This paper studied the effects of cinnamon acid treatments on the respiratory rate and related enzymes activity in the seedling roots of Malus hupehensis Rehd.It would provide information for understanding the mechani...This paper studied the effects of cinnamon acid treatments on the respiratory rate and related enzymes activity in the seedling roots of Malus hupehensis Rehd.It would provide information for understanding the mechanisms of inhibition damage caused by continuous cultivation of apple tree.20 mL of solution containing different concentrations of cinnamon acid was added into container with the tested seedlings.After treatment,the samples were taken periodically and the respiratory rates were measured by OXY-LAB oxygen electrodes under 25°C stable temperature and then the activities of related enzymes were measured.The rates of total respiration and other 2 pathways [tricarboxylic acid cycle （TCA） and pentose phosphate pathway （PPP）] appeared initially an increasing treads and late （on the 3rd d） began to decline.However,they again appeared an increase trend at the end period,on the contrast,the respiratory rate of embden-meyer- hot-parnas （EMP） pathway appeared a stead decline tread but it had a recover on the last day.The respiratory rate of total and 3 pathways were decreased under 125 mg kg-1 （soil）.The dynamic trends of the enzymes activities of pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase （PFK）,glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase （G-6-PDH） and malate dehydrogenase （MDH） showed similarly.In conclusion,treatments of certain concentration of cinnamon acid would inhibit the respiratory rate and related enzymes activity of roots of M.hupehensis Rehd.And the inhibition degrees were positively related with concentration of cinnamon acid treatments.展开更多
Double-seed sowing(two seeds per hole)is the dominant pattern of peanut sowing in China,but within-hole plant competition usually limits their growth and yield formation.Besides,the traditional double-seed sowing meth...Double-seed sowing(two seeds per hole)is the dominant pattern of peanut sowing in China,but within-hole plant competition usually limits their growth and yield formation.Besides,the traditional double-seed sowing method does not facilitate mechanization during sowing.The objective of this study was to determine if single-seed sowing at a proper seeding rate yielded better than traditional double-seed sowing pattern and the differences of physiological metabolism of roots.A field experiment was conducted in two consecutive years to compare pod yields of single-seed sowing at 180000(S180),225000(S225),and 270000 seeds ha^-1(S270)with that of double-seed sowing at 270000 seeds ha^-1(D270)using a completely randomized block design with four replications.And the root bleeding sap rate,nutrient content,and the main hormone contents in root bleeding sap were also comparatively investigated.Although the pod yields of single-seed sowing at the three densities were higher than that of traditional double-seed sowing(D270),S225 yielded better than the other two single-seed sowing treatments(S180 and S270).The increased pod yield in single-seed sowing at 225000 seeds ha^-1 was mainly due to the higher pod dry weight per plant and harvest index.The improved pod dry weight and shoot growth had closely relationship with the enhanced root physiological traits such as the increased root bleeding sap rate,content of free amino acids,soluble sugars,K^+,Mg^2+,Zn^2+,and Ca^2+of the individual plant root.The improved activity of root reductive,nitrate reductase(NR)and ATPase and higher zeatin and zeatin riboside(Z+ZR)content of root bleeding sap were alsocrucial to the pod and shoot growth of peanut.Single-seed sowing at a moderate seeding rate(S225)is a potential practice to increase pod yield and to save seed cost.展开更多
Picea crassifolia Kom, a perennial arbor spe- cies is recognized as one of the most adaptable plants found to date in Qilian Mountains. To explore the cutting reproduction technology of P. crassifolia and reveal its r...Picea crassifolia Kom, a perennial arbor spe- cies is recognized as one of the most adaptable plants found to date in Qilian Mountains. To explore the cutting reproduction technology of P. crassifolia and reveal its rooting mechanism, cuttings of P. crassifolia with different cutting types （softwood, hardwood and root）, positions （top, upper, middle and bottom） and ages （7, 10, 15, 20, 25 year-old） were cultivated in a field experiment. One- year old softwood and hardwood cuttings were collected from 7-, 10-, 15-, 20-, and 25 year-old healthy ortets to analyze the changes from endogenous hormones and organic nutrients. Results indicate that the softwood cut- tings （0.5-1.0 cm in diameter） from upper branches of 15 year-old ortets shows better growth performance by improving rooting indexes, including a significant increasein rooting rate and a decrease in basal rot rate. Concomi- tantly, increasing rooting quantity and root length also increased. It is noteworthy that the high rooting rate of P. crassifolia cuttings due to its ability to accumulate high concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid （IAA） and total carbon （TC） rather than abscisic acid （ABA） and total nitrogen （TN）. The rooting rate was mainly regulated by the IAA/ABA and TC/TN ratio. In summary, our results suggest that the softwood cuttings （0.5-1.0 cm in diameter） from upper branches of 15 year-old P. crassifolia can be considered as an effective strategy to improve cutting rooting rate, and the IAA/ABA and TC/TN ratio was one of the main factors limiting the cutting rooting rate of P. crassifolia.展开更多
