Pseudounipolar neurons in the dorsal root ganglia(DRG),as the central nodes of primary sensory afferents,possess a distinctive T-junction that is not merely a morphological peculiarity but also performs complex roles ...Pseudounipolar neurons in the dorsal root ganglia(DRG),as the central nodes of primary sensory afferents,possess a distinctive T-junction that is not merely a morphological peculiarity but also performs complex roles in rapid,multiplexed shunting and regulation of sensory signals.This specialized geometry enables separation,filtering,and feedback regulation of neuronal signals,thereby coordinating peripheral and central responses at multiple levels.Recent advances,including spatial transcriptomics,single-cell sequencing,super-resolution microscopy,organoid models,and novel electrophysiological methods,have permitted more precise dissection of the T-junction's molecular composition,ion-channel distribution,and electrophysiological properties.Here,we review current knowledge of the T-junction's developmental regulation and multilayered molecular networks,and we detail its functional alterations in both physiological signaling and pathological pain states,with particular emphasis on ion-channel modulation,signal attenuation,and selective transmission mechanisms.Finally,we discuss contemporary pain-intervention approaches and prospects for precision-targeted therapies,aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for future studies in pain physiology and clinical translation.展开更多
After spinal cord injury,impairment of the sensorimotor circuit can lead to dysfunction in the motor,sensory,proprioceptive,and autonomic nervous systems.Functional recovery is often hindered by constraints on the tim...After spinal cord injury,impairment of the sensorimotor circuit can lead to dysfunction in the motor,sensory,proprioceptive,and autonomic nervous systems.Functional recovery is often hindered by constraints on the timing of interventions,combined with the limitations of current methods.To address these challenges,various techniques have been developed to aid in the repair and reconstruction of neural circuits at different stages of injury.Notably,neuromodulation has garnered considerable attention for its potential to enhance nerve regeneration,provide neuroprotection,restore neurons,and regulate the neural reorganization of circuits within the cerebral cortex and corticospinal tract.To improve the effectiveness of these interventions,the implementation of multitarget early interventional neuromodulation strategies,such as electrical and magnetic stimulation,is recommended to enhance functional recovery across different phases of nerve injury.This review concisely outlines the challenges encountered following spinal cord injury,synthesizes existing neurostimulation techniques while emphasizing neuroprotection,repair,and regeneration of impaired connections,and advocates for multi-targeted,task-oriented,and timely interventions.展开更多
Cyperus esculentus root oil(CEL)is a plant of significant economic value,rich in unsaturated fatty acids like oleic acid,linoleic acid,and linolenic acid.In this study,human dermal fibroblasts(HSF)were used to create ...Cyperus esculentus root oil(CEL)is a plant of significant economic value,rich in unsaturated fatty acids like oleic acid,linoleic acid,and linolenic acid.In this study,human dermal fibroblasts(HSF)were used to create an inflammatory model,and the impact of coldpressed oil from CEL on the secretion of inflammatory factors was assessed.The results showed that CEL significantly inhibited IL-6 and IL-1βthat were secreted by HSF cells induced by tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)(P<0.0001),with inhibition rates of 50.79%and 20.26%,respectively.Furthermore,CEL markedly enhanced the secretion of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10(P<0.01),with an improvement rate of 94.42%.The study further explored the impact of CEL on collagen type I(Col-I)and hyaluronic acid(HA)secretion in the cells.The results demonstrated that CEL effectively increased Col-I secretion by 26.15%(P<0.0001)and HA by 30.2%(P<0.0001)when it was administered at a maximum safe mass fraction of 6%,which consequently showed its potential anti-aging and moisturizing properties.Additionally,fluorescence real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(PCR)experiments confirmed that CEL significantly inhibited the TNF-α-induced expression of IL-6,IL-1β,and matrix metalloproteinases(MMP-1,3,9)in HSF cells,while promoted the mRNA expression levels of IL-10 and hyaluronic acid synthase.This modulation suggested that CEL exerted anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects.Finally,the oil’s anti-inflammatory,anti-senility,and moisturizing effects were validated through the clinical evaluations.In summary,CEL,as a natural raw material abundant in unsaturated fatty acids,shows promising potential for further development and usage in cosmetics due to its anti-inflammatory,anti-aging,and moisturizing properties in personal care.展开更多
[Objective]To systematically isolate and purify the polysaccharide from the mycelium of Streptomyces rochei D74(SRP),elucidate its fine structure,and evaluate the effect of the purified polysaccharide fraction on the ...[Objective]To systematically isolate and purify the polysaccharide from the mycelium of Streptomyces rochei D74(SRP),elucidate its fine structure,and evaluate the effect of the purified polysaccharide fraction on the growth of Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots and the biosynthesis of tanshinones,along with the underlying mechanism.[Methods]The crude polysaccharide was extracted using hot water,which was followed by ethanol precipitation and deproteinization via the Sevag method.Further purification was performed using DEAE-52 anionexchange chromatography and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration chromatography.The physicochemical properties and structural features of the main active fraction,SRP-W-2,were systematically characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS),and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR).The effects of SRP-W-2 on hairy root growth and the biosynthesis of tanshinones were assessed by measuring biomass,tanshinone content,and the expression levels of key biosynthetic genes.[Results]SRP-W-2 was obtained with a yield of 2.41%.It was primarily composed of glucose and galactose at a molar ratio of 12.53:1.Structural analysis revealed that the backbone of SRP-W-2 consisted of→4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→and→4)-α-D-Galp-(1→residues,with branching points at→4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→and→4,6)-α-D-Galp-(1→.The side chain was identified asα-D-Glcp-(1→4)-α-DGlcp-(1→.Bioactivity assays demonstrated that SRP-W-2 significantly enhanced both the biomass of S.miltiorrhiza hairy roots and the accumulation of tanshinones.After 15 d of treatment with 50 mg/L SRP-W-2,the dry weight of the hairy roots increased by 37.52%.Meanwhile,the content of cryptotanshinone(CT),dihydrotanshinone I(DT-I),tanshinone I(T-I),and tanshinone IIA(TIIA)was increased by 19.0-fold,6.4-fold,2.8-fold,and 4.8-fold,respectively.Gene expression analysis further indicated that SRP-W-2 up-regulated key genes involved in the tanshinone biosynthetic pathway,including HMGR,DXS,DXR,and GGPPS.[Conclusion]The polysaccharide fraction SRP-W-2 from S.rochei D74 simultaneously promoted the growth of S.miltiorrhiza hairy roots and the biosynthesis of tanshinones,demonstrating its potential as an effective elicitor.This study provided a new strategy for the utilization and development of S.miltiorrhiza resources.展开更多
The shift from seedling transplanting to direct-seeding cultivation in rice demands robust root systems for early seedling establishment and yield stability.While the pleiotropic gene OsSP3(also designated TAC4 or SG2...The shift from seedling transplanting to direct-seeding cultivation in rice demands robust root systems for early seedling establishment and yield stability.While the pleiotropic gene OsSP3(also designated TAC4 or SG2)is known to regulate aboveground traits,including tiller angle,grain size,and panicle development,its function in root morphogenesis remains uncharacterized.展开更多
