nature are considered and the ＂returns＂ to the same one and allows in evaluating relative potential the environment impacts generated. The present work had as objective to make an analysis of material and energy flows of the life cycle of three types of packaging for soft drinks： glass bottles of 390 mL, aluminum cans of 350 mL, and bottles of PET of 2,000 mL. The study considered processes since the extraction of raw materials for production of the packaging until the stages of recycling, after the consumption of the soft drink. For the research, an inventory analysis followed the LCA methodology. The main critical points of generation of negative environmental impact during the life cycle of each packaging had been the identified and quantified data in this study. The consumption of natural resources like water and other raw materials and energy, the generation of atmospheric emissions, solid wastes and wastewaters had been the analyzed categories. The results showed that, in accordance with the scenes and defined variables, the most important conclusion was that the bottle of glass presented a less favorable scene to the environment in comparison with other packaging.展开更多
A set of measurements have been conducted, using gamma spectrometry technique, in order to determine the activity-level in some carbonated soft drinks. The obtained activity is about 0.18 ± 0.07 Bq/l for <sup&...A set of measurements have been conducted, using gamma spectrometry technique, in order to determine the activity-level in some carbonated soft drinks. The obtained activity is about 0.18 ± 0.07 Bq/l for <sup>137</sup>Cs, whereas it is less than 0.13, 0.18 and 4.51 Bq/l respectively for <sup>212</sup>Pb, <sup>214</sup>Pb and <sup>40</sup>K. The total average annual dose is about 3.49, 1.69 and 1.68 μSv/y respectively for 7 - 12, 12 - 17 and >17 years old person leading to a radiological risk about 0.142 for adolescent and adults. The obtained results show no significant radiation dose and radiation hazard on human health due to the consumption of these carbonated soft drinks.展开更多
Objective: Few studies have related nutritional factors with quality of life in healthy populations. Our aim was to analyze the relationship between commercial bakery, fast food or soft drinks consumption and mental a...Objective: Few studies have related nutritional factors with quality of life in healthy populations. Our aim was to analyze the relationship between commercial bakery, fast food or soft drinks consumption and mental and physical quality of life. Study Design: This analysis included 8335 participants from the 'Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra' (SUN) Project (a multipurpose, dynamic cohort). Methods: The consumption of commercial bakery, fast food and soft drinks was assessed through a validated food-frequency questionnaire at baseline. Quality of life was measured after 4 years of follow-up with the Short-Form 36 (SF-36) Health Survey. Generalized Linear Models were fit to assess the regression coefficients (b) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the association between commercial bakery, fast food and soft drinks consumption and each domain and the two standardized measures of the SF-36. Results: As compared to the participants in the lowest quintile of consumption, those participants in the highest quintile of consumption of commercial bakery, fast food and soft drinks showed a score significantly lower (>2 points) for vitality (b = -2.14, 95% CI = -3.31 to -0.96), role emotional (b = -2.23, 95% CI = -4.33 to -0.13), and role physical (b = -2.31, 95% IC = -4.26 to -0.36) domains with statistically significant dose-response relationships (p for trend < 0.05). When the food groups were analysed separately, significant inverse associations were found only for commercial bakery and fast-food consumption. Conclusions: The results suggest that high consumption of commercial bakery, fast-food and soft drinks at baseline was associated with worse scores on self-perceived quality of life. This association was stronger for the mental domains of the SF-36.展开更多
