Conspicuous coloration in animals serves many functions such as anti-predation.Anti-predation strategies include motion dazzle and flash behavior.Motion dazzle markings can reduce the probability of being preyed on be...Conspicuous coloration in animals serves many functions such as anti-predation.Anti-predation strategies include motion dazzle and flash behavior.Motion dazzle markings can reduce the probability of being preyed on because the predators misjudge their movement.In flash behavior,prey demonstrate conspicuous cue while fleeing;the predators follow them;however,the prey hide their markings and the predators assume that the prey has vanished.To investigate whether bovids use conspicuous hindquarter markings as an anti-predatory behavior,we undertook phylogenetically controlled analyses to explore under what physiological characteristics and environmental factors bovids might have this color pattern.The results suggested that rump patches and tail markings were more prevalent in bovids living in larger-sized groups,which supports the hypothesis of intraspecific communication.Moreover,we observed the occurrence of conspicuous white hindquarter markings in bovids having smaller body size and living in larger groups,suggesting a motion dazzle function.However,the feature of facultative exposing color patterns(flash markings)was not associated with body size,which was inconsistent with predictions and implied that bovids may not adopt this as an anti-predator strategy.It was concluded that species in bovids with conspicuous white hindquarter markings adopt motion dazzle as an anti-predation strategy while fleeing and escaping from being prey on.展开更多
For an effective thermoplastic pavement marking replacement strategy, the rate at which the marking’s retro-reflectivity deteriorates in service must be well established in order to avoid re-stripping that is too soo...For an effective thermoplastic pavement marking replacement strategy, the rate at which the marking’s retro-reflectivity deteriorates in service must be well established in order to avoid re-stripping that is too soon or too late. Against this background, this paper undertook a review of models that deal with degradation of thermoplastic pavement markings under different traffic and environmental conditions in order to establish service life and the terminal retro-reflectivity levels that have informed re-striping. Service life in the context of this paper is the time taken for a newly-installed marking to degrade to some minimum retro-reflectivity level below which motorists would find it difficult to navigate on the carriageway under night-time and poor visibility conditions. It was established that the minimum retro-reflectivity requiring re-stripping intervention reported varied, although commonly-adopted values tended to range from 50 mcd/m2/lx to 150 mcd/m2/lx. A number of empirical models, based on site specific conditions, have been developed by researchers using field data, to estimate marking retro-reflectivity at any time since placement. Whereas some of the models used time as the only independent variable, others used a combination of time, traffic level and a few other parameters to estimate retro-reflectivity. Even though degradation of marking retro-reflectivity is a reflection, among other things of material degeneration impacted by environmental and service conditions, almost all the models reviewed failed to consider environmental factors. Additionally, for some of the models, non-inclusion of the initial retro-reflectivity level and their generally low coefficient of determination statistic erode the confidence in their reliability.展开更多
In this paper we present relevant contributions and important features related to the study of the retroreflectivity performance of pavement markings.The contribution of this paper is threefold.First,we propose an art...In this paper we present relevant contributions and important features related to the study of the retroreflectivity performance of pavement markings.The contribution of this paper is threefold.First,we propose an artificial scheme to allow some randomization of the treatments owing to several restrictions imposed on the choice of the experimental units.It is an experiment involving one fixed factor(three types of materials)in a randomized block design executed on a high-traffic-volume highway.Under this condition,the traffic volume works as a stress factor and the degradation of the retroreflectivity of pavement markings is faster than the degradation on rural roads or streets.This is related to the second contribution:the possibility of a reduction of experimental time.The current experiment spent 20 weeks to collect the data.And finally a mixed linear model considering three random effects and several fixed effects is fitted and the most relevant effects pointed out.This study can help highway managers to improve road safety by scheduling the maintenance of pavement marks at the appropriate time,choosing adequate material for the pavement markings and applying the proposed artificial scheme in future studies.展开更多
