Natural gas hydrate(NGH),as a widely recognized clean energy,has shown a significant resource potential.However,due to the lack of a unified evaluation methodology and the difficult determination of key parameters,the...Natural gas hydrate(NGH),as a widely recognized clean energy,has shown a significant resource potential.However,due to the lack of a unified evaluation methodology and the difficult determination of key parameters,the evaluation results of global NGH resource are greatly different.This paper establishes a quantitative relationship between NGH resource potential and conventional oil and gas resource and a NGH resource evaluation model based on the whole petroleum system(WPS)and through the analysis of dynamic field controlling hydrocarbon accumulation.The global NGH initially in-place and recoverable resources are inverted through the Monte Carlo simulation,and verified by using the volume analogy method based on drilling results and the trend analysis method of previous evaluation results.The proposed evaluation model considers two genetic mechanisms of natural gas(biological degradation and thermal degradation),surface volume conversion factor difference between conventional natural gas and NGH,and the impacts of differences in favorable distribution area and thickness and in other aspects on the results of NGH resource evaluation.The study shows that the global NGH initially in-place and recoverable resources are 99×10^(12) m^(3) and 30×10^(12) m3,with averages of 214×10^(12) m^(3) and 68×10^(12) m^(3),respectively,less than 5% of the total conventional oil and gas resources,and they can be used as a supplement for the future energy of the world.The proposed NGH resource evaluation model creates a new option of evaluation method and technology,and generates reliable data of NGH resource according to the reliability comprehensive analysis and test,providing a parameter basis for subsequent NGH exploration and development.展开更多
Agricultural intensification has led to an increase in monoculture and the use of chemical pesticides,resulting in a decline in biodiversity and a reduction in ecosystem services,particularly biological pest managemen...Agricultural intensification has led to an increase in monoculture and the use of chemical pesticides,resulting in a decline in biodiversity and a reduction in ecosystem services,particularly biological pest management.However,studies have shown that agroforestry can not only improve land productivity and biodiversity but also regulate some ecosystem services.This study reviews the impacts of physical and biological factors on herbivorous pests,parasites,and predatory natural enemies in fruit-crop agroforestry systems.Fruit-crop agroforestry systems provide high spatial heterogeneity by altering crop layouts,regulating the microclimate and soil quality,and offering food resources and shelter for natural enemies,thus promoting biological pest control.This enhances biological control and makes the agrocomplex system an effective tool for sustainable agriculture.Our research shows that volatile plant substances attract or repel pests and natural enemies based on the characteristics of the insects themselves.When scientifically designed,fruit-crop agroforestry systems provide high spatial heterogeneity and favorable microclimatic conditions,which enhance biological pest control and make the agroforestry system an effective tool for sustainable agriculture.Our research shows that fruit-crop agroforestry systems can provide richer food resources and habitat,enhancing biological pest control and improving pest management.展开更多
Mature oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths that are crucial for the insulation of axons and efficient signal transmission in the central nervous system.Recent evidence has challenged the classical view of the functio...Mature oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths that are crucial for the insulation of axons and efficient signal transmission in the central nervous system.Recent evidence has challenged the classical view of the functionally static mature oligodendrocyte and revealed a gamut of dynamic functions such as the ability to modulate neuronal circuitry and provide metabolic support to axons.Despite the recognition of potential heterogeneity in mature oligodendrocyte function,a comprehensive summary of mature oligodendrocyte diversity is lacking.We delve into early 20th-century studies by Robertson and Río-Hortega that laid the foundation for the modern identification of regional and morphological heterogeneity in mature oligodendrocytes.Indeed,recent morphologic and functional studies call into question the long-assumed homogeneity of mature oligodendrocyte function through the identification of distinct subtypes with varying myelination preferences.Furthermore,modern molecular investigations,employing techniques such as single cell/nucleus RNA sequencing,consistently unveil at least six mature oligodendrocyte subpopulations in the human central nervous system that are highly transcriptomically diverse and vary with central nervous system region.Age and disease related mature oligodendrocyte variation denotes the impact of pathological conditions such as multiple sclerosis,Alzheimer's disease,and psychiatric disorders.Nevertheless,caution is warranted when subclassifying mature oligodendrocytes because of the simplification needed to make conclusions about cell identity from temporally confined investigations.Future studies leveraging advanced techniques like spatial transcriptomics and single-cell proteomics promise a more nuanced understanding of mature oligodendrocyte heterogeneity.Such research avenues that precisely evaluate mature oligodendrocyte heterogeneity with care to understand the mitigating influence of species,sex,central nervous system region,age,and disease,hold promise for the development of therapeutic interventions targeting varied central nervous system pathology.展开更多
Clarifying the system structure of various influencing factors is a crucial prerequisite for identifying the key action point to address the“Energy Trilemma”in China’s natural gas industry.Based on the three-dimens...Clarifying the system structure of various influencing factors is a crucial prerequisite for identifying the key action point to address the“Energy Trilemma”in China’s natural gas industry.Based on the three-dimensional system of“safety and stability-economic feasibility-low-carbon and environmental protection,”an influencing factor system for the“Energy Trilemma”in the natural gas industry is constructed.展开更多
Directed degradation of abundant renewable lignin into small aromatic compounds is crucial for lignin valorization but challenging.The degradation of lignin in natural environments typically involves multienzyme syner...Directed degradation of abundant renewable lignin into small aromatic compounds is crucial for lignin valorization but challenging.The degradation of lignin in natural environments typically involves multienzyme synergy.However,the proteinaceous characteristics of lignin-degrading enzymes restrict their accessibility to certain regions of intricate lignin,resulting in the multienzyme systems being unable to fully demonstrate their effectiveness.Herein,a de novo biomimetic enzyme-nanozyme hybrid system was constructed by combiningλ-MnO_(2) nanozyme with laccase CotA from Bacillus subtilis,aimed at facilitating lignin degradation under mild conditions.The lignin degradation rate of the CotA+λ-MnO_(2) hybrid system was determined to be 25.15%,which was much higher than those of the lignin degradation systems with only laccase CotA(15.32%)orλ-MnO_(2) nanozyme(14.90%).Notably,the proportion of aromatic chemicals in the products derived from the hybrid system reached as much as 48%,which was 41.2%and 118.2%higher than those of the CotA-andλ-MnO_(2)-catalyzed systems,respectively.Analysis of products mapping and lignin structure changes suggested that the higher proportion of aromatic compounds in the CotA+λ-MnO_(2)hybrid system was more likely to benefit from the laccase-mediated methoxylation.Moreover,electron paramagnetic resonance analysis indicated that the intensity and kind of free radicals such as·OH and·O_(2)^(-)are closely linked to the degradation rate and reaction type.This work is the inaugural application of an enzyme-nanozyme hybrid system for lignin degradation,demonstrating the potential of the synergistic interaction between enzyme and nanozyme in the directed degradation of lignin.展开更多
