A statistically based optimization strategy is used to optimize the carbothermal reduction technology for the synthesis of LiFePO4/C using LiOH,FePO4 and sucrose as raw materials.The experimental data for fitting the ...A statistically based optimization strategy is used to optimize the carbothermal reduction technology for the synthesis of LiFePO4/C using LiOH,FePO4 and sucrose as raw materials.The experimental data for fitting the response are collected by the central composite rotatable design(CCD).A second order model for the discharge ca-pacity of LiFePO4/C is expressed as a function of sintering temperature,sintering time and carbon content.The ef-fects of individual variables and their interactions are studied by a statistical analysis(ANOVA).The results show that the linear effects and the quadratic effects of sintering temperature,carbon content and the interactions among these variables are statistically significant,while those effects of sintering time are insignificant.Response surface plots for spatial representation of the model illustrate that the discharge capacity depends on sintering temperature and carbon content more than sintering time.The model obtained gives the optimized reaction parameters of sinter-ing temperature at 652.0 ℃,carbon content of 34.33 g?mol-1 and 8.48 h sintering time,corresponding to a dis-charge capacity of 150.8 mA·h·g-1.The confirmatory test with these optimum parameters gives the discharge ca-pacity of 147.2 and 105.1 mA·h·g-1 at 0.5 and 5 C,respectively.展开更多
Fossil-fuel burning greenhouse gas induced global warming has been recognized as global environmental problems,reduce and ultimately control the energy production in the use of CO_(2)emissions,global energy production...Fossil-fuel burning greenhouse gas induced global warming has been recognized as global environmental problems,reduce and ultimately control the energy production in the use of CO_(2)emissions,global energy production will be a major challenge.As a highly intensive materials and energy,iron and steel enterprises,need to be invested to produce one ton of steel about two tons of material and 0.7 t of standard coal energy,and while producing two tons of CO_(2).Therefore,reducing CO_(2)emissions from iron and steel industry has become the focus of the global steel industry.This paper describes an integrated domestic and international measures to control carbon dioxide emissions research progress and future technology trends,with emphasis on the domestic steel industry emissions of carbon dioxide status of technology development and industrialization of implementation of the proposed on this basis,including dry quenching technology,gas,power generation,coal moisture control technology,blast furnace injection plastics technology,the use of coking process for treating municipal waste plastics technology,sintering heat generation,low pressure saturated steam for power generation,metallurgical slag heat recovery technology,coke oven gas hydrogen technology and the other key technologies energy saving technologies,including the development,promotion and popularization of the steel industry in China will be the CO_(2)emission reduction technology direction and focus.At this stage,the Chinese steel industry can be improved the energy efficiency and recycling of waste heat and energy,reduce unit GDP,CO_(2)emissions;but in the long run,should increase CO_(2)capture and storage on the input of technology can possible effective control of the adverse effects of CO_(2)emissions.展开更多
With the continuous development of the times, the actual demand for chemical products in the current society only increases, so we should pay attention to the use quality and safety quality of chemical products. Consi...With the continuous development of the times, the actual demand for chemical products in the current society only increases, so we should pay attention to the use quality and safety quality of chemical products. Considering the potential safety hazards of chemical products, it is necessary to improve the production process of chemical products, improve the chemical production technology, gradually improve the safety management system of chemical production and manufacturing, and effectively integrate the energy-saving and consumption reduction technology into the chemical production process, so as to give full play to the role of energy-saving and consumption reduction concept.展开更多
In the operation process of the power plant, the boiler is the most important equipment, and the boiler operation consumes a lot of energy and increases the burden of the enterprises. In order to comprehensively impro...In the operation process of the power plant, the boiler is the most important equipment, and the boiler operation consumes a lot of energy and increases the burden of the enterprises. In order to comprehensively improve the environmental level and ensure the economic benefits of enterprises, we should advocate the concept of energy conservation in the whole society, and do a good job in the overall economic structural adjustment, so as to promote the rapid economic development. The problem of energy saving and consumption reduction in power plant boilers has attracted wide attention. Through the scientific and reasonable application of energy saving and consumption reduction technology, it can greatly save energy, reduce environmental pollution, but also improve the overall efficiency of power plants, and promote the healthy development of power plants.展开更多
