The neutrinos of the early universe evolved from a relativistic phase at very early times to a massive particle behavior at later times.First,the kinetic energy of neutrinos is relativistic,and as a result,neutrinos c...The neutrinos of the early universe evolved from a relativistic phase at very early times to a massive particle behavior at later times.First,the kinetic energy of neutrinos is relativistic,and as a result,neutrinos can be described as massless particles.As the Universe expands,the temperature drops and the kinetic energy decreases,and the neutrinos turn into a non-relativistic phase with a non-negligible mass.In this paper,we first put constraints on the total mass of neutrinos.Then we investigate the effect of neutrinos on the CMB power spectrum,P(k),in the case of massless and massive neutrinos using the publicly available Boltzmann code CAMB and we prove that when neutrino coupled to scalar field the CMB power spectrum has a little shift,which means that the power spectrum of CMB is greatly affected by the background energy density and the accelerated expansion of the Universe.Furthermore,we investigate the effect of perturbed quintessence on this spectrum and find that the highest peaks of this spectrum are shifted to smaller scales.Also,we estimate the Deceleration-Acceleration(DA)redshift transition(z_(da))using the coupling canonical scalar field with neutrinos.For Pantheon data we obtain z_(da)=0.7±0.05 and for CC data z_(da)=0.68±0.03.In the presence of neutrinos the DA redshift transition is z_(da)=0.42±0.03 for Pantheon data and z_(da)=0.49±0.05 for CC data.These results indicate that neutrinos can affect this phase transition.The results obtained in this article show that when the mass of neutrinos increases,the value of the background energy density increases,resulting in a higher power spectrum peak.Also,by examining the effect of coupling neutrinos to dark energy,we find that the transition occurs at lower redshift.展开更多
Dwarf Water Lilies Nymphoides aquatica(J.F.Gmel)Kuntze have floating and submerged leaves.Some submerged aquatic vascular plants have a form of CAM(Crassulacean Acid Metabolism)called Submerged Aquatic Macrophyte(SAM)...Dwarf Water Lilies Nymphoides aquatica(J.F.Gmel)Kuntze have floating and submerged leaves.Some submerged aquatic vascular plants have a form of CAM(Crassulacean Acid Metabolism)called Submerged Aquatic Macrophyte(SAM)metabolism.Blue-diode based PAM technology was used to measure the Photosynthetic Oxygen Evolution Rate(POER:1O_(2)≡4e^(-)).Optimum Irradiance(E_(opt)),maximum POER(POER_(max))and quantum efficiency(α_(0))all vary on a diurnal cycle.The shape of the POER vs.E curves is different in seedling,submerged and surface leaves.Both E_(opt)and POER_(max)are very low in seedling leaves(E_(opt)≈104μmol photon m^(-2)s^(-1),PPFD;POER_(max)≈4.95µmol O_(2)g^(-1)Chl a s^(-1)),intermediate in mature submerged leaves(E_(opt)≈419µmol photon m^(-2)s^(-1)PPFD,POER_(max)≈38.1µmol O_(2)g^(-1)Chl a s^(-1))and very high in surface leaves(E_(opt)≈923µmol photon m^(-2)s^(-1)PPFD,POER_(max)≈76.1µmol O_(2)g^(-1)Chl a s^(-1)).Leaf titratable acid(C4 acid pool)is too small(≈20 to 50 mol H+m^(-3))to support substantial SAM metabolism.Gross daily photosynthesis of surface leaves is≈3.71 g C m^(-2)d^(-1)in full sun and as much as 1.4 gC m^(-2)d^(-1)in shaded submerged leaves.There is midday inhibition of photosynthesis.展开更多
文摘The neutrinos of the early universe evolved from a relativistic phase at very early times to a massive particle behavior at later times.First,the kinetic energy of neutrinos is relativistic,and as a result,neutrinos can be described as massless particles.As the Universe expands,the temperature drops and the kinetic energy decreases,and the neutrinos turn into a non-relativistic phase with a non-negligible mass.In this paper,we first put constraints on the total mass of neutrinos.Then we investigate the effect of neutrinos on the CMB power spectrum,P(k),in the case of massless and massive neutrinos using the publicly available Boltzmann code CAMB and we prove that when neutrino coupled to scalar field the CMB power spectrum has a little shift,which means that the power spectrum of CMB is greatly affected by the background energy density and the accelerated expansion of the Universe.Furthermore,we investigate the effect of perturbed quintessence on this spectrum and find that the highest peaks of this spectrum are shifted to smaller scales.Also,we estimate the Deceleration-Acceleration(DA)redshift transition(z_(da))using the coupling canonical scalar field with neutrinos.For Pantheon data we obtain z_(da)=0.7±0.05 and for CC data z_(da)=0.68±0.03.In the presence of neutrinos the DA redshift transition is z_(da)=0.42±0.03 for Pantheon data and z_(da)=0.49±0.05 for CC data.These results indicate that neutrinos can affect this phase transition.The results obtained in this article show that when the mass of neutrinos increases,the value of the background energy density increases,resulting in a higher power spectrum peak.Also,by examining the effect of coupling neutrinos to dark energy,we find that the transition occurs at lower redshift.
文摘Dwarf Water Lilies Nymphoides aquatica(J.F.Gmel)Kuntze have floating and submerged leaves.Some submerged aquatic vascular plants have a form of CAM(Crassulacean Acid Metabolism)called Submerged Aquatic Macrophyte(SAM)metabolism.Blue-diode based PAM technology was used to measure the Photosynthetic Oxygen Evolution Rate(POER:1O_(2)≡4e^(-)).Optimum Irradiance(E_(opt)),maximum POER(POER_(max))and quantum efficiency(α_(0))all vary on a diurnal cycle.The shape of the POER vs.E curves is different in seedling,submerged and surface leaves.Both E_(opt)and POER_(max)are very low in seedling leaves(E_(opt)≈104μmol photon m^(-2)s^(-1),PPFD;POER_(max)≈4.95µmol O_(2)g^(-1)Chl a s^(-1)),intermediate in mature submerged leaves(E_(opt)≈419µmol photon m^(-2)s^(-1)PPFD,POER_(max)≈38.1µmol O_(2)g^(-1)Chl a s^(-1))and very high in surface leaves(E_(opt)≈923µmol photon m^(-2)s^(-1)PPFD,POER_(max)≈76.1µmol O_(2)g^(-1)Chl a s^(-1)).Leaf titratable acid(C4 acid pool)is too small(≈20 to 50 mol H+m^(-3))to support substantial SAM metabolism.Gross daily photosynthesis of surface leaves is≈3.71 g C m^(-2)d^(-1)in full sun and as much as 1.4 gC m^(-2)d^(-1)in shaded submerged leaves.There is midday inhibition of photosynthesis.