Metro systems are important transport infrastructures in megacities,and their long-term operational safety is challenged by frequent external disturbances,such as environmental extremes and human construction activ-it...Metro systems are important transport infrastructures in megacities,and their long-term operational safety is challenged by frequent external disturbances,such as environmental extremes and human construction activ-ities.A metro system must be resilient to resist,adapt to,and recover its performance when such disruptions occur.Current studies on metro system resilience often lack a comprehensive view from a complex system perspective,leading to a plethora of choices for methods of analysis and indicators applied to different metro systems and external disturbances.Therefore,the present paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the topics and works revolving around the resilience of metro systems.It first clarifies the concept of metro system resilience based on classical definitions from a technical perspective.Metro resilience encompasses both the structural and operational aspects of metro systems,including their damage mechanisms,analysis methods and indicators of resilience.Methods for enhancing metro system resilience across structural,operational and monitoring dimensions are explored.Finally,future research directions are discussed,emphasizing the impor-tance of considering the"system of systems"formed by interdependent infrastructure,refining uncertainty analysis,and investigating the opportunities arising from the application of artificial intelligence for improving metro system resilience against external disturbances.展开更多
The host-microbe co-metabolism system,generating diverse exogenous and endogenous bioactive molecules that influence the host’s immune and metabolic functions,plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of atheroscleros...The host-microbe co-metabolism system,generating diverse exogenous and endogenous bioactive molecules that influence the host’s immune and metabolic functions,plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.Recent studies have elucidated the interaction between natural medicines and this co-metabolism system.Upon oral administration,natural medicine ingredients can undergo transformation by gut microbiota,potentially enhancing their bioavailability or anti-atherogenic efficacy.Furthermore,natural medicines can exert anti-atherogenic effects via modulation of endogenous host-microbe co-metabolism.This review presents an updated understanding of the dual association between natural medicines and host-microbe co-metabolites.It explores the critical function of microbial exogenous metabolites derived from natural medicines and uncovers the mechanisms underlying natural medicines’intervention on key nodes of endogenous host-microbe co-metabolism.These insights may offer new perspectives for cardiovascular disease(CVD)treatment and guide future drug discovery efforts.展开更多
The rapid development of renewable energy in Brazil depends not only on its abundant natural resource endowments but also on its systematic,forward-looking,and continuously evolving regulatory framework.Brazil has est...The rapid development of renewable energy in Brazil depends not only on its abundant natural resource endowments but also on its systematic,forward-looking,and continuously evolving regulatory framework.Brazil has established a multi-tiered regulatory framework with the National Council for Energy Policy(CNPE)providing strategic guidance,the Ministry of Mines and Energy(MME)serving as the primary policy implementation body,and the National Electric Energy Agency(ANEEL)and the National Agency of Petroleum,Natural Gas and Biofuels(ANP)sharing regulatory oversight responsibilities.展开更多
Data center cooling systems are substantial energy consumers,and managing the heat generated by electronic devices is becoming more complex as chip power levels continue to rise.The single-phase immersion cooling(SPIC...Data center cooling systems are substantial energy consumers,and managing the heat generated by electronic devices is becoming more complex as chip power levels continue to rise.The single-phase immersion cooling(SPIC)server with oil coolant is numerically investigated using the validated Re-Normalization Group(RNG)k-εmodel.For the investigated scenarios where coolant velocity at the tank inlet is 0.004 m/s and the total power is 740 W,the heat transfer between the heat sinks and the coolant is dominated by natural convection,although forced convection mediates the overall heat transfer inside the tank.The maximum velocity of coolant through the heat sink is 0.035 m/s and the average heat transfer coefficient is up to 75.8 W/(m2·K).The geometry of the heat sink is important for the cooling performance.Increasing both the fin thickness and number enhances the natural convection effect of the heat sink,but also increases the flow resistance.The heat sink with a fin thickness of 3 mm performs the best,reducing the average graphics processing unit(GPU)temperature from 71.3℃ to 68.6℃.A heat sink with an optimal fin number of 16 reduces the average GPU temperature to 67.7℃.As for the effect of fin height,increasing it from 15 to 30 mm results in increases in the heat transfer area and flow rate by about 72%and 32%,respectively,which reduces the average GPU temperature to 65.2℃.Therefore,the importance of fin parameters ranks in the following order:fin height,number,and thickness.This study highlights the potential application of oil coolants in SPIC systems and offers theoretical guidance for the efficient design of natural convection cooling solutions.展开更多
The thioacetamide derivative(TD)-composite preservation system(TDCPS)exhibits superior preservation effects on natural rubber latex(NRL)and significantly enhances its vulcanization efficiency and mechanical properties...The thioacetamide derivative(TD)-composite preservation system(TDCPS)exhibits superior preservation effects on natural rubber latex(NRL)and significantly enhances its vulcanization efficiency and mechanical properties.This study primarily investigated the principal chemical groups and mechanism of action of TDCPS in promoting NRL vulcanization through a comparative analysis.The results indicated that the key functional groups(thioamide and pyridine)in TDCPS synergistically accelerated crosslinking,reducing the vulcanization time by 41.18%compared to the high-ammonia(HA)preservation system.At an optimal TDCPS dosage of 5 mmol·L^(−1),vulcanized films achieved a tensile strength of 34.18 MPa,with a sulfur content of 1.5 phr further improving the strength by 42.26%.TD outperformed the conventional accelerators 2-imidazolidinethione(ETU)and 3-hydroxypyridine(3-Hp)in promoting the crosslinking density and mechanical performance while eliminating ammonia-related environmental risks.This eco-friendly system demonstrates the industrial potential for sustainable rubber production.展开更多
