Modeling time headways between vehicles has attracted increasing interest in the traffic flow research field recently, because the corresponding statistics help to reveal the intrinsic interactions governing the vehic...Modeling time headways between vehicles has attracted increasing interest in the traffic flow research field recently, because the corresponding statistics help to reveal the intrinsic interactions governing the vehicle dynamics. However, most previous micro-simulation models cannot yield the observed log-normal distributed headways. This paper designs a new car-following model inspired by the Galton board to reproduce the observed time-headway distributions as well as the complex traffic phenomena. The consistency between the empirical data and the simulation results indicates that this new car-following model provides a reasonable description of the car-following behaviours.展开更多
In this paper, we propose a log-normal linear model whose errors are first-order correlated, and suggest a two-stage method for the efficient estimation of the conditional mean of the response variable at the original...In this paper, we propose a log-normal linear model whose errors are first-order correlated, and suggest a two-stage method for the efficient estimation of the conditional mean of the response variable at the original scale. We obtain two estimators which minimize the asymptotic mean squared error （MM） and the asymptotic bias （MB）, respectively. Both the estimators are very easy to implement, and simulation studies show that they are perform better.展开更多
Medical research data are often skewed and heteroscedastic. It has therefore become practice to log-transform data in regression analysis, in order to stabilize the variance. Regression analysis on log-transformed dat...Medical research data are often skewed and heteroscedastic. It has therefore become practice to log-transform data in regression analysis, in order to stabilize the variance. Regression analysis on log-transformed data estimates the relative effect, whereas it is often the absolute effect of a predictor that is of interest. We propose a maximum likelihood (ML)-based approach to estimate a linear regression model on log-normal, heteroscedastic data. The new method was evaluated with a large simulation study. Log-normal observations were generated according to the simulation models and parameters were estimated using the new ML method, ordinary least-squares regression (LS) and weighed least-squares regression (WLS). All three methods produced unbiased estimates of parameters and expected response, and ML and WLS yielded smaller standard errors than LS. The approximate normality of the Wald statistic, used for tests of the ML estimates, in most situations produced correct type I error risk. Only ML and WLS produced correct confidence intervals for the estimated expected value. ML had the highest power for tests regarding β1.展开更多
We have observed weather clutter containing targets (ships) using an S-band radar with a frequency 3.05 GHz, a beam width 1.8°, and a pulsewidth 0.5 μs. To investigate the weather clutter amplitude statistics, w...We have observed weather clutter containing targets (ships) using an S-band radar with a frequency 3.05 GHz, a beam width 1.8°, and a pulsewidth 0.5 μs. To investigate the weather clutter amplitude statistics, we introduce the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). We have found that the weather clutter amplitudes obey the log-normal, Weibull, and log-Weibull distributions with the shape parameters of 0.308 to 0.470, 4.42 to 4.51, and 15.91 to 16.44, respectively, for small data within the beam width of an antenna. We have proposed the log-normal/CFAR circuit modified a Cell-Averaging (CA) LOG/CFAR circuit. It is found that weather clutter is suppressed with improvement of 51.58 dB by log-normal/CFAR. As a result, we have showed that weather clutter observed by S-band radar does not obey the Rayleigh distribution and our log-normal/CFAR circuit has an effect on suppression of clutter and detection of target, while conventional LOG/CFAR circuit does not. In addition, if our circuit can be realized, we will have an advantage economically.展开更多
The average bit-error rate （ABER） performance of free-space optical （FSO） communication links is investigated for space-shift keying （SSK） over log-normal and negative-exponential atmospheric turbulence channels...The average bit-error rate （ABER） performance of free-space optical （FSO） communication links is investigated for space-shift keying （SSK） over log-normal and negative-exponential atmospheric turbulence channels. SSK is compared with repetition codes and a single-input single-output system using multiple pulse amplitude mod- ulations. Simulation results show that the signal-to-noise ratio gain of SSK largely increases with greater spectral efficiencies and/or higher turbulence effects. A tight bound for ABER is derived based on an exact moment generation function （MGF） for negative-exponential channel and an approximate MGF for log-normal channel. Finally, extensive Monte Carlo simulations are run to validate the analytical analysis.展开更多
Two journal-level indicators,respectively the mean(mi)and the standard deviation(vi)are proposed to be the core indicators of each journal and we show that quite several other indicators can be calculated from those t...Two journal-level indicators,respectively the mean(mi)and the standard deviation(vi)are proposed to be the core indicators of each journal and we show that quite several other indicators can be calculated from those two core indicators,assuming that yearly citation counts of papers in each journal follow more or less a log-normal distribution.Those other journal-level indicators include journal index,journal one-by-one-sample comparison citation success index S_(j)^(i),journal multiple-sample K^(i)-K^(j) comparison success rate S_(j,k^(j)^(i,k^(i))),and minimum representative sizes k_(j)^(i) and k_(i)^(j),the average ranking of all papers in a journal in a set of journals(R^(t)).We find that those indicators are consistent with those calculated directly using the raw citation data({C^(i)=(c_(1)^(i),c_(2)^(j),...c_(N)^(i),■i})of journals.In addition to its theoretical significance,the ability to estimate other indicators from core indicators has practical implications.This feature enables individuals who lack access to raw citation count data to utilize other indicators by simply using core indicators,which are typically easily accessible.展开更多