The variation in nitrogen （N） uptake by rice has been widely studied but differences in rice root morphology that may contribute to this variation are not completely understood. Field and greenhouse experiments were...The variation in nitrogen （N） uptake by rice has been widely studied but differences in rice root morphology that may contribute to this variation are not completely understood. Field and greenhouse experiments were carried out to study N accumulation, root dry weights, total root lengths, root surface areas, and root bleeding rates of two rice cultivars, Elio with low N-use efficiency and Nanguang with high N-use efficiency. Low （1 mmol N L^-1） and high （5 mmol N L^-1） N applications were established in the greenhouse experiment, and the N rates were 0, 120, and 240 kg ha^-1 in the field experiments at Jiangning and Jiangpu farms, Nanjing, China. The results showed that the N accumulation, root dry weight, total root length, and root surface area increased with an increase in N application. At the heading stage, N accumulation in the shoots and roots of Nanguang was greater than that of Elio in the field experiments and that of Elio at 5 mmol N L^-1 in the greenhouse experiment. After the heading stage, N accumulation was higher for Nanguang at both 1 and 5 mmol N L^-1 in the greenhouse experiment. The total root length and root surface area were significantly different between the two cultivars. Over the range of the fertilizer application rates, the root lengths of Nanguang at Jiangning Farm were 49%-6170 greater at booting and 26%-39% greater at heading than those of Elio, and at Jiangpu Farm they were 22%-42% and 26%-38% greater, respectively. Nanguang had a greater root bleeding rate than Elio. It was concluded that the N-use efficiency of the two rice cultivars studied depended to a great extent on the root morphological parameters and root physiological characteristics at different growth stages.展开更多
[Objectives]To explore the cutting propagation mode of citrus rootstock,improve the survival rooting rate of citrus rootstock,and provide theoretical guidance and technical reference for the rooting research of diffic...[Objectives]To explore the cutting propagation mode of citrus rootstock,improve the survival rooting rate of citrus rootstock,and provide theoretical guidance and technical reference for the rooting research of difficult-to-root plants such as citrus.[Methods]Five citrus rootstocks Citrus tangerina Tanaka‘Hongju’,Citrus haniana Hort‘Suanju’,Citrus limonia Osbeck‘Hongningmeng’,Citrus sinensis×Poncirus trifoliata‘Zhicheng’and Poncirus trifoliate(L)Raf.‘Zhike’were used as experimental materials to select the suitable cutting substrate for citrus rootstocks by measuring the physical properties of the substrate.Cutting was carried out in spring,summer,autumn and winter respectively.After cutting,the morphological changes of cuttings were observed regularly,and the callus rate,germination rate and rooting rate of cuttings were recorded.[Results]The best substrate for citrus rootstock cutting was peat soil,vermiculite and fine river sand(2:1:1).The callus of citrus rootstock in different cutting seasons began to appear in 10-22 d,and the callus rate reached 55%-100%.In terms of budding,the budding time was the earliest in summer and autumn,and slightly later in spring and winter;the germination rate of C.limonia Osbeck‘Hongningmeng’was the highest,and the germination rate of C.sinensis×P.trifoliata‘Zhicheng’and P.trifoliate(L)Raf.‘Zhike’was lower;in terms of rooting,C.limonia Osbeck‘Hongningmeng’had the earliest rooting time and the highest rooting rate and could reach 100%in all seasons;the rooting rate of C.tangerina Tanaka‘Hongju’was 50%-80%;the rooting rate of C.haniana Hort‘Suanju’was 60%-80%;C.sinensis×P.trifoliata‘Zhicheng’and P.trifoliate(L)Raf.‘Zhike’showed the earliest rooting time and the highest rooting rate in summer,and the latest rooting time and the lowest rooting rate in winter,which were only 14.5%.Therefore,different citrus rootstock varieties should choose the appropriate cutting time according to their own characteristics.[Conclusions]The results of this study can provide a scientific basis for a large number of cutting propagation of different citrus rootstocks,and have practical guiding significance for large-scale planting.展开更多