The accumulation of deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)oxidative damage mediated by reactive oxygen species(ROS)is closely associated with liver diseases.8-Oxoguanine(8-OxoG),a prevalent DNA oxidation product,plays a significa...The accumulation of deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)oxidative damage mediated by reactive oxygen species(ROS)is closely associated with liver diseases.8-Oxoguanine(8-OxoG),a prevalent DNA oxidation product,plays a significant role in liver disease progression.The base excision repair(BER)pathway,comprising over 30 proteins including 8-OxoG DNA glycosylase1(OGG1),MutY homolog(MUTYH),and MutT homolog protein 1(MTH1),is responsible for the clearance and mismatch repair of 8-OxoG.Abnormally high levels of 8-OxoG and dysregulated expression and function of 8-OxoG repair enzymes contribute to the onset and development of liver diseases.Consequently,targeting the 8-OxoG production and repair system with agonists or inhibitors may offer a promising approach to liver disease treatment.This review summarizes the impact of 8-OxoG accumulation and dysregulated repair enzymes on various liver diseases,including viral liver disease,alcoholic liver disease(ALD),metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD),cholestatic liver disease(CLD),liver fibrosis,cirrhosis,and liver cancer.Additionally,we review natural constituents as potential therapeutic agents that regulate 8-OxoG production,repair enzymes,and repair system-related signal pathways in oxidative damage-induced liver diseases.展开更多
The results of the 2022-2025 study conducted for the vulnerability assessment of pastures and for the development of improvement measures on the degraded land sections in the arid and semi-arid provinces of the Caucas...The results of the 2022-2025 study conducted for the vulnerability assessment of pastures and for the development of improvement measures on the degraded land sections in the arid and semi-arid provinces of the Caucasus under the global climate change conditions are introduced in the current article.The main goal of our scientific work is to study and assess the current ecological and resource state of natural phytocenoses,pastures and hayfields in the arid and semi-arid landscapes under climate change.The paper presents the results of determining the areas and levels of degradation of the natural biogeocenoses and biogeocenoses of the pastures and hayfields in the mountain and highland landscapes.The results were obtained using remote sensing,field and laboratory studies and analyses.The conducted studies have revealed that along 34,174.5 ha pasture and 1342.0 meadows areas of the pastures at the Areni,Yeghegis,Yeghegnadzor and Vayq consolidated administrative territories situated in the arid and semi-arid zones of the Vayots Dzor Region high degradation was recorded in about 6508 hectares of pasture and 407 hectares of meadows areas,which is related to irregular and uncontrolled economic mismanagement of the local population and global climate change.To improve the ecological condition,accessibility and quality of ecosystem services of the pastures,hayfields and natural meadows,comprehensive restoration bioecological and agrotechnical measures have been proposed.They are aimed at improving the air,water and nutrient regimes of soils,at their bioprotection,as well as at the general increase in area and at improving the economic characteristics of the vegetation cover.Such measures on the ecosystem basis are appropriate in the context of enriching the qualitative composition of plants with useful ecological and economic bioecological characteristics,taking into account the characteristics of landscapes,weather and climatic conditions,and agricultural opportunities.展开更多
Chimeric antigen receptor natural killer(CAR-NK)cell therapy is an alternative immunotherapy that provides robust tumor-eliminating effects without inducing life-threatening toxicities and graft-versus-host disease.CA...Chimeric antigen receptor natural killer(CAR-NK)cell therapy is an alternative immunotherapy that provides robust tumor-eliminating effects without inducing life-threatening toxicities and graft-versus-host disease.CAR-NK cell therapy has enabled the development of“off-the-shelf”products that bypass the lengthy and expensive cell manufacturing process1.展开更多
The accelerated pace of natural and human-driven climate change presents profound challenges for Earth's systems.Oceans and ice sheets are critical regulators of climate systems,functioning as carbon sinks and the...The accelerated pace of natural and human-driven climate change presents profound challenges for Earth's systems.Oceans and ice sheets are critical regulators of climate systems,functioning as carbon sinks and thermal reservoirs.However,they are increasingly vulnerable to warming and greenhouse gas emissions.展开更多
Establishing and maintaining protected areas is a pivotal strategy for attaining the post-2020 biodiversity target. The conservation objectives of protected areas have shifted from a narrow emphasis on biodiversity to...Establishing and maintaining protected areas is a pivotal strategy for attaining the post-2020 biodiversity target. The conservation objectives of protected areas have shifted from a narrow emphasis on biodiversity to encompass broader considerations such as ecosystem stability, community resilience to climate change, and enhancement of human well-being. Given these multifaceted objectives, it is imperative to judiciously allocate resources to effectively conserve biodiversity by identifying strategically significant areas for conservation, particularly for mountainous areas. In this study, we evaluated the representativeness of the protected area network in the Qin ling Mountains concerning species diversity, ecosystem services, climate stability and ecological stability. The results indicate that some of the ecological indicators are spatially correlated with topographic gradient effects. The conservation priority areas predominantly lie in the northern foothills, the southeastern, and southwestern parts of the Qinling Mountain with areas concentrated at altitudes between 1,500-2,000 m and slopes between 40°-50° as hotspots. The conservation priority areas identified through the framework of inclusive conservation optimization account for 22.9 % of the Qinling Mountain. Existing protected areas comprise only 6.1 % of the Qinling Mountain and 13.18 % of the conservation priority areas. This will play an important role in achiev ing sustainable development in the region and in meeting the post-2020 biodiversity target. The framework can advance the different objectives of achieving a quadruple win and can also be extended to other regions.展开更多
Accurately forecasting ecosystem services is critical for enhancing our understanding and improving management practices within nature reserves,particularly in light of climate change,land use/cover changes,and their ...Accurately forecasting ecosystem services is critical for enhancing our understanding and improving management practices within nature reserves,particularly in light of climate change,land use/cover changes,and their complex interactions.However,existing studies often fail to fully consider vegetation response,constituting a gap in the comprehensive assessment of changes in ecosystem services.Therefore,a coupled model framework integrating climate change,land use change,and vegetation dynamics was developed to allow for the simulation of dynamic ecosystem service scenarios throughout the twenty-first century.The Jiulianshan National Nature Reserve in Jiangxi Province was considered as the study area.The results showed that ecosystem services and their synergistic effects will be optimized under scenarios that emphasize strict protection of ecological lands and incorporating the SSP1-2.6 scenario.However,sustaining optimized ecosystem services poses significant challenges in scenarios characterized by resource-intensive development and ongoing climate warming,as in the SSP5-8.5 scenario.Notably,discernible variations exist in balancing and synergizing the management of ecosystem services across diverse land uses and forest types.Our study underscores the importance of integrating vegetation response into the framework of ecosystem service forecasting,which is essential for assisting nature reserves in effectively addressing the multifaceted risks associated with climate change and rapid socio-economic development.展开更多
