Many public and private sector projects, such as hydropower dams or mines, trigger forced population displacement but fail to resettle people sustainably and instead cause their impoverishment. Social science research...Many public and private sector projects, such as hydropower dams or mines, trigger forced population displacement but fail to resettle people sustainably and instead cause their impoverishment. Social science research has found that one root cause of such failures and of impoverishment is asset dispossession and the insufficient financing of resettlement. Most governments, however, state that （1） compensation alone is sufficient for restoring the income and livelihood of those displaced, and （2） resources to supplement compensation with additional financing are not available. The author critiques and rejects these positions. He offers a theoretical analysis of the limits and flaws of compensation payments for expropriated assets, and argues that resources are available for supplementing compensation with financial investments for resettlers＇ development. The sources for supplementary financing are the economic rent （windfall profits） generated by natural resource projects such as hydropower or mining and the regular stream of benefits generated by all projects that require resettlement. Further, the author argues that financial investments in resettlers＇ welfare are indispensable and what benefit sharing is feasible. Therefore, both should become basic principles of resettlement legislation and practice. In addition to theoretical analysis, the author documents with empirical evidence that some countries （China, Brazil, Canada, Columbia and Japan） already make investments additional to compensation for post-displacement reconstruction. The author sums up his argument in these key points： （1） Compensation alone cannot prevent the impoverishment of resettlers and cannot in itself restore and improve their livelihoods; （2） Additional financing is needed for direct investments in resettlement with development; （3） Compensation levels must be increased; （4） Financing resources are available in most cases for investing in resettlers＇ development, but allocation of investments depends on the political will of governments and project owners; （5） Firm opposition to displacement and under-compensation is growing in many countries and the strength of resettlers＇ demands and political opposition does influence allocation levels; （6） Mechanisms for benefit sharing and transfer are known arid effective and these mechanisms Can be adjusted todifferent country and economic sector conditions; （7） The introduction of benefit-sharing rules requires legislative enactment for robust application.展开更多
To solve the problem of the information share and services integration in population information system, we propose a multi-layer tree hierarchical architecture. The command （Web Service Call） is recursively muhicas...To solve the problem of the information share and services integration in population information system, we propose a multi-layer tree hierarchical architecture. The command （Web Service Call） is recursively muhicast from top layer of tree to bottom layer of tree and statistical data are gatbered from bottom layer to top layer. We implemented the architecture by using Web Services technology. In our implementation, client program is the requestor of Web Services, and all leaf nodes of the last layer are only the provider of Web Services. For those nodes of intermediate layers, every node is not only the provider of Web Services, but also the dispatcher of Web Services. We take population census as an cxample to describe the working flow of the architecture.展开更多
The employee shares of Guilin Jiqi became tradable in stock exchanges from June 2000.The firm coincidently made up her profit disclosed in the semi-annual report.After ruling out other explanations,we find that the fr...The employee shares of Guilin Jiqi became tradable in stock exchanges from June 2000.The firm coincidently made up her profit disclosed in the semi-annual report.After ruling out other explanations,we find that the fraud of Guilin Jiqi seems to be intended to help her employees(not including top managers)to reap profits at the expense of misled investors.Our findings offer a potential insight into relating employee shares to insider selling.展开更多
“New Era,Shared Future.”On November5th,the first China International Import Expo(hereafter referred as CIIE)was grandly opened.With a total exhibition area of300,000square meters,the first session of the CIIE attrac...“New Era,Shared Future.”On November5th,the first China International Import Expo(hereafter referred as CIIE)was grandly opened.With a total exhibition area of300,000square meters,the first session of the CIIE attracted more than3,600companies from172countries,regions and international organizations,and over400,000purchasers from China as well as overseas to explore business deals.展开更多
Transnational benefit sharing from the exploitation of Marine Genetic Resources’ (MGR’s) in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (ABNJ) presents a unique problem in international law. Proposals to govern MGR’s in ABN...Transnational benefit sharing from the exploitation of Marine Genetic Resources’ (MGR’s) in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (ABNJ) presents a unique problem in international law. Proposals to govern MGR’s in ABNJ include leaving them unregulated, governance under the International Seabed Authority (ISA) or the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) or implementing a new international regime. This paper demonstrates that a hybrid solution for MGR governance?under the ISA which is modeled on the CBD and The Nagoya Protocol (Nagoya), provides the most adroit solution to the problem of equal benefit and access to MGR’s for all States. This solution ensures adequate conservation of MGR’s, meanwhile fostering sustainable exploitation and maintaining equality in access, biodiversity and the sharing of financial and technological benefits amongst the internationalcommunity. Further, examining benefit sharing from bioprospecting under the CBD and Nagoya provides a foundation for a benefit-sharing regime in ABNJ under The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Examining the CBD, Nagoya and UNCLOS demonstrates how benefits arising from exploitation of MGR’s in the high seas and deep bed should be included as a mandate of the ISA. This methodology is accomplished by focusing on bioprospecting for MGR’s and how the CBD and Nagoya facilitate access to the resource while ensuring that the host State or community benefits from granting access. As the CBD and Nagoya focus on benefit sharing in light of national sovereignty, and UNCLOS regulates in areas beyond national jurisdiction, the ISA is perfectly placed to adopt the principles of the CBD and Nagoya and provide a mechanism to ensure that MGR’s in ABNJ are adequately conserved and the benefits arising from their exploitation equitably shared.展开更多