Erosion is one of serious oral health problems among Japanese children. Some dentists argue that brushing just after food/drink intake induces enamel abrasion. Objectives of this study were to evaluate amount of calci...Erosion is one of serious oral health problems among Japanese children. Some dentists argue that brushing just after food/drink intake induces enamel abrasion. Objectives of this study were to evaluate amount of calcium elution from bovine enamel due to single and short immersion into carbonated soft drink, to calculate depth of the eroded lesion, and to determine when to brush teeth after carbonated soft drink intake from the view point of preventing enamel abrasion. Four enamel specimens were made from each of eight bovine teeth. The specimens were covered by quick-cure resin except for enamel surfaces. The four specimens from each bovine tooth were classified into three, six, nine, and 12 minutes immersion (IM3, IM6, IM9, and IM12) groups and immersed separately in five mL of carbonated soft drink. After the immersion, the calcium concentration of the original drink and the drink samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The dimension of each enamel specimen was calculated using a planimeter. The amount of eluted calcium per unit area of the enamel specimen into each drink sample was obtained. The depth of the demineralized lesion was obtained by dividing the amount of calcium elution per unit area by the concentration of calcium in enamel and the specific gravity of enamel. The lesion depth of the IM3 group was significantly lower than those in the IM6, IM9, and IM12 groups. The mean lesion depth in the IM12 group which showed the deepest lesion depth was 0.21 μm. As conclusions, the erosive lesion depth due to intake of carbonated soft drink was much shallower than remineralized enamel surface of a white spot lesion which can be repaired in plaque fluid in a short time, suggesting such erosion hardly causes tooth wear, hence it was suggested that brushing teeth just after the intake was recommended.展开更多
In recent years,the addition of probiotics into non-dairy beverages has gained popularity.Probiotics offer a wider range of options for individuals who are sensitive to dairy products.Incorporating probiotics into wid...In recent years,the addition of probiotics into non-dairy beverages has gained popularity.Probiotics offer a wider range of options for individuals who are sensitive to dairy products.Incorporating probiotics into widely consumed beverages like carbonated soft drinks poses a notable challenge due to the detrimental impact of acidic pH.Herein,results demonstrate that chitosan-coated alginate/gellan gum microcapsules can enhance the viability of probiotics within carbonated soft drinks.The probiotics,Lactobacillus casei,are encapsulated in microcapsules and exposed to Pepsi,Fanta Strawberry,Sprite,and A&W Root Beer under 4 and 25℃for 60 days and simulated gastrointestinal tract.Microcapsules greatly improve the viability of adding probiotics in different beverages under simulated gastrointestinal tract.The probiotics had a gradual release from microcapsules,reaching maximum release within initial 2 h of simulated intestinal phase.During 4℃storage compared to storage at 25℃,it was found that the number of surviving cells is more than the recommended minimum(10^(6)CFU/g)at the end of the storage.The pH and soluble solids content of beverages containing microcapsules also signify little change.This work shows that the chitosan-coated alginate/gellan microcapsules have the potential to be used as protective microcapsules for probiotics in carbonated soft drinks.展开更多
The consumption of beverages and processed foods, mainly soft drinks, has been incorporated into the usual diet of children, adolescents and adults frequently in recent years. The present study aimed to study the effe...The consumption of beverages and processed foods, mainly soft drinks, has been incorporated into the usual diet of children, adolescents and adults frequently in recent years. The present study aimed to study the effects of carbonated drinks on Wistar rats, based on the macroscopic and histological morphology of the esophagus. Fifteen Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control group;group fed with ration and cola-type refrigerant ad libitum and group fed with ration and gas industrialized water ad libitum, for a trial period of 90 days. For histopathology and morphology, the esophagus was removed, prepared in slides and stained with hematoxylineosin. Images of the sections were captured for analysis and classification of the inflammatory infiltrate. For morphometry, ten grid fields of 100 points were evaluated in the 40x eyepiece, totaling 3000 points per animal. The results demonstrate that the refrigerant treatment induced the following structural changes in the rats: significant reduction of weight in relation to the control group;inflammatory infiltrate predominantly diffuse mild to moderate and tissue edema. The rats treated with carbonated water had similar results to the control, besides signs of healing and tissue repair.