Aiming at the global design issue of transpiration cooling thermal protection system,a self-driven circulation loop is proposed as the internal coolant flow passage for the transpiration cooling structure to achieve a...Aiming at the global design issue of transpiration cooling thermal protection system,a self-driven circulation loop is proposed as the internal coolant flow passage for the transpiration cooling structure to achieve adaptive cooling.To enhance the universality of this internal cooling pipe design and facilitate its application,numerical studies are conducted on this systemwith four commonly used cooling mediums as coolant.Firstly,the accuracy of the numerical method is verified through an established experimental platform.Then,transient numerical simulations are performed on the flow states of different cooling mediums in the new self-circulation system.Based on the numerical result,the flow,phase change,and heat transfer characteristics of different cooling mediums are analyzed.Differences in fluid velocity and latent heat of phase change result in significant variation in heat exchange capacity among different coolingmediums,with the maximumdifference reaching up to 3 times.Besides,faster circulation speed leads to greater heat transfer capacity,with a maximum of 7600 W/m^(2).Consequently,the operating mechanism and cooling laws of the natural circulation system is further investigated,providing a reference for the practical application of this system.展开更多
The passive containment heat removal system(PCS)is one of the key passive safety systems of China’s third-generation advanced pressurized water reactor-Hua-long Pressurized Reactor(HPR1000),used to prevent overpressu...The passive containment heat removal system(PCS)is one of the key passive safety systems of China’s third-generation advanced pressurized water reactor-Hua-long Pressurized Reactor(HPR1000),used to prevent overpressure of large concrete containment under severe accident scenarios.This paper provides an overview of the development of the HPR1000 passive containment heat removal system,including its operating principles and configuration,internal heat exchanger design,feasibility tests,engineering-scale PCS verification tests,comprehensive tests on PCS-containment coupling characteristics,among other key supporting studies.These extensive studies demonstrated that the PCS of HPR1000,which is designed based on flashing-driven open natural circulation and efficient condensation heat transfer theory,can work effectively and ensure the integrity of the containment under various accident scenarios.The system has been applied to Fuqing No.5 and No.6 nuclear power units and Zhangzhou No.1 and No.2 units of China’s first million-kilowatt third-generation nuclear power HPR1000.It is also applied to K-2/K-3 units of Karachi Nuclear Power Plant in Pakistan.展开更多
To improve design accuracy and reliability of structures,this study solves the uncertain natural frequencies with consideration for geometric nonlinearity and structural uncertainty.Frequencies of the laminated plate ...To improve design accuracy and reliability of structures,this study solves the uncertain natural frequencies with consideration for geometric nonlinearity and structural uncertainty.Frequencies of the laminated plate with all four edges clamped(CCCC)are derived based on Navier's method and Galerkin's method.The novelty of the current work is that the number of unknowns in the displacement field model of a CCCC plate with free midsurface(CCCC-2 plate)is only three compared with four or five in cases of other exposed methods.The present analytical method is proved to be accurate and reliable by comparing linear natural frequencies and nonlinear natural frequencies with other models available in the open literature.Furthermore,a novel method for analyzing effects of mean values and tolerance zones of uncertain structural parameters on random frequencies is proposed based on a self-developed Multiscale Feature Extraction and Fusion Network(MFEFN)system.Compared with a direct Monte Carlo Simulation(MCS),the MFEFNbased procedure significantly reduces the calculation burden with a guarantee of accuracy.Our research provides a method to calculate nonlinear natural frequencies under two boundary conditions and presentes a surrogate model to predict frequencies for accuracy analysis and optimization design.展开更多
Sentiment Analysis,a significant domain within Natural Language Processing(NLP),focuses on extracting and interpreting subjective information-such as emotions,opinions,and attitudes-from textual data.With the increasi...Sentiment Analysis,a significant domain within Natural Language Processing(NLP),focuses on extracting and interpreting subjective information-such as emotions,opinions,and attitudes-from textual data.With the increasing volume of user-generated content on social media and digital platforms,sentiment analysis has become essential for deriving actionable insights across various sectors.This study presents a systematic literature review of sentiment analysis methodologies,encompassing traditional machine learning algorithms,lexicon-based approaches,and recent advancements in deep learning techniques.The review follows a structured protocol comprising three phases:planning,execution,and analysis/reporting.During the execution phase,67 peer-reviewed articles were initially retrieved,with 25 meeting predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria.The analysis phase involved a detailed examination of each study’s methodology,experimental setup,and key contributions.Among the deep learning models evaluated,Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)networks were identified as the most frequently adopted architecture for sentiment classification tasks.This review highlights current trends,technical challenges,and emerging opportunities in the field,providing valuable guidance for future research and development in applications such as market analysis,public health monitoring,financial forecasting,and crisis management.展开更多
基金Supported by the Major Consultation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(2019-ZW11-Z-035)Technology Development Project of PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development(2021DJ0101)。
文摘Natural gas hydrate(NGH),as a widely recognized clean energy,has shown a significant resource potential.However,due to the lack of a unified evaluation methodology and the difficult determination of key parameters,the evaluation results of global NGH resource are greatly different.This paper establishes a quantitative relationship between NGH resource potential and conventional oil and gas resource and a NGH resource evaluation model based on the whole petroleum system(WPS)and through the analysis of dynamic field controlling hydrocarbon accumulation.The global NGH initially in-place and recoverable resources are inverted through the Monte Carlo simulation,and verified by using the volume analogy method based on drilling results and the trend analysis method of previous evaluation results.The proposed evaluation model considers two genetic mechanisms of natural gas(biological degradation and thermal degradation),surface volume conversion factor difference between conventional natural gas and NGH,and the impacts of differences in favorable distribution area and thickness and in other aspects on the results of NGH resource evaluation.The study shows that the global NGH initially in-place and recoverable resources are 99×10^(12) m^(3) and 30×10^(12) m3,with averages of 214×10^(12) m^(3) and 68×10^(12) m^(3),respectively,less than 5% of the total conventional oil and gas resources,and they can be used as a supplement for the future energy of the world.The proposed NGH resource evaluation model creates a new option of evaluation method and technology,and generates reliable data of NGH resource according to the reliability comprehensive analysis and test,providing a parameter basis for subsequent NGH exploration and development.
