Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a highly heterogenous dis-ease in histology,genetic aberrations,and protein expression.Over the past decade,the development of new omics techniques has fa-cilitated significant advances...Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a highly heterogenous dis-ease in histology,genetic aberrations,and protein expression.Over the past decade,the development of new omics techniques has fa-cilitated significant advances in the field of molecular typing stud-ies of HCC.In the era of precision medicine,it is of great signif-icance to improve the efficacy of HCC treatment based on tumor molecular subtyping.Cytokeratin(CK)19-positive HCC has gained increasing atten-tion.Although CK19 is a marker of biliary epithelial cells,10%−30%of HCCs are observed to be CK19 positive[1].Differing from com-bined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma,CK19-positive HCC displays typical HCC morphological features,exhibiting strong co-express of both hepatocyte and cholangiocyte markers within the same tumor cells.Consequently,CK19-positive HCC is also referred to as dual-phenotype HCC,with displaying cholangiolar differenti-ation.展开更多
Microglia,the resident immune cells of the central nervous system,exhibit a wide array of functional states,even in their so-called“homeostatic”condition,when they are not actively responding to overt pathological s...Microglia,the resident immune cells of the central nervous system,exhibit a wide array of functional states,even in their so-called“homeostatic”condition,when they are not actively responding to overt pathological stimuli.These functional states can be visualized using a combination of multi-omics techniques(e.g.,gene and protein expression,posttranslational modifications,mRNA profiling,and metabolomics),and,in the case of homeostatic microglia,are largely defined by the global(e.g.,genetic variations,organism’s age,sex,circadian rhythms,and gut microbiota)as well as local(specific area of the brain,immediate microglial surrounding,neuron-glia interactions and synaptic density/activity)signals(Paolicelli et al.,2022).While phenomics(i.e.,ultrastructural microglial morphology and motility)is also one of the key microglial state-defining parameters,it is known that cells with similar morphology can belong to different functional states.展开更多
The Human Microbiome Project,Earth Microbiome Project,and next-generation sequencing have advanced novel genome association,host genetic linkages,and pathogen identification.The microbiome is the sum of the microbes,t...The Human Microbiome Project,Earth Microbiome Project,and next-generation sequencing have advanced novel genome association,host genetic linkages,and pathogen identification.The microbiome is the sum of the microbes,their genetic information,and their ecological niche.This study will describe how millions of bacteria in the gut affect the human body in health and disease.The gut microbiome changes in relation with age,with an increase in Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes.Host and environmental factors affecting the gut microbiome are diet,drugs,age,smoking,exercise,and host genetics.In addition,changes in the gut microbiome may affect the local gut immune system and systemic immune system.In this study,we discuss how the microbiome may affect the metabolism of healthy subjects or may affect the pathogenesis of metabolism-generating metabolic diseases.Due to the high number of publications on the argument,from a methodologically point of view,we decided to select the best papers published in referred journals in the last 3 years.Then we selected the previously published papers.The major goals of our study were to elucidate which microbiome and by which pathways are related to healthy and disease conditions.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the Major Re-search Plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(92159202)the National Key Research and Development Pro-gram of China(2021YFA1100500)+5 种基金the Key Research&Develop-ment Plan of Zhejiang Province(2024C03051)the Innovation Team of Hangzhou Medical College(CXLJ202401)Joint TCM Science&Technology Projects of National Demonstration Zones for Compre-hensive TCM Reform(GZY-KJS-ZJ-2025-002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82303387)the Natural Science Foun-dation of Zhejiang Province(LQ23H160048)the Construction Fund of Key Medical Disciplines of Hangzhou(2025HZGF05).
文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a highly heterogenous dis-ease in histology,genetic aberrations,and protein expression.Over the past decade,the development of new omics techniques has fa-cilitated significant advances in the field of molecular typing stud-ies of HCC.In the era of precision medicine,it is of great signif-icance to improve the efficacy of HCC treatment based on tumor molecular subtyping.Cytokeratin(CK)19-positive HCC has gained increasing atten-tion.Although CK19 is a marker of biliary epithelial cells,10%−30%of HCCs are observed to be CK19 positive[1].Differing from com-bined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma,CK19-positive HCC displays typical HCC morphological features,exhibiting strong co-express of both hepatocyte and cholangiocyte markers within the same tumor cells.Consequently,CK19-positive HCC is also referred to as dual-phenotype HCC,with displaying cholangiolar differenti-ation.
基金supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft,German Research Foundation grant GA 654/13-2 to OG.
文摘Microglia,the resident immune cells of the central nervous system,exhibit a wide array of functional states,even in their so-called“homeostatic”condition,when they are not actively responding to overt pathological stimuli.These functional states can be visualized using a combination of multi-omics techniques(e.g.,gene and protein expression,posttranslational modifications,mRNA profiling,and metabolomics),and,in the case of homeostatic microglia,are largely defined by the global(e.g.,genetic variations,organism’s age,sex,circadian rhythms,and gut microbiota)as well as local(specific area of the brain,immediate microglial surrounding,neuron-glia interactions and synaptic density/activity)signals(Paolicelli et al.,2022).While phenomics(i.e.,ultrastructural microglial morphology and motility)is also one of the key microglial state-defining parameters,it is known that cells with similar morphology can belong to different functional states.
文摘The Human Microbiome Project,Earth Microbiome Project,and next-generation sequencing have advanced novel genome association,host genetic linkages,and pathogen identification.The microbiome is the sum of the microbes,their genetic information,and their ecological niche.This study will describe how millions of bacteria in the gut affect the human body in health and disease.The gut microbiome changes in relation with age,with an increase in Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes.Host and environmental factors affecting the gut microbiome are diet,drugs,age,smoking,exercise,and host genetics.In addition,changes in the gut microbiome may affect the local gut immune system and systemic immune system.In this study,we discuss how the microbiome may affect the metabolism of healthy subjects or may affect the pathogenesis of metabolism-generating metabolic diseases.Due to the high number of publications on the argument,from a methodologically point of view,we decided to select the best papers published in referred journals in the last 3 years.Then we selected the previously published papers.The major goals of our study were to elucidate which microbiome and by which pathways are related to healthy and disease conditions.