Next generation wireless communication is based on a global system of fixed and wireless mobile services thatare transportable across different network back-bones,network service providers and network geographical bou...Next generation wireless communication is based on a global system of fixed and wireless mobile services thatare transportable across different network back-bones,network service providers and network geographical boundaries.This paper presents an approach to investigate the effects of soft handover and perfect power control on the forward link ina DS-CDMA cellular system.Especially,the relationships between the size ofhandover zone and the capacity gain are e-valuated under the log-normal shadow channel.Then the optimization of maximum forward capacity is very necessary tobe done with the maximum size of soft handover zone to the various system characteristics.展开更多
For the solutions of random variations of metal jet breakup and difficulties in controlling and predicting the process parameters （e.g. jet length） in micro droplet deposition manufacturing technique, experimental m...For the solutions of random variations of metal jet breakup and difficulties in controlling and predicting the process parameters （e.g. jet length） in micro droplet deposition manufacturing technique, experimental methods combining with theoretical analyses have been developed. The jet formation, jet length and their dominant factors （oxygen concentration and disturbance frequency, etc.） are discussed. The statistical law of jet length is found that the probability density function （PDF） of jet length is a log-normal distribution. The results show that the formation and size accuracy of metal jet breakup are improved by adjusting the gas pressure and optimizing the disturbance frequency. Under this circumstance, the jet length and morphological deviation can be minimized, which provides a stable droplet stream for the subsequent manufacturing process.展开更多
The bus operating characteristics are analyzed at the bus bay using the trajectories depending on the current status of buses. On this basis, a method for calculating the capacity of the bus bay is developed, which co...The bus operating characteristics are analyzed at the bus bay using the trajectories depending on the current status of buses. On this basis, a method for calculating the capacity of the bus bay is developed, which considers the queue probability, the dwell time distribution and the waiting time for a gap in the traffic stream at the curb lane. Then, the distribution model of the dwell time is developed using the survey data of Hangzhou city. And the log-normal distribution shows the best fitting performance. The capacities of the bus bay are computed with the Matlab program under different distribution parameters of the dwell time and different traffic volumes at the curb lane. The results show a large range of traffic capacity as the distribution parameters and traffic volumes change. Finally, the proposed model is validated by measurement and simulation, and the average relative errors between the calculated values and the measured and simulated values are 8.78% and 5.28%, respectively.展开更多
基金supported partly by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2006CB705506)the National Hi-Tech Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos. 2006AA11Z215 and 2007AA11Z222)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50708055, 60774034 and 10872194)
文摘Modeling time headways between vehicles has attracted increasing interest in the traffic flow research field recently, because the corresponding statistics help to reveal the intrinsic interactions governing the vehicle dynamics. However, most previous micro-simulation models cannot yield the observed log-normal distributed headways. This paper designs a new car-following model inspired by the Galton board to reproduce the observed time-headway distributions as well as the complex traffic phenomena. The consistency between the empirical data and the simulation results indicates that this new car-following model provides a reasonable description of the car-following behaviours.
基金The NSF(11271155) of ChinaResearch Fund(20070183023) for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education
文摘In this paper, we propose a log-normal linear model whose errors are first-order correlated, and suggest a two-stage method for the efficient estimation of the conditional mean of the response variable at the original scale. We obtain two estimators which minimize the asymptotic mean squared error （MM） and the asymptotic bias （MB）, respectively. Both the estimators are very easy to implement, and simulation studies show that they are perform better.
文摘Medical research data are often skewed and heteroscedastic. It has therefore become practice to log-transform data in regression analysis, in order to stabilize the variance. Regression analysis on log-transformed data estimates the relative effect, whereas it is often the absolute effect of a predictor that is of interest. We propose a maximum likelihood (ML)-based approach to estimate a linear regression model on log-normal, heteroscedastic data. The new method was evaluated with a large simulation study. Log-normal observations were generated according to the simulation models and parameters were estimated using the new ML method, ordinary least-squares regression (LS) and weighed least-squares regression (WLS). All three methods produced unbiased estimates of parameters and expected response, and ML and WLS yielded smaller standard errors than LS. The approximate normality of the Wald statistic, used for tests of the ML estimates, in most situations produced correct type I error risk. Only ML and WLS produced correct confidence intervals for the estimated expected value. ML had the highest power for tests regarding β1.