[Objectives] This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different treatments on rooting and germination of Paeonia rockii T. Hong et J.J.Li seeds. [Methods] Different stratification time and temperatures a...[Objectives] This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different treatments on rooting and germination of Paeonia rockii T. Hong et J.J.Li seeds. [Methods] Different stratification time and temperatures and different GA_3 concentrations and treatment time were set to screen the optimum treatment method for promoting seed rooting and germination. [Results] The rooting rate was the highest when the seeds were subjected to 30 d of stratification treatment in an incubator at 25℃, and treated with 300 mg/L GA_3 for 24 h. Soaking the seeds with 300 mg/L GA_3 for 24 h combined with 30 d of stratification treatment was most beneficial to germination, and the germination rate was over 90%. [Conclusions] This study provides technical guidance and basic information for the rooting and germination of P. rockii seeds.展开更多
Root distribution of three desert shrubs,Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.,Haloxylon ammodendron(C.A.Mey.) Bunge and Reaumuria soongorica(Pall.) Maxim.was investigated under co-occurring conditions using a method for excavat...Root distribution of three desert shrubs,Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.,Haloxylon ammodendron(C.A.Mey.) Bunge and Reaumuria soongorica(Pall.) Maxim.was investigated under co-occurring conditions using a method for excavating the whole root system.Assimilation shoot water potential and transpiration rates were monitored during the wet-dry cycle.Leaf-specific apparent hydraulic conductance and the index of water stress impact for the three species were calculated from shoot water potential and transpiration rate.The results showed that,along the soil profile,the root system of T.ramosissima mainly distributed at 50 to 310 cm interval,with an average total absorbing root-surface area of 30,249.2 cm2 per plant;the root system of H.ammodendraom distributed at 0 to 250 cm interval with an average total absorbing root-surface area of 12,847.3 cm2 per plant;the root system of R.soongorica distributed at 0-80 cm interval,with an average total absorbing root-surface area of 361.8 cm2.The root distribution shows the following:T.ramosissima uses groundwater as its main water source;H.ammodendraom uses both groundwater and rainwater;and R.soongorica uses rainwater only.During the wet-dry cycle,the hydraulic parameters of T.ramosissima showed no responses to precipitation.R.soongorica responded most significantly,and the responses of H.ammodendraom were intermediate.In conclusion,the plant response to rain events is closely related to their root distribution and plant water-use strategy.展开更多
基金suppoted by the Project of 948 from Ministry of Agriculture of China (2006-G28)the Non-profit Research Foundation from Ministry of Agriculture of China (nyhyzx07-024)+1 种基金the Ear Marked Fund for Modern Agro-Industry Technology Research System, Chinathe Key Innovation Project for Agricultural Application Technology of Shandong Province, China.
文摘This paper studied the effects of cinnamon acid treatments on the respiratory rate and related enzymes activity in the seedling roots of Malus hupehensis Rehd.It would provide information for understanding the mechanisms of inhibition damage caused by continuous cultivation of apple tree.20 mL of solution containing different concentrations of cinnamon acid was added into container with the tested seedlings.After treatment,the samples were taken periodically and the respiratory rates were measured by OXY-LAB oxygen electrodes under 25°C stable temperature and then the activities of related enzymes were measured.The rates of total respiration and other 2 pathways [tricarboxylic acid cycle （TCA） and pentose phosphate pathway （PPP）] appeared initially an increasing treads and late （on the 3rd d） began to decline.However,they again appeared an increase trend at the end period,on the contrast,the respiratory rate of embden-meyer- hot-parnas （EMP） pathway appeared a stead decline tread but it had a recover on the last day.The respiratory rate of total and 3 pathways were decreased under 125 mg kg-1 （soil）.The dynamic trends of the enzymes activities of pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase （PFK）,glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase （G-6-PDH） and malate dehydrogenase （MDH） showed similarly.In conclusion,treatments of certain concentration of cinnamon acid would inhibit the respiratory rate and related enzymes activity of roots of M.hupehensis Rehd.And the inhibition degrees were positively related with concentration of cinnamon acid treatments.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFD1000900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31571605,31801276)+5 种基金the Major Basic Research Project of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China(2018GHZ007)the Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Project in Shandong Province,China(2018YFJH0601)the Science and Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,China(CXGC2018D04,CXGC2016B03-1)the Agricultural Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,China(CXGC2018E13,CXGC2016B10,CXGC2018F6)the Major Agricultural Application Technology Innovation Project in Shandong Province,China(201706)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-13)。