Soil compaction often imposes stress on root development and plant survival.However,root anatomical responses that enable persistent root growth and functioning under soil compaction remain unclear.We grew 10 herbaceo...Soil compaction often imposes stress on root development and plant survival.However,root anatomical responses that enable persistent root growth and functioning under soil compaction remain unclear.We grew 10 herbaceous species differing substantially in lateral root diameter,in soils with low(1.0 g cm^(-3))and high(1.4 g cm^(-3))bulk density,and assessed root traits including root biomass,anatomical structures,and respiration rates.Greater root thickening upon soil compaction was found in species with thicker first-order lateral roots,mainly due to larger cortical cell size.Both xylem vessel diameter and wall thickness increased more in compacted soils in these species.Despite these anatomical shifts,root respiration rate responded little to soil compaction across most species,likely due to the opposite investment in cortical cells and xylem vessels.Notably,root biomass,independent of root respiration rate and anatomical structures,determined whole-plant growth under soil compaction.Our study reveals two independent strategies of root response to soil compaction:anatomical remodeling for mechanical and metabolic maintenance,and root biomass investment for resource acquisition.These findings offer new insights for breeding and selecting species tolerant to soil compaction and highlight multidimensional strategies of plant adaptation to physical stress.展开更多
Green manuring is essential for improving soil quality and nutrient uptake.With the gradual depletion of phosphorus(P)resources,more attention is being paid to the role of green manures in cultivation systems,such as ...Green manuring is essential for improving soil quality and nutrient uptake.With the gradual depletion of phosphorus(P)resources,more attention is being paid to the role of green manures in cultivation systems,such as maize-green manure intercropping,to find possible pathways for enhancing soil P utilization.A maize-green manure intercropping experiment was started in 2009 to investigate the effects and mechanisms for enhancing P uptake and yield in maize.Three species of green manures(hairy vetch(HV),needle leaf pea(NP),sweet pea(SP))and a sole maize treatment(CK)were used,resulting in four treatments(CK,HVT,NPT,and SPT)in the experiment.During 2020-2023,the intercropping treatments enhanced maize yields in 2020 and 2021,particularly in HVT with increases of 13.7%(1.96 t ha^(-1))and 13.0%(2.13 t ha^(-1))compared with CK,respectively.Grain P accumulation of maize was significantly higher in the intercropping treatments than CK in 2020,2021,and 2023,and with an average increase of 10.6%over the four years(5.2% for NPT,10.8% for SPT and 15.9% for HVT)compared with CK.Intercropping promoted maize growth with a greater root length density and a higher organic acid release rate.HVT changed the soil properties more dramatically than the other treatments,with increases in the acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activities of 29.8 and 38.5%,respectively,in the topsoil(0-15 cm),while the soil p H was reduced by 0.37 units compared to CK(p H=8.44).Intercropping treatments facilitated the conversion of non-labile P to mod-labile P and stimulated the growth of soil bacteria in the topsoil.Compared with CK,the relative abundance of Gemmatimonadota,known for accumulating polyphosphate,and Actinobacteriota,a prominent source of bioactive compounds,increased significantly in the intercropping treatments,especially in HVT and SPT.A PLS-PM analysis showed that intercropping promoted soil P mobilization and the enrichment of beneficial bacteria by regulating maize root morphology and physiology.Our results highlight that maize-green manure intercropping optimizes root traits,soil properties and bacterial composition,which contribute to greater maize P uptake and yield,providing an effective strategy for sustainable crop production.展开更多
"Give me 10 youths,and I will shake the world,"declared Soekarno,Indonesia's founding president.The sentiment might have been idealistic,but not false.History has never been driven by comfort,nor shaped ..."Give me 10 youths,and I will shake the world,"declared Soekarno,Indonesia's founding president.The sentiment might have been idealistic,but not false.History has never been driven by comfort,nor shaped solely by inheritance.Its most significant turning points have emerged from those with youth,conviction,and courage ingrained in them.Progress starts when young people not only dream but also take action.Sometimes,the boldest move is not to run towards the glow of cities,but to turn back-to one's soil,roots,and forgotten homeand help them flourish.展开更多
In recent years,an unusual wilt disease affecting Pyrus pyrifolia has been observed in various regions of Jiangsu,China.This disease originates from the roots and progresses with distinctive browning patterns along va...In recent years,an unusual wilt disease affecting Pyrus pyrifolia has been observed in various regions of Jiangsu,China.This disease originates from the roots and progresses with distinctive browning patterns along vascular tissues,even extending over two meters above the ground.These symptoms set it apart from recognized pear diseases and typically lead to the death of affected trees within the same or the following year.Furthermore,this disease exhibits a tendency to spread to neighboring trees even after the removal of affected trees,presenting a substantial threat to pear production.To ascertain the causative agent,the present study encompassed pathogen isolation,morphological and molecular identification,as well as validation experiments adhering to Koch's postulates.The fungal isolates obtained were identified as Fusarium cugenangense based on characteristics of the colonies and conidia,in addition to a phylogenetic analysis using DNA sequences of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha(tef1),calmodulin(Ca M),and RNA polymerase second largest subunit(rpb2)genes.Pathogenicity of the isolated F.cugenangense on pear was confirmed by artificial inoculation.By introducing GFP-labeled pathogens into the roots,colonization in stem and leaf tissues was observed via fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.Furthermore,these pathogens were successfully reisolated from stems and foliage,conclusively providing evidence of systemic infection within the pear plants.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first report of F.cugenangense causing pear wilt disease in China.展开更多
Peony root bark extract as was used the research object,and used a series of biochemical and cellular experiments to investigate its whitening,anti-inflammatory,oil control,acne,and inhibition of the growth of Malasse...Peony root bark extract as was used the research object,and used a series of biochemical and cellular experiments to investigate its whitening,anti-inflammatory,oil control,acne,and inhibition of the growth of Malassezia.The results showed that the inhibition rate of melanin synthesis was significantly increased to 86.43%at a concentration of 2.0%;the secretion of inflammatory factors IL-1αand IL-6 by macrophages(RAW264.7)was significantly reduced to 4.94 pg/mL and 6.42 pg/mL,respectively;the fluorescence signal of Nile red in sebaceous gland cells(SZ95)was significantly reduced to 57.5%;the inhibition rate of Propionibacterium acnes was 37.7%for 20 min of action;and the average inhibition rate of Malassezia marcescens was 78.1%for 20 min of action.Thus,it can be seen that the peony root bark extract has multiple skin-care effects and is a natural and healthy cosmetic plant raw material,which provides a solid theoretical basis for its application in cosmetics.展开更多
Chamaedorea seifrizii is a bamboo plant that is mainly used for its air-purifying properties and ornamental value.Due to the scarcity of reports on its phytochemical constitutes,this study was aimed at chemical profil...Chamaedorea seifrizii is a bamboo plant that is mainly used for its air-purifying properties and ornamental value.Due to the scarcity of reports on its phytochemical constitutes,this study was aimed at chemical profiling,phytochemical analysis and evaluation of its in-vitro biological activities of acetone extracts of auxiliary inflorescence and fruits of Chamaedorea seifrizii accompanied by in-silico analysis.Standard techniques were employed for phytochemical screening of phenolics,flavonoids and tannins and anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory tests.In-silico analysis coupled with molecular dynamics simulation was also conducted to find out interaction of some components to inflammatory responses.Bioactive compounds in auxiliary inflorescence and fruit extracts were studied using a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector(GC-FID).Numerous antioxidant tests were carried out,including those for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH),hydroxyl radicals,and nitric oxide radicals and shown that all both extracts depicted exorbitant levels of activities with values ranging from 48 to 96%.Results of GC-FID revealed maximum 18-22 constituents in acetone fractions with phenethyl cinnamate and hinokione as predominant components in auxiliary inflorescence and fruits,respectively.In addition,a strong anti-inflammatory activity was observed with acetone containing extracts.In-silico analysis validated the interaction of phytocomponents to inflammation initiation enzymes.Phytochemicals found in Chamaedorea seifrizii extracts may have pharmacological,antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.Chamaedorea seifrizii may be used in this study to produce new herbal remedies for a range of illnesses,perhaps resulting in the development of novel drugs.展开更多