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the effects of chronic drinking of cola beverages on metabolic and echocardiographic parameters in rats. METHODS: Forty-eight male Wistar rats were divided in 3 groups and allowed to drink regular ...AIM: To investigate the effects of chronic drinking of cola beverages on metabolic and echocardiographic parameters in rats. METHODS: Forty-eight male Wistar rats were divided in 3 groups and allowed to drink regular cola (C), diet cola (L), or tap water (W) ad libitum during 6 mo. After this period, 50% of the animals in each group were euthanized. The remaining rats drank tap water ad libitum for an additional 6 mo and were then sacrificed. Rat weight, food, and beverage consumption were measured regularly. Biochemical, echocardiographic and systolic blood pressure data were obtained at baseline, and at 6 mo (treatment) and 12 mo (washout). A complete histopathology study was performed after sacrifice. RESULTS: After 6 mo, C rats had increased body weight (+7%, P < 0.01), increased liquid consumption (+69%, P < 0.001), and decreased food intake (-31%, P < 0.001). C rats showed mild hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia. Normoglycemia (+69%, P < 0.01) and sustained hypertriglyceridemia (+69%, P < 0.01) were observed in C after washout. Both cola beverages induced an increase in left ventricular diastolic diameter (C: +9%, L: +7%, P < 0.05 vs W) and volumes (diastolic C: +26%, L: +22%, P < 0.01 vs W; systolic C: +24%, L: +24%, P < 0.05 vs W) and reduction of relative posterior wall thickness (C: -8%, L: -10%, P < 0.05 vs W). Cardiac output tended to increase (C: +25%, P < 0.05 vs W; L: +17%, not significant vs W). Heart rate was not affected. Pathology findings were scarce, related to aging rather than treatment. CONCLUSION: This experimental model may prove useful to investigate the consequences of high consumption of soft drinks.展开更多
Haloacetamides（HAMs） are cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic byproducts of drinking water disinfection. They are soft electrophilic compounds that form covalent bonds with the free thiol/thiolate in cysteine residue...Haloacetamides（HAMs） are cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic byproducts of drinking water disinfection. They are soft electrophilic compounds that form covalent bonds with the free thiol/thiolate in cysteine residues through an S_N2 reaction mechanism.Toxicity of the monohalogenated HAMs（iodoacetamide, IAM; bromoacetamide, BAM;or chloroacetamide, CAM） varied depending on the halogen substituent. The aim of this research was to investigate how the halogen atom affects the reactivity and toxicological properties of HAMs, measured as induction of oxidative/electrophilic stress response and genotoxicity. Additionally, we wanted to determine how well in silico estimates of electrophilic softness matched thiol/thiolate reactivity and in vitro toxicological endpoints.Each of the HAMs significantly induced nuclear Rad51 accumulation and ARE signaling activity compared to a negative control. The rank order of effect was IAM 〉 BAM 〉 CAM for Rad51, and BAM ≈ IAM 〉 CAM for ARE. In general, electrophilic softness and in chemico thiol/thiolate reactivity provided a qualitative indicator of toxicity, as the softer electrophiles IAM and BAM were more thiol/thiolate reactive and were more toxic than CAM.展开更多
文摘Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is a common clinical condition which is associated with metabolic syndrome in 70% of cases.Inappropriate dietary fat intake,excessive intake of soft drinks,insulin resistance and increased oxidative stress combine to increase free fatty acid delivery to the liver,and increased hepatic triglyceride accumulation contributes to fatty liver.Regular soft drinks have high fructose corn syrup which contains basic sugar building blocks,fructose 55% and glucose 45%.Soft drinks are the leading source of added sugar worldwide,and have been linked to obesity,diabetes,and metabolic syndrome.The consumption of soft drinks can increase the prevalence of NAFLD independently of metabolic syndrome.During regular soft drinks consumption,fat accumulates in the liver by the primary effect of fructose which increases lipogenesis,and in the case of diet soft drinks,by the additional contribution of aspartame sweetener and caramel colorant which are rich in advanced glycation end products that potentially increase insulin resistance and inflammation.This review emphasizes some hard facts about soft drinks,reviews fructose metabolism,and explains how fructose contributes to the development of obesity,diabetes,metabolic syndrome,and NAFLD.