文摘Double-seed sowing(two seeds per hole)is the dominant pattern of peanut sowing in China,but within-hole plant competition usually limits their growth and yield formation.Besides,the traditional double-seed sowing method does not facilitate mechanization during sowing.The objective of this study was to determine if single-seed sowing at a proper seeding rate yielded better than traditional double-seed sowing pattern and the differences of physiological metabolism of roots.A field experiment was conducted in two consecutive years to compare pod yields of single-seed sowing at 180000(S180),225000(S225),and 270000 seeds ha^-1(S270)with that of double-seed sowing at 270000 seeds ha^-1(D270)using a completely randomized block design with four replications.And the root bleeding sap rate,nutrient content,and the main hormone contents in root bleeding sap were also comparatively investigated.Although the pod yields of single-seed sowing at the three densities were higher than that of traditional double-seed sowing(D270),S225 yielded better than the other two single-seed sowing treatments(S180 and S270).The increased pod yield in single-seed sowing at 225000 seeds ha^-1 was mainly due to the higher pod dry weight per plant and harvest index.The improved pod dry weight and shoot growth had closely relationship with the enhanced root physiological traits such as the increased root bleeding sap rate,content of free amino acids,soluble sugars,K^+,Mg^2+,Zn^2+,and Ca^2+of the individual plant root.The improved activity of root reductive,nitrate reductase(NR)and ATPase and higher zeatin and zeatin riboside(Z+ZR)content of root bleeding sap were alsocrucial to the pod and shoot growth of peanut.Single-seed sowing at a moderate seeding rate(S225)is a potential practice to increase pod yield and to save seed cost.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31360086)the grant from the major state basic research development program of china(973 program,No.2013CB429903)
文摘Picea crassifolia Kom, a perennial arbor spe- cies is recognized as one of the most adaptable plants found to date in Qilian Mountains. To explore the cutting reproduction technology of P. crassifolia and reveal its rooting mechanism, cuttings of P. crassifolia with different cutting types （softwood, hardwood and root）, positions （top, upper, middle and bottom） and ages （7, 10, 15, 20, 25 year-old） were cultivated in a field experiment. One- year old softwood and hardwood cuttings were collected from 7-, 10-, 15-, 20-, and 25 year-old healthy ortets to analyze the changes from endogenous hormones and organic nutrients. Results indicate that the softwood cut- tings （0.5-1.0 cm in diameter） from upper branches of 15 year-old ortets shows better growth performance by improving rooting indexes, including a significant increasein rooting rate and a decrease in basal rot rate. Concomi- tantly, increasing rooting quantity and root length also increased. It is noteworthy that the high rooting rate of P. crassifolia cuttings due to its ability to accumulate high concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid （IAA） and total carbon （TC） rather than abscisic acid （ABA） and total nitrogen （TN）. The rooting rate was mainly regulated by the IAA/ABA and TC/TN ratio. In summary, our results suggest that the softwood cuttings （0.5-1.0 cm in diameter） from upper branches of 15 year-old P. crassifolia can be considered as an effective strategy to improve cutting rooting rate, and the IAA/ABA and TC/TN ratio was one of the main factors limiting the cutting rooting rate of P. crassifolia.
基金Supported by the National Key Basic Research Program (973 Program) of China (No.2007CB109304)the NationalNatural Science Foundation of China (Nos.30771290 and 30671234)
文摘The variation in nitrogen （N） uptake by rice has been widely studied but differences in rice root morphology that may contribute to this variation are not completely understood. Field and greenhouse experiments were carried out to study N accumulation, root dry weights, total root lengths, root surface areas, and root bleeding rates of two rice cultivars, Elio with low N-use efficiency and Nanguang with high N-use efficiency. Low （1 mmol N L^-1） and high （5 mmol N L^-1） N applications were established in the greenhouse experiment, and the N rates were 0, 120, and 240 kg ha^-1 in the field experiments at Jiangning and Jiangpu farms, Nanjing, China. The results showed that the N accumulation, root dry weight, total root length, and root surface area increased with an increase in N application. At the heading stage, N accumulation in the shoots and roots of Nanguang was greater than that of Elio in the field experiments and that of Elio at 5 mmol N L^-1 in the greenhouse experiment. After the heading stage, N accumulation was higher for Nanguang at both 1 and 5 mmol N L^-1 in the greenhouse experiment. The total root length and root surface area were significantly different between the two cultivars. Over the range of the fertilizer application rates, the root lengths of Nanguang at Jiangning Farm were 49%-6170 greater at booting and 26%-39% greater at heading than those of Elio, and at Jiangpu Farm they were 22%-42% and 26%-38% greater, respectively. Nanguang had a greater root bleeding rate than Elio. It was concluded that the N-use efficiency of the two rice cultivars studied depended to a great extent on the root morphological parameters and root physiological characteristics at different growth stages.