In order to address the evolving emission characteristics of oxygenated volatile organic compounds(OVOCs),it is essential to develop adsorbent materials specifically designed for the efficient adsorption of OVOCs with...In order to address the evolving emission characteristics of oxygenated volatile organic compounds(OVOCs),it is essential to develop adsorbent materials specifically designed for the efficient adsorption of OVOCs with large kinetic diameters.In this study,we used co-pyrolysis to prepare a series of graded porous carbon materials with well-developed micropores by adjusting the doping ratios of root nodules and pretreated cellulose.The material with root nodule to cellulose mass ratio of 1:1(TCC-RN-1)exhibited the highest saturated adsorption capacity for butyl acetate(834 mg/g).This can be attributed to enhanced pore size distribution from nodule doping,which facilitates the development of a micropore-graded structure.Additionally,the nodules acted as auxiliary activating agents that enhanced the KOH micropore regulation effect during the activation stage,resulting in the highest micropore volume(0.863 cm^(3)/g).The doping of root nodules facilitated the formation of additional defects on the surface of the porous carbon material,leading to a more disordered arrangement that improved pollutant adsorption.Furthermore,TCC-RN-1 demonstrated good thermal stability in an air atmosphere,main-taining a butyl acetate adsorption capacity exceeding 95%after five adsorption-desorption cycles.This indicates its favorable potential for industrial applications.展开更多
The Phewa watershed is under constant landslide threat because of its complicated topography,climate,and biology.The floral structure of landslide-prone areas possesses a significant impact on determining the ecologic...The Phewa watershed is under constant landslide threat because of its complicated topography,climate,and biology.The floral structure of landslide-prone areas possesses a significant impact on determining the ecological processes involved in slope stabilization.Plant roots,for example,serve as physical anchors in the soil,enhancing slope stability.Therefore,this study aims to determine appropriate plant species that can enhance soil stability in Phewa Watershed by examining their floral structure in landslide areas.Floral diversity was assessed throughout field visits.Ten of the 46 landslides were selected with 15 plots based on aspect,watershed zones,and normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)value.Six plant species were selected to evaluate root traits,uprooting force,and cellulosic testing based on their Important Value Index(IVI)value,native characteristics,and regeneration.The uprooting force was calculated using a‘winch’with a force transducer,while the root characteristics were measured manually and using‘ImageJ software’.Results show that 319 species from 92 families are registered in the buffer zones and landslide scars,and the NDVI suggest that vegetation covers more than 49%of the landslide areas.The floral composition of the landslides in the 15 plots contains 140 species from 52 families,with Poaceae dominating.In six plant species,the Ochiai index suggests a significant level of association.The uprooting force is correlated to the root diameter and number but is insignificant in terms of root length and area.Saccharum spontaneum is the best option for landslide stability based on uprooting force(882.63±245.175)N,cellulose content(67.038±4.766)%and root number characteristic(69.333±24.338)whereas Themeda arundinacea is preferred due to its root diameter traits(0.054±0.022)cm.Finally,it emphasizes the significance of selecting key species in lowering the risk of landslides,strengthening soil stability,and building resilient ecosystems in susceptible watershed areas.展开更多
The combination of Daphnes Cortex(DC)and Liquorice Root(LR),two traditional Chinese medicinal herbs,has shown significant therapeutic effects on rheumatoid arthritis(RA),but its synergistic mechanism of action remains...The combination of Daphnes Cortex(DC)and Liquorice Root(LR),two traditional Chinese medicinal herbs,has shown significant therapeutic effects on rheumatoid arthritis(RA),but its synergistic mechanism of action remains to be elucidated.Employing a network pharmacology and molecular docking approach,this study systematically investigated the synergistic mechanism of the herb pair DC and LR in RA treatment.Active components and their corresponding targets were retrieved from the TCMSP database and relevant literature,and RA-related targets were collected from established disease databases.A total of 73 overlapping targets between DC-LR and RA were identified,among which core targets such as AKT1,TNF,and CASP3 were highlighted.GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that these targets are involved in biological processes such as oxidative stress response and cell migration,and are significantly enriched in key pathways including HIF-1,TNF,and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways.Compatibility analysis further revealed that the combination of DC and LR may enhance therapeutic effects through synergistic regulation of shared targets and complementary modulation of upstream and downstream pathway components.Molecular docking confirmed strong binding affinities between core active components and key targets.This study provides a multi-dimensional“component-target-pathway”perspective on the potential synergistic anti-RA mechanism of the DC-LR herb pair,offering a theoretical basis for further experimental validation and clinical application.展开更多
The banks in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River in China are weak in erosion resistance and prone to collapse.Vegetation,as a natural reinforcement material,can effectively improve slope stability and cur...The banks in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River in China are weak in erosion resistance and prone to collapse.Vegetation,as a natural reinforcement material,can effectively improve slope stability and curb soil erosion.In March and July 2023,a field survey was conducted on the types and distribution characteristics of vegetation along both banks of a certain section in the lower reaches of the Tarim River.Taking COMSOL Multiphysics as the finite element numerical simulation platform,we investigated the variation law of bank slope stability in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River under different root morphologies,considering changes in transpiration time,rainfall,and water level under the action of hydro-mechanical reinforcement.The findings showed that vegetation transpiration has a significant effect on soil pore water pressure.Given the same transpiration rate,shorter root systems produced greater pore water pressure.For equal root lengths,the pore water pressures generated by roots in exponential and triangular morphologies were significantly greater than those generated by roots in uniformly distributed and parabolic morphologies.The water absorption capacity of the root system increased with transpiration rate.After 7 d of transpiration,the maximum safety factor of the bank slope reinforced by exponential roots was 1.568,which was a 9.88%improvement over that of the bare slope.After 24 h of rainfall,the effect of vegetation transpiration on soil pore water pressure weakened rapidly;the pore water pressure of the surface soil generated by transpiration from vegetation with different root morphologies was concentrated near–10.00 kPa.After rainfall,the displacement of the exponential root reinforced slope was minimized to 0.137 m.The effect of transpiration-induced changes in substrate suction on slope stability was negligible during the rainfall period.Compared with that of the bare slope,the displacements of bank slopes reinforced by root systems significantly increased.The maximum displacement occurred when the water level changed by 1.5 m/d;the displacement of the bare slope was 0.554 m,whereas the displacements of bank slopes reinforced by roots in different morphologies were 0.260–0.273 m.The impact of vegetation transpiration on the safety factor of riverbanks under sudden water level drops was relatively minor,but it can enhance the stability of riverbanks to a certain extent.Among these,riverbanks reinforced by roots in triangular and exponential morphologies exhibited superior stability compared with those reinforced by uniformly distributed or parabolic root systems.The findings offer a theoretical basis and practical guidance for designing vegetation slope protection in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River.展开更多