NH3 is one of the leading causes of grey haze, and one of the main causes of serious ecological imbalances that result in environmental problems such as acid rain and air quality deterioration. At present, excessive f...NH3 is one of the leading causes of grey haze, and one of the main causes of serious ecological imbalances that result in environmental problems such as acid rain and air quality deterioration. At present, excessive fertilizer application greatly intensifies NH3 emissions intensity on farmland. In order to understand status and achievements of research on farmland NH3 emissions, the literature of farmland NH3 emission-related studies was retrieved from SCl journals and the Chinese science citation database. These are summarized with respect to the research progress on NH3 emission factors and emission reduction technologies. The future research direction of field NH3 emission and emission reduction technology need to strengthen the field observation on different soil environment and crop types, and understand the effect of NH3 emission on fertilizer application period and the proportion, temperature and organic fertilizer management in farmland mainly. The research results can provide more information about the factors that influence NH3 emissions. This study offers theoretical guidance and support directed at mitigating farmland NH3 emissions in the future.展开更多
Greenhouse gases, particularly the carbon dioxide, cause global warming and extreme weather, which has become a serious threat to human beings. The steel industry creates enormous amounts of carbon emission and has tr...Greenhouse gases, particularly the carbon dioxide, cause global warming and extreme weather, which has become a serious threat to human beings. The steel industry creates enormous amounts of carbon emission and has tremendous potential in carbon reduction. Considering the consistently increasing demand of iron and steel, to obtain significant carbon reduction by reducing the steel production is not practical, thus the development and implementa- tion of carbon reduction programs and technologies is important for the steel industry. Despite the significant poten- tial of carbon reduction in the steel industry, ironmaking and steelmaking processes are complex. Therefore, resear- ches and developments for the carbon reduction must focus on key processes. Here, key processes and technologies adopted in ULCOS program in EU, COURSE 50 program in Japan, POSCO program in South Korea, AISI pro- grams in US and other carbon reduction programs are summarized and evaluated, and feasible suggestions for carbon reduction in developing countries are presented. If effective measures can be referred to and taken in developing coun- tries, global carbon emission can be greatly reduced.展开更多
The industrial sector is the primary source of carbon emissions in China.In pursuit of meeting its carbon reduction targets,China aims to promote resource consumption sustainability,reduce energy consumption,and achie...The industrial sector is the primary source of carbon emissions in China.In pursuit of meeting its carbon reduction targets,China aims to promote resource consumption sustainability,reduce energy consumption,and achieve carbon neutrality within its processing industries.An effective strategy to promote energy savings and carbon reduction throughout the life cycle of materials is by applying life cycle engineering technology.This strategy aims to attain an optimal solution for material performance,resource consumption,and environmental impact.In this study,five types of technologies were considered:raw material replacement,process reengineering,fuel replacement,energy recycling and reutilization,and material recycling and reutilization.The meaning,methodology,and development status of life cycle engineering technology abroad and domestically are discussed in detail.A multidimensional analysis of ecological design was conducted from the perspectives of resource and energy consumption,carbon emissions,product performance,and recycling of secondary resources in a manufacturing process.This coupled with an integrated method to analyze carbon emissions in the entire life cycle of a material process industry was applied to the nonferrous industry,as an example.The results provide effective ideas and solutions for achieving low or zero carbon emission production in the Chinese industry as recycled aluminum and primary aluminum based on advanced technologies had reduced resource consumption and emissions as compared to primary aluminum production.展开更多
Objective To provide effective decision making for the subsidy policies given by the government to pharmaceutical enterprises and the coordination model adopted by pharmaceutical stakeholders under the carbon emission...Objective To provide effective decision making for the subsidy policies given by the government to pharmaceutical enterprises and the coordination model adopted by pharmaceutical stakeholders under the carbon emission trading policy.Methods The Stackelberg model was used to discuss the optimal profits of each member and the whole supply chain under different decision-making models while considering the technical capacity of emission reduction and cost sharing contract.Based on this,the impact of the combined contract decisionmaking model on the technical efforts of drug manufacturers to reduce carbon emission,the profits of supply chain members and the overall profits of supply chain was investigated.Results and Conclusion Research has found that improving the research and development efforts of emission reduction technologies by pharmaceutical enterprises can increase drug sales and enhance the expected profits of pharmaceutical supply chain members.The members of the secondary pharmaceutical supply chain can achieve the optimal expected profit when reaching cooperation.Besides,when the cost sharing contract and quantity discount contract meet the constraint conditions,the combined contract decision model can perfectly coordinate the pharmaceutical supply chain,enabling supply chain members to achieve Pareto improvement and gradually reach Pareto optimum.展开更多