文摘Agricultural intensification has led to an increase in monoculture and the use of chemical pesticides,resulting in a decline in biodiversity and a reduction in ecosystem services,particularly biological pest management.However,studies have shown that agroforestry can not only improve land productivity and biodiversity but also regulate some ecosystem services.This study reviews the impacts of physical and biological factors on herbivorous pests,parasites,and predatory natural enemies in fruit-crop agroforestry systems.Fruit-crop agroforestry systems provide high spatial heterogeneity by altering crop layouts,regulating the microclimate and soil quality,and offering food resources and shelter for natural enemies,thus promoting biological pest control.This enhances biological control and makes the agrocomplex system an effective tool for sustainable agriculture.Our research shows that volatile plant substances attract or repel pests and natural enemies based on the characteristics of the insects themselves.When scientifically designed,fruit-crop agroforestry systems provide high spatial heterogeneity and favorable microclimatic conditions,which enhance biological pest control and make the agroforestry system an effective tool for sustainable agriculture.Our research shows that fruit-crop agroforestry systems can provide richer food resources and habitat,enhancing biological pest control and improving pest management.
基金supported by a grant from the Progressive MS Alliance(BRAVE in MS)Le Grand Portage Fund。
文摘Mature oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths that are crucial for the insulation of axons and efficient signal transmission in the central nervous system.Recent evidence has challenged the classical view of the functionally static mature oligodendrocyte and revealed a gamut of dynamic functions such as the ability to modulate neuronal circuitry and provide metabolic support to axons.Despite the recognition of potential heterogeneity in mature oligodendrocyte function,a comprehensive summary of mature oligodendrocyte diversity is lacking.We delve into early 20th-century studies by Robertson and Río-Hortega that laid the foundation for the modern identification of regional and morphological heterogeneity in mature oligodendrocytes.Indeed,recent morphologic and functional studies call into question the long-assumed homogeneity of mature oligodendrocyte function through the identification of distinct subtypes with varying myelination preferences.Furthermore,modern molecular investigations,employing techniques such as single cell/nucleus RNA sequencing,consistently unveil at least six mature oligodendrocyte subpopulations in the human central nervous system that are highly transcriptomically diverse and vary with central nervous system region.Age and disease related mature oligodendrocyte variation denotes the impact of pathological conditions such as multiple sclerosis,Alzheimer's disease,and psychiatric disorders.Nevertheless,caution is warranted when subclassifying mature oligodendrocytes because of the simplification needed to make conclusions about cell identity from temporally confined investigations.Future studies leveraging advanced techniques like spatial transcriptomics and single-cell proteomics promise a more nuanced understanding of mature oligodendrocyte heterogeneity.Such research avenues that precisely evaluate mature oligodendrocyte heterogeneity with care to understand the mitigating influence of species,sex,central nervous system region,age,and disease,hold promise for the development of therapeutic interventions targeting varied central nervous system pathology.
基金Western Project of the National Social Science Fund of China (22XGL019)Major Project of the National Social Science Fund of China (22&ZD105)+1 种基金Special Academic Research Grant at the Key Research Base of Philosophy and Social Sciences in Sichuan Province (SC24E091)Chengdu Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project 2024 (2024BS072)。
文摘Clarifying the system structure of various influencing factors is a crucial prerequisite for identifying the key action point to address the“Energy Trilemma”in China’s natural gas industry.Based on the three-dimensional system of“safety and stability-economic feasibility-low-carbon and environmental protection,”an influencing factor system for the“Energy Trilemma”in the natural gas industry is constructed.