Flavonoids produced by legume roots act as signaling molecules that induce the expression of nod genes in symbiotic rhizobia.However,the role of flavonoids in root exudates under intercropping systems in promoting soy...Flavonoids produced by legume roots act as signaling molecules that induce the expression of nod genes in symbiotic rhizobia.However,the role of flavonoids in root exudates under intercropping systems in promoting soybean nodulation remains unclear.Two consecutive years of field experiments were conducted using maize–soybean strip intercropping with interspecific row spacings of 30 cm(MS30),45 cm(MS45),and 60 cm(MS60),along with sole cropping of soybean(SS)and maize(MM).Root interactions were manipulated using either no root barrier(NB)or a polyethylene plastic barrier(PB)to assess the relationship between flavonoids in root exudates and soybean nodulation.We found that root–root interaction between soybean and maize increased nodule number and fresh weight in intercropped soybean,with enhancement gradually increasing as interspecific distance widened.The proportion of nodules with diameters exceeding 0.4 cm was higher in intercropped soybean under NB compared to PB.Additionally,the expression of nodule-related genes-GmENOD40,Gm NIN2b,and Gm EXPB2-was up-regulated.Furthermore,compared to monocropping,isoflavone secretion by soybean roots decreased,whereas flavonoid and flavonol secretion by both maize and soybean roots increased under intercropping.The abundance of differentially secreted flavonoid metabolites in the rhizosphere of both species declined when root contact was prevented by the barrier.In soybean roots,the expression of Gm CHS8 and Gm IFS1 was up-regulated,while Gm ICHG was down-regulated under root interaction.Most flavonoid and flavonol compounds showed positive correlations with nodule diameter.Nodule number,fresh weight,and the proportion of nodules larger than 0.2 cm increased in diverse soybean genotypes treated with maize root exudates,which contributed to enhanced nitrogen fixation capacity.Therefore,maize–soybean strip intercropping,combined with optimal row spacing,enhances the positive effects of underground root interactions and improves nodulation and nitrogen fixation in intercropped soybean.展开更多
Root nodule symbiosis(RNS)is a mutualistic association formed between nitrogen-fixing rhizobia or Frankia and host plants limited to four orders within Rosid I―Fabales,Fagales,Cucurbitales,and Rosales―which comprise...Root nodule symbiosis(RNS)is a mutualistic association formed between nitrogen-fixing rhizobia or Frankia and host plants limited to four orders within Rosid I―Fabales,Fagales,Cucurbitales,and Rosales―which comprise the so-called‘Nitrogen Fixing Nodulation Clade’(NFNC).The majority of nodulation studies have focused on Leguminosae,given their agricultural and environmental importance,as well as the widespread occurrence of nodulation among members of this family.Endowing cereal crops with nitrogen fixation,like Leguminosae,presents a strategy to reduce the detrimental effects of synthetic fertilizer overuse.Different hypotheses on the origin of RNS have been proposed;however,key genetic innovations underlying the evolution of RNS,even in Leguminosae,have been rarely reported.In this review,we begin by examining current knowledge of genetic innovations―including gene gain,gene loss,and the acquisition or loss of conserved noncoding sequences(CNS)in preexisting genes.We explore the available evidence supporting these genetic innovations underlying the evolution of RNS in Leguminosae and offer the phylogenomics approach that could be applied to uncover these genetic innovations.Finally,we conclude by proposing a model of genetic innovations underlying the evolution of RNS in Leguminosae and consider the potential implications for the development of nitrogen-fixing crops.展开更多
Root rot is a prevalent soil-borne fungal disease in citrus.Citron C-05(Citrus medica)stands out as a germplasm within Citrus spp.due to its complete resistance to citrus canker and favorable characteristics such as s...Root rot is a prevalent soil-borne fungal disease in citrus.Citron C-05(Citrus medica)stands out as a germplasm within Citrus spp.due to its complete resistance to citrus canker and favorable characteristics such as single embryo and easy rooting.However,Citron C-05 was found to be highly susceptible to root rot during cultivation,with the specific pathogens previously unknown.In this study,four candidate fungal species were isolated from Citron C-05 roots.Sequence analysis of ITS,EF-1a,RPB1,and RPB2 identified two Fusarium solani strains,Rr-2 and Rr-4,as the candidates causing root rot in Citron C-05.Resistance tests showed these two pathogens increased root damage rate from 10.30%to 35.69%in Citron C-05,sour orange(Citrus aurantium),sweet orange(Citrus sinensis)and pummelo(Citrus grandis).F.solani exhibited the weak pathogenicity towards trifoliate orange(Poncirus trifoliata).DAB staining revealed none of reddish-brown precipitation in the four susceptible citrus germplasm after infection with F.solani,while trifoliate orange exhibited significant H2O2 accumulation.Trypan blue staining indicated increased cell death in the four susceptible citrus germplasm following infection with these two pathogens but not in trifoliate orange.These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of citrus root rot and support future research on the mechanisms of root rot resistance in citrus.展开更多
To perform various functions in the body,skeletal muscle is controlled and coordinated as a whole by nerves.However,there has been little research into whether the nerve control characteristics of different muscles ar...To perform various functions in the body,skeletal muscle is controlled and coordinated as a whole by nerves.However,there has been little research into whether the nerve control characteristics of different muscles are different,and the importance of these potential differences.In the present study,we used a three-dimensional imaging of solvent-cleared organ-compatible multi-tracer technique to explore the spatial distribution patterns of sensory and sympathetic neurons that innervate limb muscles.We integrated transcriptome sequencing datasets from mouse limb muscles in public databases and performed correlation analysis with neuronal spatial distribution data to reveal the unique effects of different types of neurons on muscle functional pathways.In terms of spatial distribution patterns,sympathetic neurons exhibited a more concentrated distribution than sensory and motor neurons.In addition,the neuronal innervation of limb muscles exhibited four different characteristics:sympathetic neuron-rich muscle,sensory neuron-rich muscle,neuron-sparse muscle,and motor neuron-rich muscle.Sensory neuron density was mainly associated with muscle contractile structure and cell pH,whereas sympathetic neuron density was associated with protein kinase activity,muscle vasculature,muscle calcium-dependent protein kinase activity,lipid transport,and vesicle release.Motor neuron density was mainly associated with protein kinase activity,cell adhesion,oxidoreductase activity,and exocytosis.These findings may contribute to a deeper understanding of how nerves cooperate to endow muscles with diverse physiological functions,thereby providing new insights and experimental evidence for the treatment of various neuromuscular diseases.展开更多
基金supported by grant from the National Key Technology Support Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2021ZD0203204)。
文摘Pseudounipolar neurons in the dorsal root ganglia(DRG),as the central nodes of primary sensory afferents,possess a distinctive T-junction that is not merely a morphological peculiarity but also performs complex roles in rapid,multiplexed shunting and regulation of sensory signals.This specialized geometry enables separation,filtering,and feedback regulation of neuronal signals,thereby coordinating peripheral and central responses at multiple levels.Recent advances,including spatial transcriptomics,single-cell sequencing,super-resolution microscopy,organoid models,and novel electrophysiological methods,have permitted more precise dissection of the T-junction's molecular composition,ion-channel distribution,and electrophysiological properties.Here,we review current knowledge of the T-junction's developmental regulation and multilayered molecular networks,and we detail its functional alterations in both physiological signaling and pathological pain states,with particular emphasis on ion-channel modulation,signal attenuation,and selective transmission mechanisms.Finally,we discuss contemporary pain-intervention approaches and prospects for precision-targeted therapies,aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for future studies in pain physiology and clinical translation.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China,No.2023YFC3603705(to DX)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82302866(to YZ).
