Background: Cause-of-death rankings are often used for planning or evaluating health policy measures. In the European Union, some countries produce cause-of-death statistics by a manual coding of death certificates, w...Background: Cause-of-death rankings are often used for planning or evaluating health policy measures. In the European Union, some countries produce cause-of-death statistics by a manual coding of death certificates, while other countries use an automated coding system. The outcome of these two different methods in terms of the selected underlying cause of death for statistics may vary considerably. Therefore, this study explores the effect of coding method on the ranking of countries by major causes of death. Method: Age and sex standardized rates were extracted for 33 European (related) countries from the cause-of-death registry of the European Statistical Office (Eurostat). Wilcoxon’s rank sum test was applied to the ranking of countries by major causes of death. Results: Statistically significant differences due to coding method were identified for dementia, stroke and pneumonia. These differences could be explained by a different selection of dementia or pneumonia as underlying cause of death and by a different certification practice for stroke. Conclusion: Coding method should be taken into account when constructing or interpreting rankings of countries by cause of death.展开更多
This study explores,identifies,and reports on ten key questions at the frontiers of the field of classroom analysis.To achieve this goal,the research team undertook a multi-step exploratory process.First,the team comp...This study explores,identifies,and reports on ten key questions at the frontiers of the field of classroom analysis.To achieve this goal,the research team undertook a multi-step exploratory process.First,the team compiled and extracted a list of popular themes in classroom analysis in China and the world from a large body of existing literature,with a particular focus on studies published in the last decade.Second,the team organized multiple rounds of internal expert discussion and argumentation to narrow the compiled themes to a representative selection.展开更多
文摘Background: Cause-of-death rankings are often used for planning or evaluating health policy measures. In the European Union, some countries produce cause-of-death statistics by a manual coding of death certificates, while other countries use an automated coding system. The outcome of these two different methods in terms of the selected underlying cause of death for statistics may vary considerably. Therefore, this study explores the effect of coding method on the ranking of countries by major causes of death. Method: Age and sex standardized rates were extracted for 33 European (related) countries from the cause-of-death registry of the European Statistical Office (Eurostat). Wilcoxon’s rank sum test was applied to the ranking of countries by major causes of death. Results: Statistically significant differences due to coding method were identified for dementia, stroke and pneumonia. These differences could be explained by a different selection of dementia or pneumonia as underlying cause of death and by a different certification practice for stroke. Conclusion: Coding method should be taken into account when constructing or interpreting rankings of countries by cause of death.
文摘This study explores,identifies,and reports on ten key questions at the frontiers of the field of classroom analysis.To achieve this goal,the research team undertook a multi-step exploratory process.First,the team compiled and extracted a list of popular themes in classroom analysis in China and the world from a large body of existing literature,with a particular focus on studies published in the last decade.Second,the team organized multiple rounds of internal expert discussion and argumentation to narrow the compiled themes to a representative selection.