文摘Directed degradation of abundant renewable lignin into small aromatic compounds is crucial for lignin valorization but challenging.The degradation of lignin in natural environments typically involves multienzyme synergy.However,the proteinaceous characteristics of lignin-degrading enzymes restrict their accessibility to certain regions of intricate lignin,resulting in the multienzyme systems being unable to fully demonstrate their effectiveness.Herein,a de novo biomimetic enzyme-nanozyme hybrid system was constructed by combiningλ-MnO_(2) nanozyme with laccase CotA from Bacillus subtilis,aimed at facilitating lignin degradation under mild conditions.The lignin degradation rate of the CotA+λ-MnO_(2) hybrid system was determined to be 25.15%,which was much higher than those of the lignin degradation systems with only laccase CotA(15.32%)orλ-MnO_(2) nanozyme(14.90%).Notably,the proportion of aromatic chemicals in the products derived from the hybrid system reached as much as 48%,which was 41.2%and 118.2%higher than those of the CotA-andλ-MnO_(2)-catalyzed systems,respectively.Analysis of products mapping and lignin structure changes suggested that the higher proportion of aromatic compounds in the CotA+λ-MnO_(2)hybrid system was more likely to benefit from the laccase-mediated methoxylation.Moreover,electron paramagnetic resonance analysis indicated that the intensity and kind of free radicals such as·OH and·O_(2)^(-)are closely linked to the degradation rate and reaction type.This work is the inaugural application of an enzyme-nanozyme hybrid system for lignin degradation,demonstrating the potential of the synergistic interaction between enzyme and nanozyme in the directed degradation of lignin.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China 2024YFC3808804National Natural Science Foundation of China NO.52478411+1 种基金China Scholarship Council No.202506260003Jinan Rail Transit Group Co.,Ltd(ggjn-sd-gd2022008fw).
文摘Metro systems are important transport infrastructures in megacities,and their long-term operational safety is challenged by frequent external disturbances,such as environmental extremes and human construction activ-ities.A metro system must be resilient to resist,adapt to,and recover its performance when such disruptions occur.Current studies on metro system resilience often lack a comprehensive view from a complex system perspective,leading to a plethora of choices for methods of analysis and indicators applied to different metro systems and external disturbances.Therefore,the present paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the topics and works revolving around the resilience of metro systems.It first clarifies the concept of metro system resilience based on classical definitions from a technical perspective.Metro resilience encompasses both the structural and operational aspects of metro systems,including their damage mechanisms,analysis methods and indicators of resilience.Methods for enhancing metro system resilience across structural,operational and monitoring dimensions are explored.Finally,future research directions are discussed,emphasizing the impor-tance of considering the"system of systems"formed by interdependent infrastructure,refining uncertainty analysis,and investigating the opportunities arising from the application of artificial intelligence for improving metro system resilience against external disturbances.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Programme of China(No.2022YFF1100601)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82321005,82373886,82173886 and 82404997)+3 种基金the Overseas Expertise Introduction Project for Discipline Innovation(No.G20582017001)the Project of State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines,China Pharmaceutical University(No.SKLNMZZ202402)the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(No.2021-12M-5-011)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M723514).
文摘The host-microbe co-metabolism system,generating diverse exogenous and endogenous bioactive molecules that influence the host’s immune and metabolic functions,plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.Recent studies have elucidated the interaction between natural medicines and this co-metabolism system.Upon oral administration,natural medicine ingredients can undergo transformation by gut microbiota,potentially enhancing their bioavailability or anti-atherogenic efficacy.Furthermore,natural medicines can exert anti-atherogenic effects via modulation of endogenous host-microbe co-metabolism.This review presents an updated understanding of the dual association between natural medicines and host-microbe co-metabolites.It explores the critical function of microbial exogenous metabolites derived from natural medicines and uncovers the mechanisms underlying natural medicines’intervention on key nodes of endogenous host-microbe co-metabolism.These insights may offer new perspectives for cardiovascular disease(CVD)treatment and guide future drug discovery efforts.
文摘The rapid development of renewable energy in Brazil depends not only on its abundant natural resource endowments but also on its systematic,forward-looking,and continuously evolving regulatory framework.Brazil has established a multi-tiered regulatory framework with the National Council for Energy Policy(CNPE)providing strategic guidance,the Ministry of Mines and Energy(MME)serving as the primary policy implementation body,and the National Electric Energy Agency(ANEEL)and the National Agency of Petroleum,Natural Gas and Biofuels(ANP)sharing regulatory oversight responsibilities.
基金supported by the Basic Research Funds for the Central Government“Innovative Team of Zhejiang University”under contract number(2022FZZX01-09).
文摘Data center cooling systems are substantial energy consumers,and managing the heat generated by electronic devices is becoming more complex as chip power levels continue to rise.The single-phase immersion cooling(SPIC)server with oil coolant is numerically investigated using the validated Re-Normalization Group(RNG)k-εmodel.For the investigated scenarios where coolant velocity at the tank inlet is 0.004 m/s and the total power is 740 W,the heat transfer between the heat sinks and the coolant is dominated by natural convection,although forced convection mediates the overall heat transfer inside the tank.The maximum velocity of coolant through the heat sink is 0.035 m/s and the average heat transfer coefficient is up to 75.8 W/(m2·K).The geometry of the heat sink is important for the cooling performance.Increasing both the fin thickness and number enhances the natural convection effect of the heat sink,but also increases the flow resistance.The heat sink with a fin thickness of 3 mm performs the best,reducing the average graphics processing unit(GPU)temperature from 71.3℃ to 68.6℃.A heat sink with an optimal fin number of 16 reduces the average GPU temperature to 67.7℃.As for the effect of fin height,increasing it from 15 to 30 mm results in increases in the heat transfer area and flow rate by about 72%and 32%,respectively,which reduces the average GPU temperature to 65.2℃.Therefore,the importance of fin parameters ranks in the following order:fin height,number,and thickness.This study highlights the potential application of oil coolants in SPIC systems and offers theoretical guidance for the efficient design of natural convection cooling solutions.