文摘After spinal cord injury,impairment of the sensorimotor circuit can lead to dysfunction in the motor,sensory,proprioceptive,and autonomic nervous systems.Functional recovery is often hindered by constraints on the timing of interventions,combined with the limitations of current methods.To address these challenges,various techniques have been developed to aid in the repair and reconstruction of neural circuits at different stages of injury.Notably,neuromodulation has garnered considerable attention for its potential to enhance nerve regeneration,provide neuroprotection,restore neurons,and regulate the neural reorganization of circuits within the cerebral cortex and corticospinal tract.To improve the effectiveness of these interventions,the implementation of multitarget early interventional neuromodulation strategies,such as electrical and magnetic stimulation,is recommended to enhance functional recovery across different phases of nerve injury.This review concisely outlines the challenges encountered following spinal cord injury,synthesizes existing neurostimulation techniques while emphasizing neuroprotection,repair,and regeneration of impaired connections,and advocates for multi-targeted,task-oriented,and timely interventions.
文摘Cyperus esculentus root oil(CEL)is a plant of significant economic value,rich in unsaturated fatty acids like oleic acid,linoleic acid,and linolenic acid.In this study,human dermal fibroblasts(HSF)were used to create an inflammatory model,and the impact of coldpressed oil from CEL on the secretion of inflammatory factors was assessed.The results showed that CEL significantly inhibited IL-6 and IL-1βthat were secreted by HSF cells induced by tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)(P<0.0001),with inhibition rates of 50.79%and 20.26%,respectively.Furthermore,CEL markedly enhanced the secretion of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10(P<0.01),with an improvement rate of 94.42%.The study further explored the impact of CEL on collagen type I(Col-I)and hyaluronic acid(HA)secretion in the cells.The results demonstrated that CEL effectively increased Col-I secretion by 26.15%(P<0.0001)and HA by 30.2%(P<0.0001)when it was administered at a maximum safe mass fraction of 6%,which consequently showed its potential anti-aging and moisturizing properties.Additionally,fluorescence real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(PCR)experiments confirmed that CEL significantly inhibited the TNF-α-induced expression of IL-6,IL-1β,and matrix metalloproteinases(MMP-1,3,9)in HSF cells,while promoted the mRNA expression levels of IL-10 and hyaluronic acid synthase.This modulation suggested that CEL exerted anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects.Finally,the oil’s anti-inflammatory,anti-senility,and moisturizing effects were validated through the clinical evaluations.In summary,CEL,as a natural raw material abundant in unsaturated fatty acids,shows promising potential for further development and usage in cosmetics due to its anti-inflammatory,anti-aging,and moisturizing properties in personal care.
文摘[Objective]To systematically isolate and purify the polysaccharide from the mycelium of Streptomyces rochei D74(SRP),elucidate its fine structure,and evaluate the effect of the purified polysaccharide fraction on the growth of Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots and the biosynthesis of tanshinones,along with the underlying mechanism.[Methods]The crude polysaccharide was extracted using hot water,which was followed by ethanol precipitation and deproteinization via the Sevag method.Further purification was performed using DEAE-52 anionexchange chromatography and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration chromatography.The physicochemical properties and structural features of the main active fraction,SRP-W-2,were systematically characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS),and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR).The effects of SRP-W-2 on hairy root growth and the biosynthesis of tanshinones were assessed by measuring biomass,tanshinone content,and the expression levels of key biosynthetic genes.[Results]SRP-W-2 was obtained with a yield of 2.41%.It was primarily composed of glucose and galactose at a molar ratio of 12.53:1.Structural analysis revealed that the backbone of SRP-W-2 consisted of→4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→and→4)-α-D-Galp-(1→residues,with branching points at→4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→and→4,6)-α-D-Galp-(1→.The side chain was identified asα-D-Glcp-(1→4)-α-DGlcp-(1→.Bioactivity assays demonstrated that SRP-W-2 significantly enhanced both the biomass of S.miltiorrhiza hairy roots and the accumulation of tanshinones.After 15 d of treatment with 50 mg/L SRP-W-2,the dry weight of the hairy roots increased by 37.52%.Meanwhile,the content of cryptotanshinone(CT),dihydrotanshinone I(DT-I),tanshinone I(T-I),and tanshinone IIA(TIIA)was increased by 19.0-fold,6.4-fold,2.8-fold,and 4.8-fold,respectively.Gene expression analysis further indicated that SRP-W-2 up-regulated key genes involved in the tanshinone biosynthetic pathway,including HMGR,DXS,DXR,and GGPPS.[Conclusion]The polysaccharide fraction SRP-W-2 from S.rochei D74 simultaneously promoted the growth of S.miltiorrhiza hairy roots and the biosynthesis of tanshinones,demonstrating its potential as an effective elicitor.This study provided a new strategy for the utilization and development of S.miltiorrhiza resources.
基金funded by the Major Science and Technology Projects of Zhejiang Province,China(Grant No.2021C02063-5)the Key Research and Development Projects of Hainan Province,China(Grant No.ZDYF2023XDNY086)+2 种基金the State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Hazard Factors and Risk Prevention and Control of Agricultural Products Jointly Constructed by the Ministry and the Province,China(Grant No.2010DS700124)the Zhejiang Province Vanguard Leading Goose Project,China(Grant Nos.2023C02055 and 2022C02034)the Jiaxing Nanhu District Science and Technology Plan Project,China(Grant No.2023017).