T he residual stray magnetic fields present in ferromagnetic casting slabs were investigated in this work,which result from the magnetic fields generated during the steel casting process.Existing optical detection met...T he residual stray magnetic fields present in ferromagnetic casting slabs were investigated in this work,which result from the magnetic fields generated during the steel casting process.Existing optical detection methods face challenges owing to surface oxide scales,and conventional high-precision magnetic sensors are ineffective at high temperatures.To overcome these limitations,a small coil sensor was employed to measure the residual magnetism strength in oscillation traces,using metal magnetic memory and electromagnetic induction methods,which can carry out detection without an external excitation source.Using this technology,the proposed scheme successfully detects defects at high tempe-ratures(up to 670℃)without a cooling device.The key findings include the ability to detect both surface and near-surface defects,such as cracks and oscillation marks,with an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of 7.2 dB after signal processing.The method’s practicality was validated in a steel mill environment,where testing on casting slabs effectively detected defects,providing a foundation for improving industrial quality control.The proposed detection scheme offers a significant advancement in nondestructive testing(NDT)for high-temperature applications,contributing to more efficient and accurate monitoring of ferromagnetic material integrity.展开更多
Neoadjuvant therapy(NAT)has become the standard treatment for patients with locally advanced breast cancer and stage II-III HER2-positive(HER2+)or triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC)1,2.It is essential to accurately m...Neoadjuvant therapy(NAT)has become the standard treatment for patients with locally advanced breast cancer and stage II-III HER2-positive(HER2+)or triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC)1,2.It is essential to accurately mark the primary breast tumor and positive axillary lymph nodes(ALNs)prior to NAT to ensure precise surgical excision,guide axillary downstaging,and guarantee reliable lesion retrieval for pathologic evaluation3.The false-negative rate of sentinel lymph node biopsy(SLNB)after NAT can be reduced to<10%by applying modalities,such as the identification of≥3 sentinel lymph nodes(SLNs)with dual-mapping techniques or removal of the marked lymph node with target axillary dissection(TAD)according to the ASCO,NCCN,and CBCS guidelines3-5.However,there is a lack of consensus regarding the optimal methods and materials for accurate marking6,7.Conventional techniques include clip placement,guidewire localization,and carbon or ink tattooing,whereas wireless technologies,such as MagseedR,radiofrequency identification tags,SAVI SCOUTR,and radioactive iodine-125(125I)seeds,have also been adopted.Traditional marking techniques have a localization failure rate of approximately 10%.In contrast,the use of 125I seeds(with a radiation dose of 0.1-0.3 mCi)has significantly improved localization accuracy8,9.Nevertheless,owing to radioactive properties,concerns have been raised regarding the potential impact of 125I seed marking on assessing the pathologic complete response(pCR)after NAT10.Moreover,whether the influence of 125I seed marking on pCR could lead to suboptimal adjuvant treatment decisions and potentially compromise long-term oncologic outcomes has not been established.To investigate the potential impact of 125I seed placement on the pCR rate and long-term outcomes in breast cancer patients receiving NAT,we conducted a retrospective cohort study utilizing propensity score matching(PSM).展开更多
The hook formation mechanism in continuously cast slabs of ultra-low carbon steel was analyzed in detail through numerical calculations and experimental observations using optical microscopy,and its distribution chara...The hook formation mechanism in continuously cast slabs of ultra-low carbon steel was analyzed in detail through numerical calculations and experimental observations using optical microscopy,and its distribution characteristics were determined.Numerical simulations confirmed that the freezing–overflow mechanism is the primary cause of hook formation.They also revealed that the freezing event occurs unpredictably,while the overflow event takes place during the positive strip time.The average pitch of oscillation marks(OMs)on the slab surface was 8.693 mm,while the theoretical pitch was 8.889 mm,with a difference of approximately 2%.This discrepancy primarily results from varying degrees of overflow,which affects the morphology of the OMs and the positions of their deepest points.Notably,this result further confirmed that the freezing and overflow in the meniscus were indeed caused by the periodic oscillation of the mold.Higher superheat hindered hook formation,leading to a negative correlation between the hook depth distribution around the slab and the