The global steel production has been growing for the last 50 years, from 200 Mt in 1950s to 1 240 Mt in 2006. Iron and steel making industry is one of the most energy-intensive industries, with an annual energy consum...The global steel production has been growing for the last 50 years, from 200 Mt in 1950s to 1 240 Mt in 2006. Iron and steel making industry is one of the most energy-intensive industries, with an annual energy consumption of about 24 EJ, 5% of the world＇s total energy consumption. The steel industry accounts for 3%-4% of totat world greenhouse gas emissions. Enhancing energy efficiency and employing energy saving/recovering technologies such as coke dry quechning （CDQ） and top pressure recovery turbine （TRT） can be short-term approaches to the steel industry to reduce greenhouse gas emission. The long-term approaches to achieving a significant reduction in CO2 emissions from the steel industry would be through developing and applying CO2 breakthrough technologies for iron and steel making, and：through increasing use of renewable energy for iron and steel making. Thus, an overview of new CO2 breakthrough technologies for iron and steel making was made.展开更多
From a multi-dimensional perspective of economic development,carbon dioxide and industrial pollutant emission and resource consumption in the case study of Shenyang,this paper analyzes the resource consumption and env...From a multi-dimensional perspective of economic development,carbon dioxide and industrial pollutant emission and resource consumption in the case study of Shenyang,this paper analyzes the resource consumption and environmental impact in the process of urban economic development and low-carbon transition and evaluates the emission reduction potential and scenario of various technologies. The results show that city plays a key role in global low-carbon economic construction,and it is pointed out that emission reduction technology in urban scale can reduce total amount of carbon emission to substantial extent. From the aspect of future development,the input of technology and economic growth pattern should be strengthened so as to realize economic development as well as the total amount reduction of pollutant emission.展开更多
Carbon neutrality(or climate neutrality)has been a global consensus,and international experience exchange is essential.Given the differences in the degree of social development,resource endowment and technological lev...Carbon neutrality(or climate neutrality)has been a global consensus,and international experience exchange is essential.Given the differences in the degree of social development,resource endowment and technological level,each country should build a carbon-neutral plan based on its national conditions.Compared with other major developed countries(e.g.,Germany,the United States and Japan),China's carbon neutrality has much bigger challenges,including a heavy and time-pressured carbon reduction task and the current energy structure that is over-dependent on fossil fuels.Here we provide a comprehensive review of the status and prospects of the key technologies for low-carbon,near-zero carbon,and negative carbon emissions.Technological innovations associated with coal,oil-gas and hydrogen industries and their future potential in reducing carbon emissions are particularly explained and assessed.Based on integrated analysis of international experience from the world's major developed countries,in-depth knowledge of the current and future technologies,and China's energy and ecological resources potential,five lessons for the implementation of China's carbon neutrality are proposed:(1)transformation of energy production pattern from a coal-dominated pattern to a diversified renewable energy pattern;(2)renewable power-to-X and large-scale underground energy storage;(3)integration of green hydrogen production,storage,transport and utilization;(4)construction of clean energy systems based on smart sector coupling(ENSYSCO);(5)improvement of ecosystem carbon sinks both in nationwide forest land and potential desert in Northwest China.This paper provides an international perspective for a better understanding of the challenges and opportunities of carbon neutrality in China,and can serve as a theoretical foundation for medium-long term carbon neutral policy formulation.展开更多
There is evidence that the shipping industry could achieve energy efficiency gains through the implementation of new technologies, with considerable reductions of fuel costs and emissions to air in the sector. Althoug...There is evidence that the shipping industry could achieve energy efficiency gains through the implementation of new technologies, with considerable reductions of fuel costs and emissions to air in the sector. Although the cost reducing effects of some new technologies are well established, companies appear reluctant to innovate despite the financial and societal benefits, as a result of what is referred to as the energy efficiency gap. The global emission impacts of the shipping industry, most notably of greenhouse gases, sulphur and nitrogen oxides are increasingly attracting the attention of regulators, non-governmental organisations and the media, and shipping companies are under pressure to find new ways to reduce their emission footprint. Understanding the determinants of the energy efficiency gap in shipping is then critical in improving the environmental profile of the industry. This paper presents the results of a survey among Norwegian shipping companies aimed at gaining a better understanding of the barriers to implementation of new cost saving technologies. The paper assesses the technical barriers that have traditionally been indicated as the main cause of the energy efficiency gap in shipping. The paper results indicate that next to technical factors, important barriers are constituted also by managerial practices and legal constraints.展开更多