文摘The shift from seedling transplanting to direct-seeding cultivation in rice demands robust root systems for early seedling establishment and yield stability.While the pleiotropic gene OsSP3(also designated TAC4 or SG2)is known to regulate aboveground traits,including tiller angle,grain size,and panicle development,its function in root morphogenesis remains uncharacterized.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32471824,32171746,31870522,42477227,and 32560282)the leading talents of basic research in Henan Province(24XM0375)+7 种基金Excellent Youth Creative Research Group Project in Henan Province(252300421002)Foreign Scientists Studio in Henan Province(GZS2025011)MOHRSS National Foreign Expert Individual Projectsand(110000264820258001)Natural Science Foundation of Henan(242300420604)the University of Nottingham for funding(Nottingham Research Fellowship)supported by the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control(2023B1212060002)the High-level University Special Fund(G03050K001)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2021M690922)。
文摘Soil compaction often imposes stress on root development and plant survival.However,root anatomical responses that enable persistent root growth and functioning under soil compaction remain unclear.We grew 10 herbaceous species differing substantially in lateral root diameter,in soils with low(1.0 g cm^(-3))and high(1.4 g cm^(-3))bulk density,and assessed root traits including root biomass,anatomical structures,and respiration rates.Greater root thickening upon soil compaction was found in species with thicker first-order lateral roots,mainly due to larger cortical cell size.Both xylem vessel diameter and wall thickness increased more in compacted soils in these species.Despite these anatomical shifts,root respiration rate responded little to soil compaction across most species,likely due to the opposite investment in cortical cells and xylem vessels.Notably,root biomass,independent of root respiration rate and anatomical structures,determined whole-plant growth under soil compaction.Our study reveals two independent strategies of root response to soil compaction:anatomical remodeling for mechanical and metabolic maintenance,and root biomass investment for resource acquisition.These findings offer new insights for breeding and selecting species tolerant to soil compaction and highlight multidimensional strategies of plant adaptation to physical stress.
基金supported financially by the National Key Research&Development Program of China(2021YFD1700200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32402686)+3 种基金the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-22)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Non-profit Scientific Institution,China(1610132022013)the Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciencesthe China National Crop Germplasm Resources Platform for Green Manure(NICGR-2024-19)。
文摘Green manuring is essential for improving soil quality and nutrient uptake.With the gradual depletion of phosphorus(P)resources,more attention is being paid to the role of green manures in cultivation systems,such as maize-green manure intercropping,to find possible pathways for enhancing soil P utilization.A maize-green manure intercropping experiment was started in 2009 to investigate the effects and mechanisms for enhancing P uptake and yield in maize.Three species of green manures(hairy vetch(HV),needle leaf pea(NP),sweet pea(SP))and a sole maize treatment(CK)were used,resulting in four treatments(CK,HVT,NPT,and SPT)in the experiment.During 2020-2023,the intercropping treatments enhanced maize yields in 2020 and 2021,particularly in HVT with increases of 13.7%(1.96 t ha^(-1))and 13.0%(2.13 t ha^(-1))compared with CK,respectively.Grain P accumulation of maize was significantly higher in the intercropping treatments than CK in 2020,2021,and 2023,and with an average increase of 10.6%over the four years(5.2% for NPT,10.8% for SPT and 15.9% for HVT)compared with CK.Intercropping promoted maize growth with a greater root length density and a higher organic acid release rate.HVT changed the soil properties more dramatically than the other treatments,with increases in the acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activities of 29.8 and 38.5%,respectively,in the topsoil(0-15 cm),while the soil p H was reduced by 0.37 units compared to CK(p H=8.44).Intercropping treatments facilitated the conversion of non-labile P to mod-labile P and stimulated the growth of soil bacteria in the topsoil.Compared with CK,the relative abundance of Gemmatimonadota,known for accumulating polyphosphate,and Actinobacteriota,a prominent source of bioactive compounds,increased significantly in the intercropping treatments,especially in HVT and SPT.A PLS-PM analysis showed that intercropping promoted soil P mobilization and the enrichment of beneficial bacteria by regulating maize root morphology and physiology.Our results highlight that maize-green manure intercropping optimizes root traits,soil properties and bacterial composition,which contribute to greater maize P uptake and yield,providing an effective strategy for sustainable crop production.
文摘"Give me 10 youths,and I will shake the world,"declared Soekarno,Indonesia's founding president.The sentiment might have been idealistic,but not false.History has never been driven by comfort,nor shaped solely by inheritance.Its most significant turning points have emerged from those with youth,conviction,and courage ingrained in them.Progress starts when young people not only dream but also take action.Sometimes,the boldest move is not to run towards the glow of cities,but to turn back-to one's soil,roots,and forgotten homeand help them flourish.
基金supported by the Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund,China(CX(23)1011)the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-28)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31901837)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M671389)the Basal Research Fund for the Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences,China(ZX(23)3016)the Yafu Technology Service Project,China(KF(23)1106)。
文摘In recent years,an unusual wilt disease affecting Pyrus pyrifolia has been observed in various regions of Jiangsu,China.This disease originates from the roots and progresses with distinctive browning patterns along vascular tissues,even extending over two meters above the ground.These symptoms set it apart from recognized pear diseases and typically lead to the death of affected trees within the same or the following year.Furthermore,this disease exhibits a tendency to spread to neighboring trees even after the removal of affected trees,presenting a substantial threat to pear production.To ascertain the causative agent,the present study encompassed pathogen isolation,morphological and molecular identification,as well as validation experiments adhering to Koch's postulates.The fungal isolates obtained were identified as Fusarium cugenangense based on characteristics of the colonies and conidia,in addition to a phylogenetic analysis using DNA sequences of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha(tef1),calmodulin(Ca M),and RNA polymerase second largest subunit(rpb2)genes.Pathogenicity of the isolated F.cugenangense on pear was confirmed by artificial inoculation.By introducing GFP-labeled pathogens into the roots,colonization in stem and leaf tissues was observed via fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.Furthermore,these pathogens were successfully reisolated from stems and foliage,conclusively providing evidence of systemic infection within the pear plants.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first report of F.cugenangense causing pear wilt disease in China.
文摘Peony root bark extract as was used the research object,and used a series of biochemical and cellular experiments to investigate its whitening,anti-inflammatory,oil control,acne,and inhibition of the growth of Malassezia.The results showed that the inhibition rate of melanin synthesis was significantly increased to 86.43%at a concentration of 2.0%;the secretion of inflammatory factors IL-1αand IL-6 by macrophages(RAW264.7)was significantly reduced to 4.94 pg/mL and 6.42 pg/mL,respectively;the fluorescence signal of Nile red in sebaceous gland cells(SZ95)was significantly reduced to 57.5%;the inhibition rate of Propionibacterium acnes was 37.7%for 20 min of action;and the average inhibition rate of Malassezia marcescens was 78.1%for 20 min of action.Thus,it can be seen that the peony root bark extract has multiple skin-care effects and is a natural and healthy cosmetic plant raw material,which provides a solid theoretical basis for its application in cosmetics.