temperature distribution within the mold.Therefore,the depth of the corner hook was greater than that of other positions,which was caused by the intensified cooling effect of the corner.Moreover,key factors influencing hook development were analyzed,providing insights into transient fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics within the mold.Transient fluid flow and heat transfer contributed to the randomness and tendency of hook formation.This randomness was reflected in the varying angles of the hooks,whereas the tendency was evident in the negative correlation between superheat and hook length.Based on the randomness and tendency of hook formation and its profile characteristics,a new method for controlling hook depth based on“sine law”is proposed.展开更多
Hatchery release is a common and effective practice for protecting and restoring wild resources,and the success of the practice is commonly assessed using mark-recapture technology.We investigated the use of different...Hatchery release is a common and effective practice for protecting and restoring wild resources,and the success of the practice is commonly assessed using mark-recapture technology.We investigated the use of different dimensional X-ray imaging techniques for the strontium(Sr)marking of fish fin rays for stocking.Megalobrama amblycephala juveniles were marked by culturing specimens in 800-mg/L SrCl_(2)·6 H_(2)O solution,the cross-sections of dorsal fin rays were subsequently obtained,and the concentrations Sr was analyzed by 2 D imaging using an electron probe X-ray microanalyzer.Our preliminary findings indicate that the immersion marking method is effective for the Sr marking of fin rays in experimental fish.Moreover,we generated a bird’s-eye-view 3 D mesh image of the Sr concentrations,which can provide a more comprehensive information for fish stocking than that using normal 2 D imaging.展开更多
Polypropylene(PP)has low inherent susceptibility to common industrial lasers,which poses a significant challenge for laser-based marking.To improve the laser sensitivity of PP,molybdenum disulfide grafted with polysty...Polypropylene(PP)has low inherent susceptibility to common industrial lasers,which poses a significant challenge for laser-based marking.To improve the laser sensitivity of PP,molybdenum disulfide grafted with polystyrene(MoS_(2)-g-PS)was synthesized via in-situ free radical polymerization and used as a laser-sensitive filler for PP composites prepared by melt blending.The composites were then marked with a 1064 nm semiconductor laser,producing clear and legible patterns.The marked surfaces were characterized using scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),colorimetry,Raman spectroscopy,and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA).The results demonstrate that the PP/MoS_(2)-g-PS composites exhibit significantly improved laser markability compared to both pure PP and PP/MoS_(2) composites,yielding superior marking quality.When the MoS_(2)-g-PS content was 0.02 wt%and the laser current intensity was 11 A,a clearly recognizable QR code pattern was obtained with high resolution and legibility.The mechanism of laser-induced marking on the PP/MoS_(2)-g-PS composites involves efficient absorption of near-infrared(NIR)laser energy and photothermal conversion by the MoS_(2) core,while the surrounding PS layer carbonizes upon laser irradiation.The synergistic effect between MoS_(2) and PS effectively enhance the laser marking performance of PP.展开更多
Currently,in STEM environments,female employees are often recognized as minorities due to their positioning or occupancy rate,which may lead to experiences of“imposter syndrome”.This study applies frameworks of mixe...Currently,in STEM environments,female employees are often recognized as minorities due to their positioning or occupancy rate,which may lead to experiences of“imposter syndrome”.This study applies frameworks of mixed-gender discourse,such as limited involvement in activity as an agent,markedness,and gender-differentiated roles,to clarify how women in STEM position themselves or are positioned by the society.Using corpus linguistics and content analysis,it is clarified that female researchers are usually linguistically marked or tend to distinguish themselves as non-experts.Thus,their portrayal within a misogynistic society may considerably interact with how female researchers represent themselves.展开更多
The smooth development of energy transition is inseparable from the stable guarantee of traditional energy such as oil In 2023,the total global primary energy consumption amounted to 619.63 exajoules,marking a 2%incre...The smooth development of energy transition is inseparable from the stable guarantee of traditional energy such as oil In 2023,the total global primary energy consumption amounted to 619.63 exajoules,marking a 2%increase compared to 2022.展开更多
During the final proofing stage of the paper,the wrong version of Fig.2 was accidently used when replacing it with a high-resolution version.The star and circle marks were missing in the published version.