The 1990 initiation of the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction marked its 30th year in 2019.The three decades since then have seen significant developments in science and technology and their incorpora...The 1990 initiation of the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction marked its 30th year in 2019.The three decades since then have seen significant developments in science and technology and their incorporation into the decision making in the field of disaster risk reduction.The disasters that have occurred during that time have enhanced the importance of the field,and new research and innovations have evolved.This article summarizes this evolution through the review of specific milestones.While the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 provides opportunities for synergies with the sustainable development agenda,the science and technology communities have also changed their roles from advisory to co-designing and co-delivering solutions.Higher education plays an important role in developing new generations of professionals,and the role of thematic incubation in higher education institutions is highlighted along with the development of the professional society in disaster risk reduction.The evolution from Society 4.0(information age)to Society 5.0 will see an enhanced role of the technology-driven approach in disaster risk reduction,while traditional knowledge and indigenous technologies still remain valid for society.Scientists and science communities need to be more sensitive to changing the“last mile”concept to“first mile”thinking with respect to the users’needs and perspectives.展开更多
At the first gathering of its kind on the role of science in implementing the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030,over 750 scientists,policymakers,business people,and practitioners met in Geneva fr...At the first gathering of its kind on the role of science in implementing the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030,over 750 scientists,policymakers,business people,and practitioners met in Geneva from January 27–29,2016.The UNISDR Science and Technology Conference on the Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 fea-展开更多
The urgent need to mitigate global climate change and transition toward sustainable energy systems has brought carbon dioxide(CO_(2))reduction technologies into the global spotlight.Electrochemical CO_(2)reduction rea...The urgent need to mitigate global climate change and transition toward sustainable energy systems has brought carbon dioxide(CO_(2))reduction technologies into the global spotlight.Electrochemical CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)stands out as a promising pathway to convert CO_(2),the most abundant greenhouse gas,into value-added fuels and chemicals,offering both environmental and economic benefits.At the same time,advances in material science,in-situ characterization,system-level design,and light-driven catalysis have opened new avenues for more efficient and sustainable CO_(2)utilization.Fundamental research on energy materials and engineering validation are also playing a crucial role in driving these technologies toward industrialization,with numerous encouraging advances being reported.展开更多
Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions from the road sector have attracted increasing attention in current years.This paper attempted to provide a systematic review of the existing research efforts on road life-cycle CO_(2)e...Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions from the road sector have attracted increasing attention in current years.This paper attempted to provide a systematic review of the existing research efforts on road life-cycle CO_(2)emissions by analyzing the system’s boundary division,identifying the CO_(2)emission contributions of each life-cycle phase,listing major emission contributors,exploring related emission reduction technologies,and giving directions for future development.The research showed that the road life cycle is usually divided into five phases:material production,construction,use,maintenance and end-of-life(EOL)phases.The use phase and the initial construction stage(including material production and construction phases)contributed the most CO_(2)emissions during the road life cycle.In detail,the production of cement,asphalt and steel were the three main emission contributors in the material production phase.The pavement roughness,albedo,and concrete carbonation were the main factors affecting emissions in the use phase.In addition,emission reduction technologies such as using recycled materials and recycling techniques,lowering mixing temperature,and equipment energy substitution were commonly used to reduce emissions from material production and construction phases.The application of emerging technologies such as carbon capture and storage,carbon sink,and the use of hydrogen,solar and photovoltaic in the road sector may have emission reduction potentials and should be highlighted more in future studies.展开更多