基金Dept of Science and Technology,Govt.of India,DST/SEED/SCSP/STI/2019/253.
文摘Chamaedorea seifrizii is a bamboo plant that is mainly used for its air-purifying properties and ornamental value.Due to the scarcity of reports on its phytochemical constitutes,this study was aimed at chemical profiling,phytochemical analysis and evaluation of its in-vitro biological activities of acetone extracts of auxiliary inflorescence and fruits of Chamaedorea seifrizii accompanied by in-silico analysis.Standard techniques were employed for phytochemical screening of phenolics,flavonoids and tannins and anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory tests.In-silico analysis coupled with molecular dynamics simulation was also conducted to find out interaction of some components to inflammatory responses.Bioactive compounds in auxiliary inflorescence and fruit extracts were studied using a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector(GC-FID).Numerous antioxidant tests were carried out,including those for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH),hydroxyl radicals,and nitric oxide radicals and shown that all both extracts depicted exorbitant levels of activities with values ranging from 48 to 96%.Results of GC-FID revealed maximum 18-22 constituents in acetone fractions with phenethyl cinnamate and hinokione as predominant components in auxiliary inflorescence and fruits,respectively.In addition,a strong anti-inflammatory activity was observed with acetone containing extracts.In-silico analysis validated the interaction of phytocomponents to inflammation initiation enzymes.Phytochemicals found in Chamaedorea seifrizii extracts may have pharmacological,antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.Chamaedorea seifrizii may be used in this study to produce new herbal remedies for a range of illnesses,perhaps resulting in the development of novel drugs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52370112).
文摘In order to address the evolving emission characteristics of oxygenated volatile organic compounds(OVOCs),it is essential to develop adsorbent materials specifically designed for the efficient adsorption of OVOCs with large kinetic diameters.In this study,we used co-pyrolysis to prepare a series of graded porous carbon materials with well-developed micropores by adjusting the doping ratios of root nodules and pretreated cellulose.The material with root nodule to cellulose mass ratio of 1:1(TCC-RN-1)exhibited the highest saturated adsorption capacity for butyl acetate(834 mg/g).This can be attributed to enhanced pore size distribution from nodule doping,which facilitates the development of a micropore-graded structure.Additionally,the nodules acted as auxiliary activating agents that enhanced the KOH micropore regulation effect during the activation stage,resulting in the highest micropore volume(0.863 cm^(3)/g).The doping of root nodules facilitated the formation of additional defects on the surface of the porous carbon material,leading to a more disordered arrangement that improved pollutant adsorption.Furthermore,TCC-RN-1 demonstrated good thermal stability in an air atmosphere,main-taining a butyl acetate adsorption capacity exceeding 95%after five adsorption-desorption cycles.This indicates its favorable potential for industrial applications.
文摘The Phewa watershed is under constant landslide threat because of its complicated topography,climate,and biology.The floral structure of landslide-prone areas possesses a significant impact on determining the ecological processes involved in slope stabilization.Plant roots,for example,serve as physical anchors in the soil,enhancing slope stability.Therefore,this study aims to determine appropriate plant species that can enhance soil stability in Phewa Watershed by examining their floral structure in landslide areas.Floral diversity was assessed throughout field visits.Ten of the 46 landslides were selected with 15 plots based on aspect,watershed zones,and normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)value.Six plant species were selected to evaluate root traits,uprooting force,and cellulosic testing based on their Important Value Index(IVI)value,native characteristics,and regeneration.The uprooting force was calculated using a‘winch’with a force transducer,while the root characteristics were measured manually and using‘ImageJ software’.Results show that 319 species from 92 families are registered in the buffer zones and landslide scars,and the NDVI suggest that vegetation covers more than 49%of the landslide areas.The floral composition of the landslides in the 15 plots contains 140 species from 52 families,with Poaceae dominating.In six plant species,the Ochiai index suggests a significant level of association.The uprooting force is correlated to the root diameter and number but is insignificant in terms of root length and area.Saccharum spontaneum is the best option for landslide stability based on uprooting force(882.63±245.175)N,cellulose content(67.038±4.766)%and root number characteristic(69.333±24.338)whereas Themeda arundinacea is preferred due to its root diameter traits(0.054±0.022)cm.Finally,it emphasizes the significance of selecting key species in lowering the risk of landslides,strengthening soil stability,and building resilient ecosystems in susceptible watershed areas.
基金supported by National Training Program of Innovation and Entrepreneurship for Undergraduates(202510163044).
文摘The combination of Daphnes Cortex(DC)and Liquorice Root(LR),two traditional Chinese medicinal herbs,has shown significant therapeutic effects on rheumatoid arthritis(RA),but its synergistic mechanism of action remains to be elucidated.Employing a network pharmacology and molecular docking approach,this study systematically investigated the synergistic mechanism of the herb pair DC and LR in RA treatment.Active components and their corresponding targets were retrieved from the TCMSP database and relevant literature,and RA-related targets were collected from established disease databases.A total of 73 overlapping targets between DC-LR and RA were identified,among which core targets such as AKT1,TNF,and CASP3 were highlighted.GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that these targets are involved in biological processes such as oxidative stress response and cell migration,and are significantly enriched in key pathways including HIF-1,TNF,and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways.Compatibility analysis further revealed that the combination of DC and LR may enhance therapeutic effects through synergistic regulation of shared targets and complementary modulation of upstream and downstream pathway components.Molecular docking confirmed strong binding affinities between core active components and key targets.This study provides a multi-dimensional“component-target-pathway”perspective on the potential synergistic anti-RA mechanism of the DC-LR herb pair,offering a theoretical basis for further experimental validation and clinical application.
基金funded by the Key Research and Development Projects in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2022B03024-3)the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Central Leading Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project(ZYYD2024CG20)the Autonomous Region'Tianshan Talents'Training Program Young Top Talents Project(2023TSYCJU0007).