基金(No.NCET-05-0790) supported by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University,China
文摘Soft drinks have many potential health problems.The inherent acids and sugars have both acidogenic and cariogenic potential,resulting in dental caries and potential enamel erosion.In this report we present a 25-year-old man complaining with the severe worn-out of the front teeth during the past 3 years.He had a history of drinking cola for more than 7 years and had a poor oral hygiene.Severe decays were present in the incisors and the canines,while less severe lesions were noted on the premolars and the molars.The review is to show the relationship between dental erosion and caries and soft drinks.Some efforts have been taken to reduce the harmful effect of soft drinks.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Projects No. 82173620to Y.Z. and 82204156 to D.Y.)Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institution
文摘Diet/sugar-free soft drinks are considered to be healthier than regular soft drinks.However,few studies have examined the relationship between the types of soft drinks(regular and diet/sugar-free)and lung cancer(LC)/all-cancer(AC)risk.In this study,we comprehensively assessed the influence of the type of soft drink consumption on LC/AC risk based on the Prostate,Lung,Colorectal,and Ovarian(PLCO)Cancer Screening Trial.Multivariable Cox proportional hazards and competing risks Fine-Gray regression models adjusted for relevant confounders were used to estimate hazard ratios(HRs)and subdistribution HRs for different types of soft drink consumption.In the PLCO population,female subgroup,and the ever/current smoker subgroup,consumption of both regular and diet soft drinks was associated with a significantly reduced risk of LC compared with no soft drinks at all.For the non-lung cancer(NLC)risk,consumption of only diet soft drinks had a significant positive association for the total population and female subgroup.Based on our findings,it was suggested that partial replacement of regular soft drinks with diet soft drinks might be beneficial to LC prevention,especially for females and ever/current smokers.Additionally,completely replacing regular soft drinks with diet soft drinks might be detrimental to NLC prevention,especially for females.
文摘The knowledge of a product＇s life cycle is the first step on the search of sustainable development. The life cycle assessment （LCA） is an important method because it allows an environment accounting, where the extraction of natural resources and energy of the nature are considered and the ＂returns＂ to the same one and allows in evaluating relative potential the environment impacts generated. The present work had as objective to make an analysis of material and energy flows of the life cycle of three types of packaging for soft drinks： glass bottles of 390 mL, aluminum cans of 350 mL, and bottles of PET of 2,000 mL. The study considered processes since the extraction of raw materials for production of the packaging until the stages of recycling, after the consumption of the soft drink. For the research, an inventory analysis followed the LCA methodology. The main critical points of generation of negative environmental impact during the life cycle of each packaging had been the identified and quantified data in this study. The consumption of natural resources like water and other raw materials and energy, the generation of atmospheric emissions, solid wastes and wastewaters had been the analyzed categories. The results showed that, in accordance with the scenes and defined variables, the most important conclusion was that the bottle of glass presented a less favorable scene to the environment in comparison with other packaging.
文摘A set of measurements have been conducted, using gamma spectrometry technique, in order to determine the activity-level in some carbonated soft drinks. The obtained activity is about 0.18 ± 0.07 Bq/l for <sup>137</sup>Cs, whereas it is less than 0.13, 0.18 and 4.51 Bq/l respectively for <sup>212</sup>Pb, <sup>214</sup>Pb and <sup>40</sup>K. The total average annual dose is about 3.49, 1.69 and 1.68 μSv/y respectively for 7 - 12, 12 - 17 and >17 years old person leading to a radiological risk about 0.142 for adolescent and adults. The obtained results show no significant radiation dose and radiation hazard on human health due to the consumption of these carbonated soft drinks.