Residents in the Chinese capital received one more boon as winter sets in free inoculations of a vaccine against influenza for people at 60 or older the day the ruling Communist Party of China opened its 17th Congress...Residents in the Chinese capital received one more boon as winter sets in free inoculations of a vaccine against influenza for people at 60 or older the day the ruling Communist Party of China opened its 17th Congress. From October 15 to November 15, 2007, according to the Beijing Municipal Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, any person born before October 1, 1947 and registered as a permanent resident in the city may visit any hospital or clinic near his or her home for the inoculation free of charge.展开更多
文摘Many public and private sector projects, such as hydropower dams or mines, trigger forced population displacement but fail to resettle people sustainably and instead cause their impoverishment. Social science research has found that one root cause of such failures and of impoverishment is asset dispossession and the insufficient financing of resettlement. Most governments, however, state that （1） compensation alone is sufficient for restoring the income and livelihood of those displaced, and （2） resources to supplement compensation with additional financing are not available. The author critiques and rejects these positions. He offers a theoretical analysis of the limits and flaws of compensation payments for expropriated assets, and argues that resources are available for supplementing compensation with financial investments for resettlers＇ development. The sources for supplementary financing are the economic rent （windfall profits） generated by natural resource projects such as hydropower or mining and the regular stream of benefits generated by all projects that require resettlement. Further, the author argues that financial investments in resettlers＇ welfare are indispensable and what benefit sharing is feasible. Therefore, both should become basic principles of resettlement legislation and practice. In addition to theoretical analysis, the author documents with empirical evidence that some countries （China, Brazil, Canada, Columbia and Japan） already make investments additional to compensation for post-displacement reconstruction. The author sums up his argument in these key points： （1） Compensation alone cannot prevent the impoverishment of resettlers and cannot in itself restore and improve their livelihoods; （2） Additional financing is needed for direct investments in resettlement with development; （3） Compensation levels must be increased; （4） Financing resources are available in most cases for investing in resettlers＇ development, but allocation of investments depends on the political will of governments and project owners; （5） Firm opposition to displacement and under-compensation is growing in many countries and the strength of resettlers＇ demands and political opposition does influence allocation levels; （6） Mechanisms for benefit sharing and transfer are known arid effective and these mechanisms Can be adjusted todifferent country and economic sector conditions; （7） The introduction of benefit-sharing rules requires legislative enactment for robust application.
基金Supported by the National High-Tech Researchand Development Plan of China (863 Plan 2003AA132080) theResearch Foundationfor Outstanding Young Teachers ,China Univer-sity of Geosciences (CUGQNL0506)
文摘To solve the problem of the information share and services integration in population information system, we propose a multi-layer tree hierarchical architecture. The command （Web Service Call） is recursively muhicast from top layer of tree to bottom layer of tree and statistical data are gatbered from bottom layer to top layer. We implemented the architecture by using Web Services technology. In our implementation, client program is the requestor of Web Services, and all leaf nodes of the last layer are only the provider of Web Services. For those nodes of intermediate layers, every node is not only the provider of Web Services, but also the dispatcher of Web Services. We take population census as an cxample to describe the working flow of the architecture.
文摘The employee shares of Guilin Jiqi became tradable in stock exchanges from June 2000.The firm coincidently made up her profit disclosed in the semi-annual report.After ruling out other explanations,we find that the fraud of Guilin Jiqi seems to be intended to help her employees(not including top managers)to reap profits at the expense of misled investors.Our findings offer a potential insight into relating employee shares to insider selling.
文摘“New Era,Shared Future.”On November5th,the first China International Import Expo(hereafter referred as CIIE)was grandly opened.With a total exhibition area of300,000square meters,the first session of the CIIE attracted more than3,600companies from172countries,regions and international organizations,and over400,000purchasers from China as well as overseas to explore business deals.
文摘Transnational benefit sharing from the exploitation of Marine Genetic Resources’ (MGR’s) in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (ABNJ) presents a unique problem in international law. Proposals to govern MGR’s in ABNJ include leaving them unregulated, governance under the International Seabed Authority (ISA) or the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) or implementing a new international regime. This paper demonstrates that a hybrid solution for MGR governance?under the ISA which is modeled on the CBD and The Nagoya Protocol (Nagoya), provides the most adroit solution to the problem of equal benefit and access to MGR’s for all States. This solution ensures adequate conservation of MGR’s, meanwhile fostering sustainable exploitation and maintaining equality in access, biodiversity and the sharing of financial and technological benefits amongst the internationalcommunity. Further, examining benefit sharing from bioprospecting under the CBD and Nagoya provides a foundation for a benefit-sharing regime in ABNJ under The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Examining the CBD, Nagoya and UNCLOS demonstrates how benefits arising from exploitation of MGR’s in the high seas and deep bed should be included as a mandate of the ISA. This methodology is accomplished by focusing on bioprospecting for MGR’s and how the CBD and Nagoya facilitate access to the resource while ensuring that the host State or community benefits from granting access. As the CBD and Nagoya focus on benefit sharing in light of national sovereignty, and UNCLOS regulates in areas beyond national jurisdiction, the ISA is perfectly placed to adopt the principles of the CBD and Nagoya and provide a mechanism to ensure that MGR’s in ABNJ are adequately conserved and the benefits arising from their exploitation equitably shared.
文摘Residents in the Chinese capital received one more boon as winter sets in free inoculations of a vaccine against influenza for people at 60 or older the day the ruling Communist Party of China opened its 17th Congress. From October 15 to November 15, 2007, according to the Beijing Municipal Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, any person born before October 1, 1947 and registered as a permanent resident in the city may visit any hospital or clinic near his or her home for the inoculation free of charge.