基金the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Chinathe Department of Science and Technology of the Hainan Province for their support+2 种基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No. 2022YFD2301201)Hainan Province Science and Technology Special Fund (No. ZDYF2024XDNY284)Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System (No.CARS-33-JG1)
文摘The thioacetamide derivative(TD)-composite preservation system(TDCPS)exhibits superior preservation effects on natural rubber latex(NRL)and significantly enhances its vulcanization efficiency and mechanical properties.This study primarily investigated the principal chemical groups and mechanism of action of TDCPS in promoting NRL vulcanization through a comparative analysis.The results indicated that the key functional groups(thioamide and pyridine)in TDCPS synergistically accelerated crosslinking,reducing the vulcanization time by 41.18%compared to the high-ammonia(HA)preservation system.At an optimal TDCPS dosage of 5 mmol·L^(−1),vulcanized films achieved a tensile strength of 34.18 MPa,with a sulfur content of 1.5 phr further improving the strength by 42.26%.TD outperformed the conventional accelerators 2-imidazolidinethione(ETU)and 3-hydroxypyridine(3-Hp)in promoting the crosslinking density and mechanical performance while eliminating ammonia-related environmental risks.This eco-friendly system demonstrates the industrial potential for sustainable rubber production.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFD1601400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82373912 and 82074068)+1 种基金Jiangsu Outstanding Youth Fund Project(No.BK20231535)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2632022YC04).
文摘The accumulation of deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)oxidative damage mediated by reactive oxygen species(ROS)is closely associated with liver diseases.8-Oxoguanine(8-OxoG),a prevalent DNA oxidation product,plays a significant role in liver disease progression.The base excision repair(BER)pathway,comprising over 30 proteins including 8-OxoG DNA glycosylase1(OGG1),MutY homolog(MUTYH),and MutT homolog protein 1(MTH1),is responsible for the clearance and mismatch repair of 8-OxoG.Abnormally high levels of 8-OxoG and dysregulated expression and function of 8-OxoG repair enzymes contribute to the onset and development of liver diseases.Consequently,targeting the 8-OxoG production and repair system with agonists or inhibitors may offer a promising approach to liver disease treatment.This review summarizes the impact of 8-OxoG accumulation and dysregulated repair enzymes on various liver diseases,including viral liver disease,alcoholic liver disease(ALD),metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD),cholestatic liver disease(CLD),liver fibrosis,cirrhosis,and liver cancer.Additionally,we review natural constituents as potential therapeutic agents that regulate 8-OxoG production,repair enzymes,and repair system-related signal pathways in oxidative damage-induced liver diseases.
基金the framework of the Project 21T-4C045 of the Higher Education and Science Committee(RA)。
文摘The results of the 2022-2025 study conducted for the vulnerability assessment of pastures and for the development of improvement measures on the degraded land sections in the arid and semi-arid provinces of the Caucasus under the global climate change conditions are introduced in the current article.The main goal of our scientific work is to study and assess the current ecological and resource state of natural phytocenoses,pastures and hayfields in the arid and semi-arid landscapes under climate change.The paper presents the results of determining the areas and levels of degradation of the natural biogeocenoses and biogeocenoses of the pastures and hayfields in the mountain and highland landscapes.The results were obtained using remote sensing,field and laboratory studies and analyses.The conducted studies have revealed that along 34,174.5 ha pasture and 1342.0 meadows areas of the pastures at the Areni,Yeghegis,Yeghegnadzor and Vayq consolidated administrative territories situated in the arid and semi-arid zones of the Vayots Dzor Region high degradation was recorded in about 6508 hectares of pasture and 407 hectares of meadows areas,which is related to irregular and uncontrolled economic mismanagement of the local population and global climate change.To improve the ecological condition,accessibility and quality of ecosystem services of the pastures,hayfields and natural meadows,comprehensive restoration bioecological and agrotechnical measures have been proposed.They are aimed at improving the air,water and nutrient regimes of soils,at their bioprotection,as well as at the general increase in area and at improving the economic characteristics of the vegetation cover.Such measures on the ecosystem basis are appropriate in the context of enriching the qualitative composition of plants with useful ecological and economic bioecological characteristics,taking into account the characteristics of landscapes,weather and climatic conditions,and agricultural opportunities.
基金supported by grants from the Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2023ZD0501300)Science Technology Department of Zhejiang Province(Grant No.2021C03117)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.82350104 and 82170219)Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province,China(Grant No.LY23H080004 and LY24H080001)Medical Health Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Provincial Health Commission(Grant No.2021KY199)。
文摘Chimeric antigen receptor natural killer(CAR-NK)cell therapy is an alternative immunotherapy that provides robust tumor-eliminating effects without inducing life-threatening toxicities and graft-versus-host disease.CAR-NK cell therapy has enabled the development of“off-the-shelf”products that bypass the lengthy and expensive cell manufacturing process1.
文摘The accelerated pace of natural and human-driven climate change presents profound challenges for Earth's systems.Oceans and ice sheets are critical regulators of climate systems,functioning as carbon sinks and thermal reservoirs.However,they are increasingly vulnerable to warming and greenhouse gas emissions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(Grant No.72349002).
文摘Establishing and maintaining protected areas is a pivotal strategy for attaining the post-2020 biodiversity target. The conservation objectives of protected areas have shifted from a narrow emphasis on biodiversity to encompass broader considerations such as ecosystem stability, community resilience to climate change, and enhancement of human well-being. Given these multifaceted objectives, it is imperative to judiciously allocate resources to effectively conserve biodiversity by identifying strategically significant areas for conservation, particularly for mountainous areas. In this study, we evaluated the representativeness of the protected area network in the Qin ling Mountains concerning species diversity, ecosystem services, climate stability and ecological stability. The results indicate that some of the ecological indicators are spatially correlated with topographic gradient effects. The conservation priority areas predominantly lie in the northern foothills, the southeastern, and southwestern parts of the Qinling Mountain with areas concentrated at altitudes between 1,500-2,000 m and slopes between 40°-50° as hotspots. The conservation priority areas identified through the framework of inclusive conservation optimization account for 22.9 % of the Qinling Mountain. Existing protected areas comprise only 6.1 % of the Qinling Mountain and 13.18 % of the conservation priority areas. This will play an important role in achiev ing sustainable development in the region and in meeting the post-2020 biodiversity target. The framework can advance the different objectives of achieving a quadruple win and can also be extended to other regions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32160292, 32471681, and 32201575)Jiangxi “Double Thousand Plan”(jxsq2020101080)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province (20224BAB205008, 20224BAB213033, and 20242BAB2538)Jiangxi Province Science and Technology+Water Resources” Joint Plan Project (2023KSG01001 and 2022KSG01010)
文摘Accurately forecasting ecosystem services is critical for enhancing our understanding and improving management practices within nature reserves,particularly in light of climate change,land use/cover changes,and their complex interactions.However,existing studies often fail to fully consider vegetation response,constituting a gap in the comprehensive assessment of changes in ecosystem services.Therefore,a coupled model framework integrating climate change,land use change,and vegetation dynamics was developed to allow for the simulation of dynamic ecosystem service scenarios throughout the twenty-first century.The Jiulianshan National Nature Reserve in Jiangxi Province was considered as the study area.The results showed that ecosystem services and their synergistic effects will be optimized under scenarios that emphasize strict protection of ecological lands and incorporating the SSP1-2.6 scenario.However,sustaining optimized ecosystem services poses significant challenges in scenarios characterized by resource-intensive development and ongoing climate warming,as in the SSP5-8.5 scenario.Notably,discernible variations exist in balancing and synergizing the management of ecosystem services across diverse land uses and forest types.Our study underscores the importance of integrating vegetation response into the framework of ecosystem service forecasting,which is essential for assisting nature reserves in effectively addressing the multifaceted risks associated with climate change and rapid socio-economic development.