文摘Objective: Few studies have related nutritional factors with quality of life in healthy populations. Our aim was to analyze the relationship between commercial bakery, fast food or soft drinks consumption and mental and physical quality of life. Study Design: This analysis included 8335 participants from the 'Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra' (SUN) Project (a multipurpose, dynamic cohort). Methods: The consumption of commercial bakery, fast food and soft drinks was assessed through a validated food-frequency questionnaire at baseline. Quality of life was measured after 4 years of follow-up with the Short-Form 36 (SF-36) Health Survey. Generalized Linear Models were fit to assess the regression coefficients (b) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the association between commercial bakery, fast food and soft drinks consumption and each domain and the two standardized measures of the SF-36. Results: As compared to the participants in the lowest quintile of consumption, those participants in the highest quintile of consumption of commercial bakery, fast food and soft drinks showed a score significantly lower (>2 points) for vitality (b = -2.14, 95% CI = -3.31 to -0.96), role emotional (b = -2.23, 95% CI = -4.33 to -0.13), and role physical (b = -2.31, 95% IC = -4.26 to -0.36) domains with statistically significant dose-response relationships (p for trend < 0.05). When the food groups were analysed separately, significant inverse associations were found only for commercial bakery and fast-food consumption. Conclusions: The results suggest that high consumption of commercial bakery, fast-food and soft drinks at baseline was associated with worse scores on self-perceived quality of life. This association was stronger for the mental domains of the SF-36.
文摘Erosion is one of serious oral health problems among Japanese children. Some dentists argue that brushing just after food/drink intake induces enamel abrasion. Objectives of this study were to evaluate amount of calcium elution from bovine enamel due to single and short immersion into carbonated soft drink, to calculate depth of the eroded lesion, and to determine when to brush teeth after carbonated soft drink intake from the view point of preventing enamel abrasion. Four enamel specimens were made from each of eight bovine teeth. The specimens were covered by quick-cure resin except for enamel surfaces. The four specimens from each bovine tooth were classified into three, six, nine, and 12 minutes immersion (IM3, IM6, IM9, and IM12) groups and immersed separately in five mL of carbonated soft drink. After the immersion, the calcium concentration of the original drink and the drink samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The dimension of each enamel specimen was calculated using a planimeter. The amount of eluted calcium per unit area of the enamel specimen into each drink sample was obtained. The depth of the demineralized lesion was obtained by dividing the amount of calcium elution per unit area by the concentration of calcium in enamel and the specific gravity of enamel. The lesion depth of the IM3 group was significantly lower than those in the IM6, IM9, and IM12 groups. The mean lesion depth in the IM12 group which showed the deepest lesion depth was 0.21 μm. As conclusions, the erosive lesion depth due to intake of carbonated soft drink was much shallower than remineralized enamel surface of a white spot lesion which can be repaired in plaque fluid in a short time, suggesting such erosion hardly causes tooth wear, hence it was suggested that brushing teeth just after the intake was recommended.
基金Chulalongkorn University and the National Science and Technology Development Agency(NSTDA)for providing the Chulalongkorn University-NSTDA Doctoral Scholarship,which funded this articlesupport from the 90~(th)Anniversary of Chulalongkorn University Scholarship under the Ratchadaphisek Somphot Endowment Fund。
文摘In recent years,the addition of probiotics into non-dairy beverages has gained popularity.Probiotics offer a wider range of options for individuals who are sensitive to dairy products.Incorporating probiotics into widely consumed beverages like carbonated soft drinks poses a notable challenge due to the detrimental impact of acidic pH.Herein,results demonstrate that chitosan-coated alginate/gellan gum microcapsules can enhance the viability of probiotics within carbonated soft drinks.The probiotics,Lactobacillus casei,are encapsulated in microcapsules and exposed to Pepsi,Fanta Strawberry,Sprite,and A&W Root Beer under 4 and 25℃for 60 days and simulated gastrointestinal tract.Microcapsules greatly improve the viability of adding probiotics in different beverages under simulated gastrointestinal tract.The probiotics had a gradual release from microcapsules,reaching maximum release within initial 2 h of simulated intestinal phase.During 4℃storage compared to storage at 25℃,it was found that the number of surviving cells is more than the recommended minimum(10^(6)CFU/g)at the end of the storage.The pH and soluble solids content of beverages containing microcapsules also signify little change.This work shows that the chitosan-coated alginate/gellan microcapsules have the potential to be used as protective microcapsules for probiotics in carbonated soft drinks.