基金This study received support from the Tibet Major Science and Technology Project(XZ201901-GA-06).
文摘Conspicuous coloration in animals serves many functions such as anti-predation.Anti-predation strategies include motion dazzle and flash behavior.Motion dazzle markings can reduce the probability of being preyed on because the predators misjudge their movement.In flash behavior,prey demonstrate conspicuous cue while fleeing;the predators follow them;however,the prey hide their markings and the predators assume that the prey has vanished.To investigate whether bovids use conspicuous hindquarter markings as an anti-predatory behavior,we undertook phylogenetically controlled analyses to explore under what physiological characteristics and environmental factors bovids might have this color pattern.The results suggested that rump patches and tail markings were more prevalent in bovids living in larger-sized groups,which supports the hypothesis of intraspecific communication.Moreover,we observed the occurrence of conspicuous white hindquarter markings in bovids having smaller body size and living in larger groups,suggesting a motion dazzle function.However,the feature of facultative exposing color patterns(flash markings)was not associated with body size,which was inconsistent with predictions and implied that bovids may not adopt this as an anti-predator strategy.It was concluded that species in bovids with conspicuous white hindquarter markings adopt motion dazzle as an anti-predation strategy while fleeing and escaping from being prey on.
文摘For an effective thermoplastic pavement marking replacement strategy, the rate at which the marking’s retro-reflectivity deteriorates in service must be well established in order to avoid re-stripping that is too soon or too late. Against this background, this paper undertook a review of models that deal with degradation of thermoplastic pavement markings under different traffic and environmental conditions in order to establish service life and the terminal retro-reflectivity levels that have informed re-striping. Service life in the context of this paper is the time taken for a newly-installed marking to degrade to some minimum retro-reflectivity level below which motorists would find it difficult to navigate on the carriageway under night-time and poor visibility conditions. It was established that the minimum retro-reflectivity requiring re-stripping intervention reported varied, although commonly-adopted values tended to range from 50 mcd/m2/lx to 150 mcd/m2/lx. A number of empirical models, based on site specific conditions, have been developed by researchers using field data, to estimate marking retro-reflectivity at any time since placement. Whereas some of the models used time as the only independent variable, others used a combination of time, traffic level and a few other parameters to estimate retro-reflectivity. Even though degradation of marking retro-reflectivity is a reflection, among other things of material degeneration impacted by environmental and service conditions, almost all the models reviewed failed to consider environmental factors. Additionally, for some of the models, non-inclusion of the initial retro-reflectivity level and their generally low coefficient of determination statistic erode the confidence in their reliability.
文摘In this paper we present relevant contributions and important features related to the study of the retroreflectivity performance of pavement markings.The contribution of this paper is threefold.First,we propose an artificial scheme to allow some randomization of the treatments owing to several restrictions imposed on the choice of the experimental units.It is an experiment involving one fixed factor(three types of materials)in a randomized block design executed on a high-traffic-volume highway.Under this condition,the traffic volume works as a stress factor and the degradation of the retroreflectivity of pavement markings is faster than the degradation on rural roads or streets.This is related to the second contribution:the possibility of a reduction of experimental time.The current experiment spent 20 weeks to collect the data.And finally a mixed linear model considering three random effects and several fixed effects is fitted and the most relevant effects pointed out.This study can help highway managers to improve road safety by scheduling the maintenance of pavement marks at the appropriate time,choosing adequate material for the pavement markings and applying the proposed artificial scheme in future studies.