Rectangular pipe jacking or box jacking has become more popular in municipal applications because of its better adaptability to shallow overburdens and its higher structural section utilization than the conventional c...Rectangular pipe jacking or box jacking has become more popular in municipal applications because of its better adaptability to shallow overburdens and its higher structural section utilization than the conventional circular pipe jacking.This case study presents a utility tunnel constructed by using rectangular box jacking in Suzhou,China.The utility tunnel,which has a cross section of 9.1 m in width and 5.5 m in height,was jacked 233.6 m,which is the longest known single jacking length of a rectangular box jacking project in China.The box jacking mainly passed through a silty sand layer with high groundwater levels with a minimum depth of cover of only 3.5 m underneath the Yuanhetang River.In this zone,the structures on the surface are sensitive to external disturbance,thus increasing the challenges of construction.A series of measures were taken during the jacking process,and the project was successfully completed.This paper provides an overview of this project and introduces key techniques in the construction of working shafts as well as in the installation and retrieval of the box jacking machine.In addition,the use of lubrication to reduce friction resistance,navigation and application of an anti-buoyancy slab under the Yuanhetang River,and analyses of soil deformation caused by box jacking are described.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50474092)GXNSFA (2011GXNSFA018015)
文摘A statistically based optimization strategy is used to optimize the carbothermal reduction technology for the synthesis of LiFePO4/C using LiOH,FePO4 and sucrose as raw materials.The experimental data for fitting the response are collected by the central composite rotatable design(CCD).A second order model for the discharge ca-pacity of LiFePO4/C is expressed as a function of sintering temperature,sintering time and carbon content.The ef-fects of individual variables and their interactions are studied by a statistical analysis(ANOVA).The results show that the linear effects and the quadratic effects of sintering temperature,carbon content and the interactions among these variables are statistically significant,while those effects of sintering time are insignificant.Response surface plots for spatial representation of the model illustrate that the discharge capacity depends on sintering temperature and carbon content more than sintering time.The model obtained gives the optimized reaction parameters of sinter-ing temperature at 652.0 ℃,carbon content of 34.33 g?mol-1 and 8.48 h sintering time,corresponding to a dis-charge capacity of 150.8 mA·h·g-1.The confirmatory test with these optimum parameters gives the discharge ca-pacity of 147.2 and 105.1 mA·h·g-1 at 0.5 and 5 C,respectively.
文摘Fossil-fuel burning greenhouse gas induced global warming has been recognized as global environmental problems,reduce and ultimately control the energy production in the use of CO_(2)emissions,global energy production will be a major challenge.As a highly intensive materials and energy,iron and steel enterprises,need to be invested to produce one ton of steel about two tons of material and 0.7 t of standard coal energy,and while producing two tons of CO_(2).Therefore,reducing CO_(2)emissions from iron and steel industry has become the focus of the global steel industry.This paper describes an integrated domestic and international measures to control carbon dioxide emissions research progress and future technology trends,with emphasis on the domestic steel industry emissions of carbon dioxide status of technology development and industrialization of implementation of the proposed on this basis,including dry quenching technology,gas,power generation,coal moisture control technology,blast furnace injection plastics technology,the use of coking process for treating municipal waste plastics technology,sintering heat generation,low pressure saturated steam for power generation,metallurgical slag heat recovery technology,coke oven gas hydrogen technology and the other key technologies energy saving technologies,including the development,promotion and popularization of the steel industry in China will be the CO_(2)emission reduction technology direction and focus.At this stage,the Chinese steel industry can be improved the energy efficiency and recycling of waste heat and energy,reduce unit GDP,CO_(2)emissions;but in the long run,should increase CO_(2)capture and storage on the input of technology can possible effective control of the adverse effects of CO_(2)emissions.
文摘With the continuous development of the times, the actual demand for chemical products in the current society only increases, so we should pay attention to the use quality and safety quality of chemical products. Considering the potential safety hazards of chemical products, it is necessary to improve the production process of chemical products, improve the chemical production technology, gradually improve the safety management system of chemical production and manufacturing, and effectively integrate the energy-saving and consumption reduction technology into the chemical production process, so as to give full play to the role of energy-saving and consumption reduction concept.