基金funded by Fei He,National Natural Science Foundation of China(contract no.52376154)Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(contract no.2308085J21).
文摘Aiming at the global design issue of transpiration cooling thermal protection system,a self-driven circulation loop is proposed as the internal coolant flow passage for the transpiration cooling structure to achieve adaptive cooling.To enhance the universality of this internal cooling pipe design and facilitate its application,numerical studies are conducted on this systemwith four commonly used cooling mediums as coolant.Firstly,the accuracy of the numerical method is verified through an established experimental platform.Then,transient numerical simulations are performed on the flow states of different cooling mediums in the new self-circulation system.Based on the numerical result,the flow,phase change,and heat transfer characteristics of different cooling mediums are analyzed.Differences in fluid velocity and latent heat of phase change result in significant variation in heat exchange capacity among different coolingmediums,with the maximumdifference reaching up to 3 times.Besides,faster circulation speed leads to greater heat transfer capacity,with a maximum of 7600 W/m^(2).Consequently,the operating mechanism and cooling laws of the natural circulation system is further investigated,providing a reference for the practical application of this system.
基金supported by China Nuclear Power Engineering Co.,Ltd.and Harbin Engineering University,and granted financial resources by China’s National Energy Administration and China National Nuclear Corporation.
文摘The passive containment heat removal system(PCS)is one of the key passive safety systems of China’s third-generation advanced pressurized water reactor-Hua-long Pressurized Reactor(HPR1000),used to prevent overpressure of large concrete containment under severe accident scenarios.This paper provides an overview of the development of the HPR1000 passive containment heat removal system,including its operating principles and configuration,internal heat exchanger design,feasibility tests,engineering-scale PCS verification tests,comprehensive tests on PCS-containment coupling characteristics,among other key supporting studies.These extensive studies demonstrated that the PCS of HPR1000,which is designed based on flashing-driven open natural circulation and efficient condensation heat transfer theory,can work effectively and ensure the integrity of the containment under various accident scenarios.The system has been applied to Fuqing No.5 and No.6 nuclear power units and Zhangzhou No.1 and No.2 units of China’s first million-kilowatt third-generation nuclear power HPR1000.It is also applied to K-2/K-3 units of Karachi Nuclear Power Plant in Pakistan.
基金the research project funded by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.HIT.OCEP.2024038)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52372351)the State Key Laboratory of Micro-Spacecraft Rapid Design and Intelligent Cluster,China(No.MS02240107)。
文摘To improve design accuracy and reliability of structures,this study solves the uncertain natural frequencies with consideration for geometric nonlinearity and structural uncertainty.Frequencies of the laminated plate with all four edges clamped(CCCC)are derived based on Navier's method and Galerkin's method.The novelty of the current work is that the number of unknowns in the displacement field model of a CCCC plate with free midsurface(CCCC-2 plate)is only three compared with four or five in cases of other exposed methods.The present analytical method is proved to be accurate and reliable by comparing linear natural frequencies and nonlinear natural frequencies with other models available in the open literature.Furthermore,a novel method for analyzing effects of mean values and tolerance zones of uncertain structural parameters on random frequencies is proposed based on a self-developed Multiscale Feature Extraction and Fusion Network(MFEFN)system.Compared with a direct Monte Carlo Simulation(MCS),the MFEFNbased procedure significantly reduces the calculation burden with a guarantee of accuracy.Our research provides a method to calculate nonlinear natural frequencies under two boundary conditions and presentes a surrogate model to predict frequencies for accuracy analysis and optimization design.
基金supported by the“Technology Commercialization Collaboration Platform Construction”project of the Innopolis Foundation(Project Number:2710033536)the Competitive Research Fund of The University of Aizu,Japan.
文摘Sentiment Analysis,a significant domain within Natural Language Processing(NLP),focuses on extracting and interpreting subjective information-such as emotions,opinions,and attitudes-from textual data.With the increasing volume of user-generated content on social media and digital platforms,sentiment analysis has become essential for deriving actionable insights across various sectors.This study presents a systematic literature review of sentiment analysis methodologies,encompassing traditional machine learning algorithms,lexicon-based approaches,and recent advancements in deep learning techniques.The review follows a structured protocol comprising three phases:planning,execution,and analysis/reporting.During the execution phase,67 peer-reviewed articles were initially retrieved,with 25 meeting predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria.The analysis phase involved a detailed examination of each study’s methodology,experimental setup,and key contributions.Among the deep learning models evaluated,Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)networks were identified as the most frequently adopted architecture for sentiment classification tasks.This review highlights current trends,technical challenges,and emerging opportunities in the field,providing valuable guidance for future research and development in applications such as market analysis,public health monitoring,financial forecasting,and crisis management.