文摘T he residual stray magnetic fields present in ferromagnetic casting slabs were investigated in this work,which result from the magnetic fields generated during the steel casting process.Existing optical detection methods face challenges owing to surface oxide scales,and conventional high-precision magnetic sensors are ineffective at high temperatures.To overcome these limitations,a small coil sensor was employed to measure the residual magnetism strength in oscillation traces,using metal magnetic memory and electromagnetic induction methods,which can carry out detection without an external excitation source.Using this technology,the proposed scheme successfully detects defects at high tempe-ratures(up to 670℃)without a cooling device.The key findings include the ability to detect both surface and near-surface defects,such as cracks and oscillation marks,with an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of 7.2 dB after signal processing.The method’s practicality was validated in a steel mill environment,where testing on casting slabs effectively detected defects,providing a foundation for improving industrial quality control.The proposed detection scheme offers a significant advancement in nondestructive testing(NDT)for high-temperature applications,contributing to more efficient and accurate monitoring of ferromagnetic material integrity.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.82573747,82172873,W2421095,and 82503888)National Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2025ZD0543900)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Grant Nos.ZR2024LMB011 and ZR2024QH058)Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province(Grant No.tsqn202211337)Collaborative Academic Innovation Project of Shandong Cancer Hospital(Grant No.GF003).
文摘Neoadjuvant therapy(NAT)has become the standard treatment for patients with locally advanced breast cancer and stage II-III HER2-positive(HER2+)or triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC)1,2.It is essential to accurately mark the primary breast tumor and positive axillary lymph nodes(ALNs)prior to NAT to ensure precise surgical excision,guide axillary downstaging,and guarantee reliable lesion retrieval for pathologic evaluation3.The false-negative rate of sentinel lymph node biopsy(SLNB)after NAT can be reduced to<10%by applying modalities,such as the identification of≥3 sentinel lymph nodes(SLNs)with dual-mapping techniques or removal of the marked lymph node with target axillary dissection(TAD)according to the ASCO,NCCN,and CBCS guidelines3-5.However,there is a lack of consensus regarding the optimal methods and materials for accurate marking6,7.Conventional techniques include clip placement,guidewire localization,and carbon or ink tattooing,whereas wireless technologies,such as MagseedR,radiofrequency identification tags,SAVI SCOUTR,and radioactive iodine-125(125I)seeds,have also been adopted.Traditional marking techniques have a localization failure rate of approximately 10%.In contrast,the use of 125I seeds(with a radiation dose of 0.1-0.3 mCi)has significantly improved localization accuracy8,9.Nevertheless,owing to radioactive properties,concerns have been raised regarding the potential impact of 125I seed marking on assessing the pathologic complete response(pCR)after NAT10.Moreover,whether the influence of 125I seed marking on pCR could lead to suboptimal adjuvant treatment decisions and potentially compromise long-term oncologic outcomes has not been established.To investigate the potential impact of 125I seed placement on the pCR rate and long-term outcomes in breast cancer patients receiving NAT,we conducted a retrospective cohort study utilizing propensity score matching(PSM).