文摘In the operation process of the power plant, the boiler is the most important equipment, and the boiler operation consumes a lot of energy and increases the burden of the enterprises. In order to comprehensively improve the environmental level and ensure the economic benefits of enterprises, we should advocate the concept of energy conservation in the whole society, and do a good job in the overall economic structural adjustment, so as to promote the rapid economic development. The problem of energy saving and consumption reduction in power plant boilers has attracted wide attention. Through the scientific and reasonable application of energy saving and consumption reduction technology, it can greatly save energy, reduce environmental pollution, but also improve the overall efficiency of power plants, and promote the healthy development of power plants.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(41375144,41565009,41675140)the Program for Young Talents of Science and Technology in Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(NJYT-13-B06)Youth Innovative Talents Plan for 2016,Inner Mongolia
文摘NH3 is one of the leading causes of grey haze, and one of the main causes of serious ecological imbalances that result in environmental problems such as acid rain and air quality deterioration. At present, excessive fertilizer application greatly intensifies NH3 emissions intensity on farmland. In order to understand status and achievements of research on farmland NH3 emissions, the literature of farmland NH3 emission-related studies was retrieved from SCl journals and the Chinese science citation database. These are summarized with respect to the research progress on NH3 emission factors and emission reduction technologies. The future research direction of field NH3 emission and emission reduction technology need to strengthen the field observation on different soil environment and crop types, and understand the effect of NH3 emission on fertilizer application period and the proportion, temperature and organic fertilizer management in farmland mainly. The research results can provide more information about the factors that influence NH3 emissions. This study offers theoretical guidance and support directed at mitigating farmland NH3 emissions in the future.
基金Sponsored by National Key Technology Research and Development Program in 12th Five-year Plan of China(2013BAE07B00)
文摘Greenhouse gases, particularly the carbon dioxide, cause global warming and extreme weather, which has become a serious threat to human beings. The steel industry creates enormous amounts of carbon emission and has tremendous potential in carbon reduction. Considering the consistently increasing demand of iron and steel, to obtain significant carbon reduction by reducing the steel production is not practical, thus the development and implementa- tion of carbon reduction programs and technologies is important for the steel industry. Despite the significant poten- tial of carbon reduction in the steel industry, ironmaking and steelmaking processes are complex. Therefore, resear- ches and developments for the carbon reduction must focus on key processes. Here, key processes and technologies adopted in ULCOS program in EU, COURSE 50 program in Japan, POSCO program in South Korea, AISI pro- grams in US and other carbon reduction programs are summarized and evaluated, and feasible suggestions for carbon reduction in developing countries are presented. If effective measures can be referred to and taken in developing coun- tries, global carbon emission can be greatly reduced.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Programs(2021YFB3704201 and 2021YFB3700902).
文摘The industrial sector is the primary source of carbon emissions in China.In pursuit of meeting its carbon reduction targets,China aims to promote resource consumption sustainability,reduce energy consumption,and achieve carbon neutrality within its processing industries.An effective strategy to promote energy savings and carbon reduction throughout the life cycle of materials is by applying life cycle engineering technology.This strategy aims to attain an optimal solution for material performance,resource consumption,and environmental impact.In this study,five types of technologies were considered:raw material replacement,process reengineering,fuel replacement,energy recycling and reutilization,and material recycling and reutilization.The meaning,methodology,and development status of life cycle engineering technology abroad and domestically are discussed in detail.A multidimensional analysis of ecological design was conducted from the perspectives of resource and energy consumption,carbon emissions,product performance,and recycling of secondary resources in a manufacturing process.This coupled with an integrated method to analyze carbon emissions in the entire life cycle of a material process industry was applied to the nonferrous industry,as an example.The results provide effective ideas and solutions for achieving low or zero carbon emission production in the Chinese industry as recycled aluminum and primary aluminum based on advanced technologies had reduced resource consumption and emissions as compared to primary aluminum production.
文摘Objective To provide effective decision making for the subsidy policies given by the government to pharmaceutical enterprises and the coordination model adopted by pharmaceutical stakeholders under the carbon emission trading policy.Methods The Stackelberg model was used to discuss the optimal profits of each member and the whole supply chain under different decision-making models while considering the technical capacity of emission reduction and cost sharing contract.Based on this,the impact of the combined contract decisionmaking model on the technical efforts of drug manufacturers to reduce carbon emission,the profits of supply chain members and the overall profits of supply chain was investigated.Results and Conclusion Research has found that improving the research and development efforts of emission reduction technologies by pharmaceutical enterprises can increase drug sales and enhance the expected profits of pharmaceutical supply chain members.The members of the secondary pharmaceutical supply chain can achieve the optimal expected profit when reaching cooperation.Besides,when the cost sharing contract and quantity discount contract meet the constraint conditions,the combined contract decision model can perfectly coordinate the pharmaceutical supply chain,enabling supply chain members to achieve Pareto improvement and gradually reach Pareto optimum.