文摘We have observed weather clutter containing targets (ships) using an S-band radar with a frequency 3.05 GHz, a beam width 1.8°, and a pulsewidth 0.5 μs. To investigate the weather clutter amplitude statistics, we introduce the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). We have found that the weather clutter amplitudes obey the log-normal, Weibull, and log-Weibull distributions with the shape parameters of 0.308 to 0.470, 4.42 to 4.51, and 15.91 to 16.44, respectively, for small data within the beam width of an antenna. We have proposed the log-normal/CFAR circuit modified a Cell-Averaging (CA) LOG/CFAR circuit. It is found that weather clutter is suppressed with improvement of 51.58 dB by log-normal/CFAR. As a result, we have showed that weather clutter observed by S-band radar does not obey the Rayleigh distribution and our log-normal/CFAR circuit has an effect on suppression of clutter and detection of target, while conventional LOG/CFAR circuit does not. In addition, if our circuit can be realized, we will have an advantage economically.
文摘The average bit-error rate （ABER） performance of free-space optical （FSO） communication links is investigated for space-shift keying （SSK） over log-normal and negative-exponential atmospheric turbulence channels. SSK is compared with repetition codes and a single-input single-output system using multiple pulse amplitude mod- ulations. Simulation results show that the signal-to-noise ratio gain of SSK largely increases with greater spectral efficiencies and/or higher turbulence effects. A tight bound for ABER is derived based on an exact moment generation function （MGF） for negative-exponential channel and an approximate MGF for log-normal channel. Finally, extensive Monte Carlo simulations are run to validate the analytical analysis.
文摘Two journal-level indicators,respectively the mean(mi)and the standard deviation(vi)are proposed to be the core indicators of each journal and we show that quite several other indicators can be calculated from those two core indicators,assuming that yearly citation counts of papers in each journal follow more or less a log-normal distribution.Those other journal-level indicators include journal index,journal one-by-one-sample comparison citation success index S_(j)^(i),journal multiple-sample K^(i)-K^(j) comparison success rate S_(j,k^(j)^(i,k^(i))),and minimum representative sizes k_(j)^(i) and k_(i)^(j),the average ranking of all papers in a journal in a set of journals(R^(t)).We find that those indicators are consistent with those calculated directly using the raw citation data({C^(i)=(c_(1)^(i),c_(2)^(j),...c_(N)^(i),■i})of journals.In addition to its theoretical significance,the ability to estimate other indicators from core indicators has practical implications.This feature enables individuals who lack access to raw citation count data to utilize other indicators by simply using core indicators,which are typically easily accessible.
文摘Next generation wireless communication is based on a global system of fixed and wireless mobile services thatare transportable across different network back-bones,network service providers and network geographical boundaries.This paper presents an approach to investigate the effects of soft handover and perfect power control on the forward link ina DS-CDMA cellular system.Especially,the relationships between the size ofhandover zone and the capacity gain are e-valuated under the log-normal shadow channel.Then the optimization of maximum forward capacity is very necessary tobe done with the maximum size of soft handover zone to the various system characteristics.
基金National High-tech Research and Development Program of China (2008AA03A238)Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (20070699076)Foundation for the Author of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of China (2007B3)
文摘For the solutions of random variations of metal jet breakup and difficulties in controlling and predicting the process parameters （e.g. jet length） in micro droplet deposition manufacturing technique, experimental methods combining with theoretical analyses have been developed. The jet formation, jet length and their dominant factors （oxygen concentration and disturbance frequency, etc.） are discussed. The statistical law of jet length is found that the probability density function （PDF） of jet length is a log-normal distribution. The results show that the formation and size accuracy of metal jet breakup are improved by adjusting the gas pressure and optimizing the disturbance frequency. Under this circumstance, the jet length and morphological deviation can be minimized, which provides a stable droplet stream for the subsequent manufacturing process.
基金The National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)(No.2011AA110304)
文摘The bus operating characteristics are analyzed at the bus bay using the trajectories depending on the current status of buses. On this basis, a method for calculating the capacity of the bus bay is developed, which considers the queue probability, the dwell time distribution and the waiting time for a gap in the traffic stream at the curb lane. Then, the distribution model of the dwell time is developed using the survey data of Hangzhou city. And the log-normal distribution shows the best fitting performance. The capacities of the bus bay are computed with the Matlab program under different distribution parameters of the dwell time and different traffic volumes at the curb lane. The results show a large range of traffic capacity as the distribution parameters and traffic volumes change. Finally, the proposed model is validated by measurement and simulation, and the average relative errors between the calculated values and the measured and simulated values are 8.78% and 5.28%, respectively.