基金Supported by National Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System Project of Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs(CARS-26)Guangdong Science and Technology Department Project of High-quality Development in Hundred Counties,Thousands Towns and Ten Thousand Villages.
文摘[Objectives]To explore the cutting propagation mode of citrus rootstock,improve the survival rooting rate of citrus rootstock,and provide theoretical guidance and technical reference for the rooting research of difficult-to-root plants such as citrus.[Methods]Five citrus rootstocks Citrus tangerina Tanaka‘Hongju’,Citrus haniana Hort‘Suanju’,Citrus limonia Osbeck‘Hongningmeng’,Citrus sinensis×Poncirus trifoliata‘Zhicheng’and Poncirus trifoliate(L)Raf.‘Zhike’were used as experimental materials to select the suitable cutting substrate for citrus rootstocks by measuring the physical properties of the substrate.Cutting was carried out in spring,summer,autumn and winter respectively.After cutting,the morphological changes of cuttings were observed regularly,and the callus rate,germination rate and rooting rate of cuttings were recorded.[Results]The best substrate for citrus rootstock cutting was peat soil,vermiculite and fine river sand(2:1:1).The callus of citrus rootstock in different cutting seasons began to appear in 10-22 d,and the callus rate reached 55%-100%.In terms of budding,the budding time was the earliest in summer and autumn,and slightly later in spring and winter;the germination rate of C.limonia Osbeck‘Hongningmeng’was the highest,and the germination rate of C.sinensis×P.trifoliata‘Zhicheng’and P.trifoliate(L)Raf.‘Zhike’was lower;in terms of rooting,C.limonia Osbeck‘Hongningmeng’had the earliest rooting time and the highest rooting rate and could reach 100%in all seasons;the rooting rate of C.tangerina Tanaka‘Hongju’was 50%-80%;the rooting rate of C.haniana Hort‘Suanju’was 60%-80%;C.sinensis×P.trifoliata‘Zhicheng’and P.trifoliate(L)Raf.‘Zhike’showed the earliest rooting time and the highest rooting rate in summer,and the latest rooting time and the lowest rooting rate in winter,which were only 14.5%.Therefore,different citrus rootstock varieties should choose the appropriate cutting time according to their own characteristics.[Conclusions]The results of this study can provide a scientific basis for a large number of cutting propagation of different citrus rootstocks,and have practical guiding significance for large-scale planting.
基金Supported by the Cooperative Project Between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Korea
文摘[Objectives] This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different treatments on rooting and germination of Paeonia rockii T. Hong et J.J.Li seeds. [Methods] Different stratification time and temperatures and different GA_3 concentrations and treatment time were set to screen the optimum treatment method for promoting seed rooting and germination. [Results] The rooting rate was the highest when the seeds were subjected to 30 d of stratification treatment in an incubator at 25℃, and treated with 300 mg/L GA_3 for 24 h. Soaking the seeds with 300 mg/L GA_3 for 24 h combined with 30 d of stratification treatment was most beneficial to germination, and the germination rate was over 90%. [Conclusions] This study provides technical guidance and basic information for the rooting and germination of P. rockii seeds.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40725002)
文摘Root distribution of three desert shrubs,Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.,Haloxylon ammodendron(C.A.Mey.) Bunge and Reaumuria soongorica(Pall.) Maxim.was investigated under co-occurring conditions using a method for excavating the whole root system.Assimilation shoot water potential and transpiration rates were monitored during the wet-dry cycle.Leaf-specific apparent hydraulic conductance and the index of water stress impact for the three species were calculated from shoot water potential and transpiration rate.The results showed that,along the soil profile,the root system of T.ramosissima mainly distributed at 50 to 310 cm interval,with an average total absorbing root-surface area of 30,249.2 cm2 per plant;the root system of H.ammodendraom distributed at 0 to 250 cm interval with an average total absorbing root-surface area of 12,847.3 cm2 per plant;the root system of R.soongorica distributed at 0-80 cm interval,with an average total absorbing root-surface area of 361.8 cm2.The root distribution shows the following:T.ramosissima uses groundwater as its main water source;H.ammodendraom uses both groundwater and rainwater;and R.soongorica uses rainwater only.During the wet-dry cycle,the hydraulic parameters of T.ramosissima showed no responses to precipitation.R.soongorica responded most significantly,and the responses of H.ammodendraom were intermediate.In conclusion,the plant response to rain events is closely related to their root distribution and plant water-use strategy.