基金Item Sponsored by Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) (326868-06)
文摘The global steel production has been growing for the last 50 years, from 200 Mt in 1950s to 1 240 Mt in 2006. Iron and steel making industry is one of the most energy-intensive industries, with an annual energy consumption of about 24 EJ, 5% of the world＇s total energy consumption. The steel industry accounts for 3%-4% of totat world greenhouse gas emissions. Enhancing energy efficiency and employing energy saving/recovering technologies such as coke dry quechning （CDQ） and top pressure recovery turbine （TRT） can be short-term approaches to the steel industry to reduce greenhouse gas emission. The long-term approaches to achieving a significant reduction in CO2 emissions from the steel industry would be through developing and applying CO2 breakthrough technologies for iron and steel making, and：through increasing use of renewable energy for iron and steel making. Thus, an overview of new CO2 breakthrough technologies for iron and steel making was made.
基金Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.71033004)Post-doctor Foundation of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Applied Ecology(No.Y0SBS161S3)
文摘From a multi-dimensional perspective of economic development,carbon dioxide and industrial pollutant emission and resource consumption in the case study of Shenyang,this paper analyzes the resource consumption and environmental impact in the process of urban economic development and low-carbon transition and evaluates the emission reduction potential and scenario of various technologies. The results show that city plays a key role in global low-carbon economic construction,and it is pointed out that emission reduction technology in urban scale can reduce total amount of carbon emission to substantial extent. From the aspect of future development,the input of technology and economic growth pattern should be strengthened so as to realize economic development as well as the total amount reduction of pollutant emission.
基金supported by the Henan Institute for Chinese Development Strategy of Engineering&Technology(Grant No.2022HENZDA02)by the Science&Technology Department of Sichuan Province Project(Grant No.2021YFH0010).
文摘Carbon neutrality(or climate neutrality)has been a global consensus,and international experience exchange is essential.Given the differences in the degree of social development,resource endowment and technological level,each country should build a carbon-neutral plan based on its national conditions.Compared with other major developed countries(e.g.,Germany,the United States and Japan),China's carbon neutrality has much bigger challenges,including a heavy and time-pressured carbon reduction task and the current energy structure that is over-dependent on fossil fuels.Here we provide a comprehensive review of the status and prospects of the key technologies for low-carbon,near-zero carbon,and negative carbon emissions.Technological innovations associated with coal,oil-gas and hydrogen industries and their future potential in reducing carbon emissions are particularly explained and assessed.Based on integrated analysis of international experience from the world's major developed countries,in-depth knowledge of the current and future technologies,and China's energy and ecological resources potential,five lessons for the implementation of China's carbon neutrality are proposed:(1)transformation of energy production pattern from a coal-dominated pattern to a diversified renewable energy pattern;(2)renewable power-to-X and large-scale underground energy storage;(3)integration of green hydrogen production,storage,transport and utilization;(4)construction of clean energy systems based on smart sector coupling(ENSYSCO);(5)improvement of ecosystem carbon sinks both in nationwide forest land and potential desert in Northwest China.This paper provides an international perspective for a better understanding of the challenges and opportunities of carbon neutrality in China,and can serve as a theoretical foundation for medium-long term carbon neutral policy formulation.
文摘There is evidence that the shipping industry could achieve energy efficiency gains through the implementation of new technologies, with considerable reductions of fuel costs and emissions to air in the sector. Although the cost reducing effects of some new technologies are well established, companies appear reluctant to innovate despite the financial and societal benefits, as a result of what is referred to as the energy efficiency gap. The global emission impacts of the shipping industry, most notably of greenhouse gases, sulphur and nitrogen oxides are increasingly attracting the attention of regulators, non-governmental organisations and the media, and shipping companies are under pressure to find new ways to reduce their emission footprint. Understanding the determinants of the energy efficiency gap in shipping is then critical in improving the environmental profile of the industry. This paper presents the results of a survey among Norwegian shipping companies aimed at gaining a better understanding of the barriers to implementation of new cost saving technologies. The paper assesses the technical barriers that have traditionally been indicated as the main cause of the energy efficiency gap in shipping. The paper results indicate that next to technical factors, important barriers are constituted also by managerial practices and legal constraints.