文摘The consumption of beverages and processed foods, mainly soft drinks, has been incorporated into the usual diet of children, adolescents and adults frequently in recent years. The present study aimed to study the effects of carbonated drinks on Wistar rats, based on the macroscopic and histological morphology of the esophagus. Fifteen Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control group;group fed with ration and cola-type refrigerant ad libitum and group fed with ration and gas industrialized water ad libitum, for a trial period of 90 days. For histopathology and morphology, the esophagus was removed, prepared in slides and stained with hematoxylineosin. Images of the sections were captured for analysis and classification of the inflammatory infiltrate. For morphometry, ten grid fields of 100 points were evaluated in the 40x eyepiece, totaling 3000 points per animal. The results demonstrate that the refrigerant treatment induced the following structural changes in the rats: significant reduction of weight in relation to the control group;inflammatory infiltrate predominantly diffuse mild to moderate and tissue edema. The rats treated with carbonated water had similar results to the control, besides signs of healing and tissue repair.
基金Supported by Partly Consejo de Investigaciones Científicasy Técnicas (CONICET), and funds from ININCA (UBA)Presented in part at the 20th European Meeting on Hypertension, Oslo,June 17-21, 2010, Norway
文摘AIM: To investigate the effects of chronic drinking of cola beverages on metabolic and echocardiographic parameters in rats. METHODS: Forty-eight male Wistar rats were divided in 3 groups and allowed to drink regular cola (C), diet cola (L), or tap water (W) ad libitum during 6 mo. After this period, 50% of the animals in each group were euthanized. The remaining rats drank tap water ad libitum for an additional 6 mo and were then sacrificed. Rat weight, food, and beverage consumption were measured regularly. Biochemical, echocardiographic and systolic blood pressure data were obtained at baseline, and at 6 mo (treatment) and 12 mo (washout). A complete histopathology study was performed after sacrifice. RESULTS: After 6 mo, C rats had increased body weight (+7%, P < 0.01), increased liquid consumption (+69%, P < 0.001), and decreased food intake (-31%, P < 0.001). C rats showed mild hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia. Normoglycemia (+69%, P < 0.01) and sustained hypertriglyceridemia (+69%, P < 0.01) were observed in C after washout. Both cola beverages induced an increase in left ventricular diastolic diameter (C: +9%, L: +7%, P < 0.05 vs W) and volumes (diastolic C: +26%, L: +22%, P < 0.01 vs W; systolic C: +24%, L: +24%, P < 0.05 vs W) and reduction of relative posterior wall thickness (C: -8%, L: -10%, P < 0.05 vs W). Cardiac output tended to increase (C: +25%, P < 0.05 vs W; L: +17%, not significant vs W). Heart rate was not affected. Pathology findings were scarce, related to aging rather than treatment. CONCLUSION: This experimental model may prove useful to investigate the consequences of high consumption of soft drinks.
基金partial support from the U.S.Army Engineer Research and Development Center and the Army Environmental Quality Technology program, CESU W9132T-16-2-0005 (MJP)partly supported by the interagency agreement IAG #NTR 12003 from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/Division of the National Toxicology Program to the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health
文摘Haloacetamides（HAMs） are cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic byproducts of drinking water disinfection. They are soft electrophilic compounds that form covalent bonds with the free thiol/thiolate in cysteine residues through an S_N2 reaction mechanism.Toxicity of the monohalogenated HAMs（iodoacetamide, IAM; bromoacetamide, BAM;or chloroacetamide, CAM） varied depending on the halogen substituent. The aim of this research was to investigate how the halogen atom affects the reactivity and toxicological properties of HAMs, measured as induction of oxidative/electrophilic stress response and genotoxicity. Additionally, we wanted to determine how well in silico estimates of electrophilic softness matched thiol/thiolate reactivity and in vitro toxicological endpoints.Each of the HAMs significantly induced nuclear Rad51 accumulation and ARE signaling activity compared to a negative control. The rank order of effect was IAM 〉 BAM 〉 CAM for Rad51, and BAM ≈ IAM 〉 CAM for ARE. In general, electrophilic softness and in chemico thiol/thiolate reactivity provided a qualitative indicator of toxicity, as the softer electrophiles IAM and BAM were more thiol/thiolate reactive and were more toxic than CAM.
