AC currents are automatically calibrated by two different thermal current converter(TCC)designs.The two designs are different in the used number of the thermal-elements(TEs).Consequently they differ in their output el...AC currents are automatically calibrated by two different thermal current converter(TCC)designs.The two designs are different in the used number of the thermal-elements(TEs).Consequently they differ in their output electro motive force(EMF).Studying the effect of changing the output EMF is done in this paper through calibrating AC currents.5 mA and 5 A are accurately calibrated at different frequencies 55 Hz,1 kHz and10 kHz by the two TCCs.A comparison is made between the results to evaluate the effect of the output EMF value on the accuracy and the uncertainty of the low and higher AC current calibration.A LabVIEW program is designed for this accurate automatic calibration to overcome the problems of the manual calibration on the thermal converters.展开更多
Because surface-based monitoring of hydraulic fracturing is not restricted by borehole geometry or the difficulties in maintaining subsurface equipment, it is becoming an increasingly common part of microseismic monit...Because surface-based monitoring of hydraulic fracturing is not restricted by borehole geometry or the difficulties in maintaining subsurface equipment, it is becoming an increasingly common part of microseismic monitoring. The ability to determine an accurate velocity model for the monitored area directly affects the accuracy of microseismic event locations. However, velocity model calibration for location with surface instruments is difficult for several reasons： well log measurements are often inaccurate or incomplete, yielding intractable models; ori- gin times of perforation shots are not always accurate; and the non-uniqueness of velocity models obtained by inver- sion becomes especially problematic when only perforation shots are used. In this paper, we propose a new approach to overcome these limitations. We establish an initial velocity model from well logging data, and then use the root mean square （RMS） error of double-difference arrival times as a proxy measure for the misfit between the well log velocity model and the true velocity structure of the medium. Double-difference RMS errors are reduced by using a very fast simulated annealing for model perturbance, and a sample set of double-difference RMS errors is then selec- ted to determine an empirical threshold. This threshold value is set near the minimum RMS of the selected samples, and an appropriate number of travel times within the threshold range are chosen. The corresponding velocity models are then used to relocate the perforation-shot. We use the velocity model with the smallest relative location errors as the basis for microseismic location. Numerical analysis with exact input velocity models shows that although large differences exist between the calculated and true velocity models, perforation shots can still be located to their actual positions with the proposed technique; the location inaccuracy of the perforation is 〈2 m. Further tests on field data demonstrate the validity of this technique.展开更多
基于双混频时差技术设计研制了8通道的频率稳定度测量系统,实现了对8路5 MHz或10 MHz频率标准的测量.当频率为10 MHz取样时间为1 s时,系统噪声本底优于2.0 X 10^(-13),取样时间为1000 s时,系统噪声本底优于2.5×10^(-16).不但可以...基于双混频时差技术设计研制了8通道的频率稳定度测量系统,实现了对8路5 MHz或10 MHz频率标准的测量.当频率为10 MHz取样时间为1 s时,系统噪声本底优于2.0 X 10^(-13),取样时间为1000 s时,系统噪声本底优于2.5×10^(-16).不但可以满足原子时标基准原子钟组的内部比对,也可实现对一般频率标准的检定和校准.
Abstract：
Based on the technique of Dual Mixer Time Difference (DMTD), an 8-channel frequency stabilitymeasurement system has been developed. It realized the measurement of 8-channel 5 MHz and 10 MHz frequencystandards. For 10 MHz frequency, the noise floor is better than 2.0 ×10^(-13)/1 s, 2.5× 10^(-16)/1000 s. It can not only satisfy the internal comparison of time scale ensemble, but also can realize the calibration of normal frequency standards.展开更多
文摘AC currents are automatically calibrated by two different thermal current converter(TCC)designs.The two designs are different in the used number of the thermal-elements(TEs).Consequently they differ in their output electro motive force(EMF).Studying the effect of changing the output EMF is done in this paper through calibrating AC currents.5 mA and 5 A are accurately calibrated at different frequencies 55 Hz,1 kHz and10 kHz by the two TCCs.A comparison is made between the results to evaluate the effect of the output EMF value on the accuracy and the uncertainty of the low and higher AC current calibration.A LabVIEW program is designed for this accurate automatic calibration to overcome the problems of the manual calibration on the thermal converters.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41074074)
文摘Because surface-based monitoring of hydraulic fracturing is not restricted by borehole geometry or the difficulties in maintaining subsurface equipment, it is becoming an increasingly common part of microseismic monitoring. The ability to determine an accurate velocity model for the monitored area directly affects the accuracy of microseismic event locations. However, velocity model calibration for location with surface instruments is difficult for several reasons： well log measurements are often inaccurate or incomplete, yielding intractable models; ori- gin times of perforation shots are not always accurate; and the non-uniqueness of velocity models obtained by inver- sion becomes especially problematic when only perforation shots are used. In this paper, we propose a new approach to overcome these limitations. We establish an initial velocity model from well logging data, and then use the root mean square （RMS） error of double-difference arrival times as a proxy measure for the misfit between the well log velocity model and the true velocity structure of the medium. Double-difference RMS errors are reduced by using a very fast simulated annealing for model perturbance, and a sample set of double-difference RMS errors is then selec- ted to determine an empirical threshold. This threshold value is set near the minimum RMS of the selected samples, and an appropriate number of travel times within the threshold range are chosen. The corresponding velocity models are then used to relocate the perforation-shot. We use the velocity model with the smallest relative location errors as the basis for microseismic location. Numerical analysis with exact input velocity models shows that although large differences exist between the calculated and true velocity models, perforation shots can still be located to their actual positions with the proposed technique; the location inaccuracy of the perforation is 〈2 m. Further tests on field data demonstrate the validity of this technique.
文摘基于双混频时差技术设计研制了8通道的频率稳定度测量系统,实现了对8路5 MHz或10 MHz频率标准的测量.当频率为10 MHz取样时间为1 s时,系统噪声本底优于2.0 X 10^(-13),取样时间为1000 s时,系统噪声本底优于2.5×10^(-16).不但可以满足原子时标基准原子钟组的内部比对,也可实现对一般频率标准的检定和校准.
Abstract：
Based on the technique of Dual Mixer Time Difference (DMTD), an 8-channel frequency stabilitymeasurement system has been developed. It realized the measurement of 8-channel 5 MHz and 10 MHz frequencystandards. For 10 MHz frequency, the noise floor is better than 2.0 ×10^(-13)/1 s, 2.5× 10^(-16)/1000 s. It can not only satisfy the internal comparison of time scale ensemble, but also can realize the calibration of normal frequency standards.