文摘The 1990 initiation of the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction marked its 30th year in 2019.The three decades since then have seen significant developments in science and technology and their incorporation into the decision making in the field of disaster risk reduction.The disasters that have occurred during that time have enhanced the importance of the field,and new research and innovations have evolved.This article summarizes this evolution through the review of specific milestones.While the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 provides opportunities for synergies with the sustainable development agenda,the science and technology communities have also changed their roles from advisory to co-designing and co-delivering solutions.Higher education plays an important role in developing new generations of professionals,and the role of thematic incubation in higher education institutions is highlighted along with the development of the professional society in disaster risk reduction.The evolution from Society 4.0(information age)to Society 5.0 will see an enhanced role of the technology-driven approach in disaster risk reduction,while traditional knowledge and indigenous technologies still remain valid for society.Scientists and science communities need to be more sensitive to changing the“last mile”concept to“first mile”thinking with respect to the users’needs and perspectives.
文摘At the first gathering of its kind on the role of science in implementing the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030,over 750 scientists,policymakers,business people,and practitioners met in Geneva from January 27–29,2016.The UNISDR Science and Technology Conference on the Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 fea-
文摘The urgent need to mitigate global climate change and transition toward sustainable energy systems has brought carbon dioxide(CO_(2))reduction technologies into the global spotlight.Electrochemical CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)stands out as a promising pathway to convert CO_(2),the most abundant greenhouse gas,into value-added fuels and chemicals,offering both environmental and economic benefits.At the same time,advances in material science,in-situ characterization,system-level design,and light-driven catalysis have opened new avenues for more efficient and sustainable CO_(2)utilization.Fundamental research on energy materials and engineering validation are also playing a crucial role in driving these technologies toward industrialization,with numerous encouraging advances being reported.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51878062,52102390 and 52002032)the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(Grant No.2022JQ-527)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant Nos.300102342501 and 300102342517)
文摘Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions from the road sector have attracted increasing attention in current years.This paper attempted to provide a systematic review of the existing research efforts on road life-cycle CO_(2)emissions by analyzing the system’s boundary division,identifying the CO_(2)emission contributions of each life-cycle phase,listing major emission contributors,exploring related emission reduction technologies,and giving directions for future development.The research showed that the road life cycle is usually divided into five phases:material production,construction,use,maintenance and end-of-life(EOL)phases.The use phase and the initial construction stage(including material production and construction phases)contributed the most CO_(2)emissions during the road life cycle.In detail,the production of cement,asphalt and steel were the three main emission contributors in the material production phase.The pavement roughness,albedo,and concrete carbonation were the main factors affecting emissions in the use phase.In addition,emission reduction technologies such as using recycled materials and recycling techniques,lowering mixing temperature,and equipment energy substitution were commonly used to reduce emissions from material production and construction phases.The application of emerging technologies such as carbon capture and storage,carbon sink,and the use of hydrogen,solar and photovoltaic in the road sector may have emission reduction potentials and should be highlighted more in future studies.
文摘Rectangular pipe jacking or box jacking has become more popular in municipal applications because of its better adaptability to shallow overburdens and its higher structural section utilization than the conventional circular pipe jacking.This case study presents a utility tunnel constructed by using rectangular box jacking in Suzhou,China.The utility tunnel,which has a cross section of 9.1 m in width and 5.5 m in height,was jacked 233.6 m,which is the longest known single jacking length of a rectangular box jacking project in China.The box jacking mainly passed through a silty sand layer with high groundwater levels with a minimum depth of cover of only 3.5 m underneath the Yuanhetang River.In this zone,the structures on the surface are sensitive to external disturbance,thus increasing the challenges of construction.A series of measures were taken during the jacking process,and the project was successfully completed.This paper provides an overview of this project and introduces key techniques in the construction of working shafts as well as in the installation and retrieval of the box jacking machine.In addition,the use of lubrication to reduce friction resistance,navigation and application of an anti-buoyancy slab under the Yuanhetang River,and analyses of soil deformation caused by box jacking are described.