文摘The banks in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River in China are weak in erosion resistance and prone to collapse.Vegetation,as a natural reinforcement material,can effectively improve slope stability and curb soil erosion.In March and July 2023,a field survey was conducted on the types and distribution characteristics of vegetation along both banks of a certain section in the lower reaches of the Tarim River.Taking COMSOL Multiphysics as the finite element numerical simulation platform,we investigated the variation law of bank slope stability in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River under different root morphologies,considering changes in transpiration time,rainfall,and water level under the action of hydro-mechanical reinforcement.The findings showed that vegetation transpiration has a significant effect on soil pore water pressure.Given the same transpiration rate,shorter root systems produced greater pore water pressure.For equal root lengths,the pore water pressures generated by roots in exponential and triangular morphologies were significantly greater than those generated by roots in uniformly distributed and parabolic morphologies.The water absorption capacity of the root system increased with transpiration rate.After 7 d of transpiration,the maximum safety factor of the bank slope reinforced by exponential roots was 1.568,which was a 9.88%improvement over that of the bare slope.After 24 h of rainfall,the effect of vegetation transpiration on soil pore water pressure weakened rapidly;the pore water pressure of the surface soil generated by transpiration from vegetation with different root morphologies was concentrated near–10.00 kPa.After rainfall,the displacement of the exponential root reinforced slope was minimized to 0.137 m.The effect of transpiration-induced changes in substrate suction on slope stability was negligible during the rainfall period.Compared with that of the bare slope,the displacements of bank slopes reinforced by root systems significantly increased.The maximum displacement occurred when the water level changed by 1.5 m/d;the displacement of the bare slope was 0.554 m,whereas the displacements of bank slopes reinforced by roots in different morphologies were 0.260–0.273 m.The impact of vegetation transpiration on the safety factor of riverbanks under sudden water level drops was relatively minor,but it can enhance the stability of riverbanks to a certain extent.Among these,riverbanks reinforced by roots in triangular and exponential morphologies exhibited superior stability compared with those reinforced by uniformly distributed or parabolic root systems.The findings offer a theoretical basis and practical guidance for designing vegetation slope protection in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFF1000500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32372231)(3187101212)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-04-PS21)。
文摘Flavonoids produced by legume roots act as signaling molecules that induce the expression of nod genes in symbiotic rhizobia.However,the role of flavonoids in root exudates under intercropping systems in promoting soybean nodulation remains unclear.Two consecutive years of field experiments were conducted using maize–soybean strip intercropping with interspecific row spacings of 30 cm(MS30),45 cm(MS45),and 60 cm(MS60),along with sole cropping of soybean(SS)and maize(MM).Root interactions were manipulated using either no root barrier(NB)or a polyethylene plastic barrier(PB)to assess the relationship between flavonoids in root exudates and soybean nodulation.We found that root–root interaction between soybean and maize increased nodule number and fresh weight in intercropped soybean,with enhancement gradually increasing as interspecific distance widened.The proportion of nodules with diameters exceeding 0.4 cm was higher in intercropped soybean under NB compared to PB.Additionally,the expression of nodule-related genes-GmENOD40,Gm NIN2b,and Gm EXPB2-was up-regulated.Furthermore,compared to monocropping,isoflavone secretion by soybean roots decreased,whereas flavonoid and flavonol secretion by both maize and soybean roots increased under intercropping.The abundance of differentially secreted flavonoid metabolites in the rhizosphere of both species declined when root contact was prevented by the barrier.In soybean roots,the expression of Gm CHS8 and Gm IFS1 was up-regulated,while Gm ICHG was down-regulated under root interaction.Most flavonoid and flavonol compounds showed positive correlations with nodule diameter.Nodule number,fresh weight,and the proportion of nodules larger than 0.2 cm increased in diverse soybean genotypes treated with maize root exudates,which contributed to enhanced nitrogen fixation capacity.Therefore,maize–soybean strip intercropping,combined with optimal row spacing,enhances the positive effects of underground root interactions and improves nodulation and nitrogen fixation in intercropped soybean.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32300512)and the Xplorer Prize.
文摘Root nodule symbiosis(RNS)is a mutualistic association formed between nitrogen-fixing rhizobia or Frankia and host plants limited to four orders within Rosid I―Fabales,Fagales,Cucurbitales,and Rosales―which comprise the so-called‘Nitrogen Fixing Nodulation Clade’(NFNC).The majority of nodulation studies have focused on Leguminosae,given their agricultural and environmental importance,as well as the widespread occurrence of nodulation among members of this family.Endowing cereal crops with nitrogen fixation,like Leguminosae,presents a strategy to reduce the detrimental effects of synthetic fertilizer overuse.Different hypotheses on the origin of RNS have been proposed;however,key genetic innovations underlying the evolution of RNS,even in Leguminosae,have been rarely reported.In this review,we begin by examining current knowledge of genetic innovations―including gene gain,gene loss,and the acquisition or loss of conserved noncoding sequences(CNS)in preexisting genes.We explore the available evidence supporting these genetic innovations underlying the evolution of RNS in Leguminosae and offer the phylogenomics approach that could be applied to uncover these genetic innovations.Finally,we conclude by proposing a model of genetic innovations underlying the evolution of RNS in Leguminosae and consider the potential implications for the development of nitrogen-fixing crops.
基金supported by Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U21A20228).
文摘Root rot is a prevalent soil-borne fungal disease in citrus.Citron C-05(Citrus medica)stands out as a germplasm within Citrus spp.due to its complete resistance to citrus canker and favorable characteristics such as single embryo and easy rooting.However,Citron C-05 was found to be highly susceptible to root rot during cultivation,with the specific pathogens previously unknown.In this study,four candidate fungal species were isolated from Citron C-05 roots.Sequence analysis of ITS,EF-1a,RPB1,and RPB2 identified two Fusarium solani strains,Rr-2 and Rr-4,as the candidates causing root rot in Citron C-05.Resistance tests showed these two pathogens increased root damage rate from 10.30%to 35.69%in Citron C-05,sour orange(Citrus aurantium),sweet orange(Citrus sinensis)and pummelo(Citrus grandis).F.solani exhibited the weak pathogenicity towards trifoliate orange(Poncirus trifoliata).DAB staining revealed none of reddish-brown precipitation in the four susceptible citrus germplasm after infection with F.solani,while trifoliate orange exhibited significant H2O2 accumulation.Trypan blue staining indicated increased cell death in the four susceptible citrus germplasm following infection with these two pathogens but not in trifoliate orange.These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of citrus root rot and support future research on the mechanisms of root rot resistance in citrus.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82072162(to XY).
文摘To perform various functions in the body,skeletal muscle is controlled and coordinated as a whole by nerves.However,there has been little research into whether the nerve control characteristics of different muscles are different,and the importance of these potential differences.In the present study,we used a three-dimensional imaging of solvent-cleared organ-compatible multi-tracer technique to explore the spatial distribution patterns of sensory and sympathetic neurons that innervate limb muscles.We integrated transcriptome sequencing datasets from mouse limb muscles in public databases and performed correlation analysis with neuronal spatial distribution data to reveal the unique effects of different types of neurons on muscle functional pathways.In terms of spatial distribution patterns,sympathetic neurons exhibited a more concentrated distribution than sensory and motor neurons.In addition,the neuronal innervation of limb muscles exhibited four different characteristics:sympathetic neuron-rich muscle,sensory neuron-rich muscle,neuron-sparse muscle,and motor neuron-rich muscle.Sensory neuron density was mainly associated with muscle contractile structure and cell pH,whereas sympathetic neuron density was associated with protein kinase activity,muscle vasculature,muscle calcium-dependent protein kinase activity,lipid transport,and vesicle release.Motor neuron density was mainly associated with protein kinase activity,cell adhesion,oxidoreductase activity,and exocytosis.These findings may contribute to a deeper understanding of how nerves cooperate to endow muscles with diverse physiological functions,thereby providing new insights and experimental evidence for the treatment of various neuromuscular diseases.