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52174306)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.N2225023 and N2425006)the Basic Research Projects of Liaoning Provincial Department of Education(No.LJ212410148027)。
文摘The hook formation mechanism in continuously cast slabs of ultra-low carbon steel was analyzed in detail through numerical calculations and experimental observations using optical microscopy,and its distribution characteristics were determined.Numerical simulations confirmed that the freezing–overflow mechanism is the primary cause of hook formation.They also revealed that the freezing event occurs unpredictably,while the overflow event takes place during the positive strip time.The average pitch of oscillation marks(OMs)on the slab surface was 8.693 mm,while the theoretical pitch was 8.889 mm,with a difference of approximately 2%.This discrepancy primarily results from varying degrees of overflow,which affects the morphology of the OMs and the positions of their deepest points.Notably,this result further confirmed that the freezing and overflow in the meniscus were indeed caused by the periodic oscillation of the mold.Higher superheat hindered hook formation,leading to a negative correlation between the hook depth distribution around the slab and the temperature distribution within the mold.Therefore,the depth of the corner hook was greater than that of other positions,which was caused by the intensified cooling effect of the corner.Moreover,key factors influencing hook development were analyzed,providing insights into transient fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics within the mold.Transient fluid flow and heat transfer contributed to the randomness and tendency of hook formation.This randomness was reflected in the varying angles of the hooks,whereas the tendency was evident in the negative correlation between superheat and hook length.Based on the randomness and tendency of hook formation and its profile characteristics,a new method for controlling hook depth based on“sine law”is proposed.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022 YFF 0608203)the Graduate Student Scientific Research Innovation Projects in Jiangsu Province(No.KYCX 22-0706)。
文摘Hatchery release is a common and effective practice for protecting and restoring wild resources,and the success of the practice is commonly assessed using mark-recapture technology.We investigated the use of different dimensional X-ray imaging techniques for the strontium(Sr)marking of fish fin rays for stocking.Megalobrama amblycephala juveniles were marked by culturing specimens in 800-mg/L SrCl_(2)·6 H_(2)O solution,the cross-sections of dorsal fin rays were subsequently obtained,and the concentrations Sr was analyzed by 2 D imaging using an electron probe X-ray microanalyzer.Our preliminary findings indicate that the immersion marking method is effective for the Sr marking of fin rays in experimental fish.Moreover,we generated a bird’s-eye-view 3 D mesh image of the Sr concentrations,which can provide a more comprehensive information for fish stocking than that using normal 2 D imaging.
文摘Polypropylene(PP)has low inherent susceptibility to common industrial lasers,which poses a significant challenge for laser-based marking.To improve the laser sensitivity of PP,molybdenum disulfide grafted with polystyrene(MoS_(2)-g-PS)was synthesized via in-situ free radical polymerization and used as a laser-sensitive filler for PP composites prepared by melt blending.The composites were then marked with a 1064 nm semiconductor laser,producing clear and legible patterns.The marked surfaces were characterized using scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),colorimetry,Raman spectroscopy,and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA).The results demonstrate that the PP/MoS_(2)-g-PS composites exhibit significantly improved laser markability compared to both pure PP and PP/MoS_(2) composites,yielding superior marking quality.When the MoS_(2)-g-PS content was 0.02 wt%and the laser current intensity was 11 A,a clearly recognizable QR code pattern was obtained with high resolution and legibility.The mechanism of laser-induced marking on the PP/MoS_(2)-g-PS composites involves efficient absorption of near-infrared(NIR)laser energy and photothermal conversion by the MoS_(2) core,while the surrounding PS layer carbonizes upon laser irradiation.The synergistic effect between MoS_(2) and PS effectively enhance the laser marking performance of PP.
文摘Currently,in STEM environments,female employees are often recognized as minorities due to their positioning or occupancy rate,which may lead to experiences of“imposter syndrome”.This study applies frameworks of mixed-gender discourse,such as limited involvement in activity as an agent,markedness,and gender-differentiated roles,to clarify how women in STEM position themselves or are positioned by the society.Using corpus linguistics and content analysis,it is clarified that female researchers are usually linguistically marked or tend to distinguish themselves as non-experts.Thus,their portrayal within a misogynistic society may considerably interact with how female researchers represent themselves.
文摘The smooth development of energy transition is inseparable from the stable guarantee of traditional energy such as oil In 2023,the total global primary energy consumption amounted to 619.63 exajoules,marking a 2%increase compared to 2022.
文摘During the final proofing stage of the paper,the wrong version of Fig.2 was accidently used when replacing it with a high-resolution version.The star and circle marks were missing in the published version.
